Production of Lipid Biomass in Locally Isolated Microalga Cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to obtain the best lipid content in locally isolated microalga that grows in palm oil mill effluent (POME).
Design/Methodology/Approach – Microalgae were cultured in POME with 25% dilution (LP25), 50% (LP50), and no dilution (LP) in 1,500 ml glass vessel at room temperature using a lighting intensity of 13,000 lux and continuous aeration for 24 hours and 12 hours, respectively. The biomass (in dry weight) of microalgae was analyzed daily by means of spectrophotometry using 624 nm wavelength to determine their growth.
Findings – The results showed that the acclimatized growth of microalgae in POME media adapted faster to the POME concentration. Acclimatized biomass content tends to increase to 1.014 g/L, while the content of non-acclimatized biomass reached only 0.752 g/L. Lipid content resulting from the direct extraction process using the modified Bligh and Dyer method provided the best yield of 47% in the microalgae grown in the LP50 POME medium.
Research Limitations/Implications – Lipid was produced from locally isolated microalgae cultured in POME medium with 25% dilution (LP25), 50% (LP50), and no dilution (LP).
Practical Implications – The lipid produced had the potential for biodiesel energy.
Originality/Value – In this study, microalga was used not only to treat POME liquid wastes but also to produce lipids as biodiesel energy potentials.
Keywords
Citation
Elvitriana, , Munir, E., Delvian, and Wahyuningsih, H. (2018), "Production of Lipid Biomass in Locally Isolated Microalga Cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)", Proceedings of MICoMS 2017 (Emerald Reach Proceedings Series, Vol. 1), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 533-538. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-793-1-00091
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018, Elvitriana, Erman Munir, Delvian, Hesti Wahyuningsih.
License
Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
Palm oil industry in Indonesia continues to grow rapidly resulting in the increased production of palm oil followed by the increase of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) that causes negative impact on the environment. Prevention and mitigation of the negative impacts of POME’s liquid waste continue to be in line with the efforts to improve its positive impact. POME is a non-toxic waste product obtained from palm oil industry, which is highly polluted due to the presence of organic matter with Chemical Oxygen Demand of 50.000 mg/L and total nitrogen content of 750 mg/L. Wong et al. (2009) reported that this liquid waste is acidic in nature and has brownish color with 95–96% of water content, 4–5% total solid including 2–4% solid suspension, as well as 0.6–0.7% oil and fat.
Due to the limited carrying capacity of the natural environment in neutralizing POME, it is necessary to overcome the problem of pollution by using integrated preventive measures. POME can be utilized as a medium of microalgae growth which has economic value and potential as an alternative energy to overcome problems of the future energy deficit. The decline of fossil fuel reserves in the world due to high economic growth has resulted in the decrease in the availability of non-renewable energy. High level of environmental pollution due to the use of fossil fuels and edible vegetable oils for biodiesel has led to competition with food needs, so it is not feasible to be developed on a large scale (Knothe, 1997). Unlike other seed crops, microalgae have the potential to replace conventional fuel oil use; thay can grow fast and have very high oil content. Generally, microalgae can reproduce in 24 hours (Chisty, 2007; Abou-Shanab et al., 2009; Teresa et al., 2010). Studies for finding alternative energy sources still continue and the use of microalgae as a source of energy has attracted the attention of researchers.
Microalga is one of the best raw materials that can produce lipids as a source of biodiesel energy, because microalgae have several advantages, namely: high photosynthetic efficiency, high biomass production, and faster growth than other food crops. Microalgae not only have the capacity to produce valuable products, but also have the ability to multiply using only sunlight and carbon dioxide. They also act as a fixture of greenhouse gases or CO2 in the air, thereby lowering CO2 levels that are thought to be causing global warming. It has a highly efficient biomass that takes carbon (zero waste) in the form of waste and converts it into a form of high-density liquid energy (Grima et al., 2003; Widjaja et al., 2008).
Reducing the cost of biodiesel production requires low-cost raw materials for producing environmentally friendly energy and at the same time reduce the potential for environmental pollution due to waste disposal (Ghaly et al., 2010). Liquid waste from agroindustry is generally rich in N (Nitrogen), P (Phosfor), C (Carbon), and S (Sulfur) nutrients which are nutrients for microalgae cell growth. Processing ponds of microalgae have a potential to remove phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients through assimilation into algal biomass followed by harvesting of biomass.
Zhu et al. (2001) have extracted mortiella alpine oil by the Bligh Dyer method and it is known that dry biomass provides higher oil yields than wet biomass. Algae oil extraction is a more efficient way for obtaining energy than fermenting algae biomass into methane or methanol. The content of oil and fatty acid in microalgae vary according to the conditions of cultivation. Other researchers have also extracted Chlorella protothecoides microalgae oil using n-hexane solvents and further processed them into biodiesel using an acid catalyst. Further, Lee et al. (2010) have also studied the comparative destruction of microalgae cells prior to the extraction method for obtaining lipids and reported that the method of cell destruction using microwave was a very simple, easy, and efficient method of cell destruction and produces the highest lipid.
Several researches have been undertaken to develop techniques, procedures, and microalgae production processes in large quantities. Open ponds system and photo-bioreactor system is a technique of microalgae cultivation that is often used. Photo-bioreactor system was developed to overcome the problems of contamination and evaporation that often occur in Open Ponds system. This type of flat plate is often used instead of the tubular type because it can flatten the intensity of irradiation and produce high-density cells (Lee et al., 1998). In this study, we have tried to obtain the best lipid content from locally isolated microalgae grown in POME media.
2. Materials and method
2.1. Materials
POME obtained from PT. Fajar Bayzury & Brothers in Nagan Raya District, Aceh, and the stock sample of local isolated microalgae was isolated from open ponds in Banda, Aceh City. Before treatment, POME was precipitated and filtered, followed by characterization with COD, BOD, TSS, oil, NH4, NO3 (total-Nitrogen), and PO4 parameters using the APHA method (1999).
2.2. Research procedure
2.2.1. Cultivation of locally isolated microalgae.
Twenty percent of microalgae were cultured in POME with 25% dilution (LP25), 50% (LP50), and no dilution (LP) in 1,500 ml glass vessel at room temperature using a lighting intensity of 13,000 lux and continuous aeration for 24 hours and 12 hours, respectively. Biomass (in dry weight) of microalgae were analyzed daily by means of spectrophotometry using 624 nm wavelength to determine their growth, whereas characteristic POME and lipid content were analyzed at the end of cultivation.
2.2.2. Lipids analysis.
Lipid content was determined by the modified Bligh and Dyer (1959) method, the generated microalga biomass was destroyed by a mortar and carried into a separator funnel, then extracted using a solution of chloroform 2:1 methanol (v/v) and separated into layers of liquid chloroform and methanol by the addition of methanol and water to produce the final solvent ratio of chloroform:methanol:water of 1:1:0.9. The chloroform layer was washed with 20 ml solution of 5% NaCl, and evaporated until dry, and the total lipid was determined using the gravimetric method. After obtaining the lipid weight, the yield of lipids was calculated using the following equation.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Influence of POME concentration to the growth of microalga
The non-acclimatized microalgae in different concentrations of POME were cultured in a fixed state at room temperature and continuous intensity of 24 hours, as shown in Figure 1.
The microalgae growth was found to be very slow in the LP25 POME medium, because it was difficult to adapt to this concentration of POME and need long time for growth. On the other hand, the growth phase of microalgae in LP50 POME medium was faster, which within 8 days and produced biomass content of 0.75 g/L. POME media with certain nutrient concentrations can be an alternative potential growing medium for massive microalgae growth in the future (Habib et al., 2003). Industrial and agricultural liquid waste has been evaluated as an alternative to nutrient-rich culture media for the cultivation of microalgae (Bertoldi et al., 2006).
3.2. Influence of acclimatization to the microalga growth
The acclimatized and un-acclimatized microalgae growth in the LP50 POME medium shows a very different curve, as shown in Figure 2. The non-acclimatized microalgae growth curve in POME media still has to adjust to the organic matter concentration contained in the liquid waste, whereas the acclimatized microalgae can more quickly adjust to the POME concentration.
3.3. Influence of growth microalga to the yield of lipid
The ability of microalgae in producing total lipids is shown in Figure 3. Microalgae lipid content was produced from direct extraction process using the modified Bligh and Dyer (1959) method. This method produces more efficient energy from microalgae than the method of fermentation into methane (Zhu et al., 2001). The formation of lipid content was determined by microalgae growth conditions, such as light, nutrient, aeration, etc. Figure 3 shows that a better total lipid content (yield) was obtained from the microalgae grown in POME with LP50 concentration. The process of culturing and destruction of biomass cells was very influential on the release of lipids contained in microalgae biomass.
4. Conclusion
This research concludes that the acclimatized microalgae growth in POME media was faster to adapt to POME concentration. Acclimatized biomass content tends to increase to 1.014 g/L, while the content of non-acclimatized biomass reached only 0.752 g/L. Lipid content provided the best yield of 47% in the microalgae grown in the LP50 POME medium.
References
Abou-Shanab, R., Hun-Joen, B., Song H., Kim Y. and Hwang, J. (2009). “Alga-Biofuel: Potential Use as Sustainable Alternative Green Energy”. Online Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1.
APHA. (1999). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. APHA, Washington DC, US.
Bertoldi, F.C., Sant Anna, E., da Costa Braga, M.V. and Oliviera, J.G.B. (2006). “Lipids, Fatty Acids Composition and Carotenoids of Chlorella Vulgaris Cultivated In Hydroponic Wastewater”. Grasas y Aceites, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 270–274.
Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. (1959). “A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification”. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 911–917.
Chisty, Y. (2007). “Biodiesel from Microalgae”. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 294–306.
Ghaly, A.E., Dave, D., Brooks, M.S. and Budge, S. (2010). “Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: Review”. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 54–76.
Grima, E.M., Belarbi, F.G.A., Medina, A.R. and Chisti, Y. (2003). “Recovery of Microalgae Biomass and Metabolites: Process Options and Ekonomics”. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 20, pp. 491–515.
Habib, M.A.B. Yusof, F.M. and Phang, S.M. (2003). “Growth and Nutritional Values of Moina Micrura Fed on Chlorella Vulgaris Grown in Digested Palm Oil Mill Effluent”. Asian Fisheries Science, Vol. 16, pp. 107–119.
Knothe, (1997). “Potential of Sponges and Microalgae for Marine Biotechnology”. Journal of, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 26–31.
Lee, S.J., Kim, S.B., Kim, J.E., Kwon, G.S., Yoon, B.D. and Oh, H.M. (1998). “Effects of Harvesting Method and Growth Stage on the Flocculation of the Green Alga Botryococcus Braunii”. Letter in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 14–18.
Lee, J.Y., Yoo, C., Ahn, C.Y. and Oh, H.M. (2010). “Comparison of Several Methods for Effective Lipid Extraction from Microalgae”. Journal of Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp. 575–577.
Teresa, M.M., Antonio A.M. and Caetano, N.S. (2010). “Microalgae for Biodiesel Production and Other Applications”. A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 14, pp. 217–232.
Widjaja, A., Chao-Chang, C. and Yi-Hsu, J. (2008). “Study of Increasing Lipid Production from Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris”. Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 40, pp. 13–20.
Wong, Y.S., Kadir, M.O.A.B., and Teng, T.T. (2009). “Biological Kinetics Evaluation of Anaerobic Stabilization Pond Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent”. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp. 4969–4975.
Zhu, M., Zhou, P.P. and Yu, L.J. (2002). “Extraction of Lipids from Mortierella alpine and Enrichment of Arachidonic Acid from the Fungal Lipids”. Bioresoure Technology, Vol. 84, pp. 93–95.
All papers within this proceedings volume have been peer reviewed by the scientific committee of the Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS 2017).
Corresponding author
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Acknowledgement I
- Acknowledgement II
- The Effect of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in BNI in the Working Area of Bank Indonesia Lhokseumawe
- The Effect of Work Motivation on the Employee Performance with Organization Citizenship Behavior as Intervening Variable at Bank Aceh Syariah
- Life-Cycle Performance of a Bridge Subjected to Multiple Heavy Vehicle Impacts
- The Efforts of Improving the Professionalism of Lecturers towards the Presentation and Change of KKNI within the University Environment in Aceh
- Morphological Process of Devayan: An Analysis of Morphological Tipology
- Effect of Freight Transportation for Regional Development in the North Zone of Aceh
- The Roles of Digital Democracy on Political Education for Young Generation
- Disorders of Sex Development: Ambiguous Genitalia and Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Difference Analysis of the Autonomy of Extended Regencies in Aceh Province Indonesia
- An analysis of Service Quality on Mustahiq Satification using the Kano Model (Case Study on Baitul Mal)
- Exploration and Morphological Characterization of Vegetative Part of Avocado at Bebesan Subdistrict Central Aceh District, Indonesia
- Poverty Effectiveness for the Maisir (Contest) in the City of Indonesian Aceh Province
- Measurement of Study Productivity and Evaluation Analysis by using the American Productivity Center (APC) Model at a Palm Oil Factory (Pks PT. Syaukath Sejahtera)
- The Development of an Independent Entrepreneurship Model Through Creative Economy for Women in Lhokseumawe City
- Regionalism of Aceh’s Traditional Architecture at Bujang Salim Mosque at Krueng Geeukeuh, Aceh
- High Growth and Diameter of the Stem of Corn Plants (Zea May, S) with a Different Cropping Pattern
- Influence of Manufacture of Textiles, Clothing, and Leather and Manufacture of Paper, Printing, and Publishing on Economic Growth
- Land Erodibility and Land use Directions in Krueng Seulimum Watershed Aceh Province
- The Effect of Fermentation of the Peel of Arabica Coffee with Win Prob Probiotics on Crude Fiber Content and Fiber Fraction
- Teaching English International Lingua Franca (ELF) in ASEAN Economic Community Context: Teachers and Students Perspectives
- Animation as a Creative Industry: A Strategy to Build Creativity and Independence of Youth in Padang, West Sumatra
- Improving Production of Liquid Smoke from Candlenut Shell by Pyrolisis Process
- Interpersonal Communication of Commercial Sex Workers Transaction with Customers in Syariah Law Area in Indonesia
- Macrozoobentos Diversity Index as a Bioindicator in Krueng Cunda River to Support the Success of the Shrimp Agribusniness at Lhokseumawe City, Aceh
- The Examination Model of Aceh Commodity Export Firms’ Performance
- The Role of Fishing Techniques with Tuah Teng on Food Security in Facing the Asean Economic Community
- Reconstruction of Aceh Cultural Identity in the Discourse of Aceh Language Lesson Books in Elementary School
- The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (Msg) Administration to Pyramidal Cells Necrosis on Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
- Personal Construct Experience of Tionghoa Community in Aceh Reality
- Study of Mineralogy Composition, Total, and Exchangable Content of K, Ca, and Mg of Volcanic Ash from Sinabung Mountain Eruption in North Sumatera, Indonesia
- The Role of Law in Economic Development: To Develop a Special Economic Zone in Order to Build a National and Regional Economy
- Model Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Local Wisdom in West Aceh Regency
- Recurrence of Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Rare Cause of the Obstruction of the Right Heart
- Single Mother Role in The Success of Their Children (Phenomenological Study of Single Women in Makassar City)
- Optimal Lot-Sizing Algorithms on Stochastic Demand at the Retailer
- Predict Environmental Conditions Using Groundwater Interpretation in Subdistrict Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera
- Public Discovery of the Concept of Time Value ofMoney with Economic Value of Time
- Study on Impact Strength Against Welding Smaw on Hardening Steel AISI 1050
- What is the Determinant of Non-Performing Financing in Branch Sharia Regional Bank in Indonesia
- Spatial Stochastic Modeling of Adolescent and Under-Five Children Nutritional Status: A Case Study from Aceh, Sumatera Island, Indonesia
- Religious Tourism: Concept of Community-Based TourisminAceh Singkil, Indonesia
- The Contribution of Revenue and Consumption Cost of Soybean Farmers in Muara Batu Subdistrict Aceh Utara
- The Composition of Women Parliament Members Presence in Local Parliament in Aceh (A Case Study at Provincial Parliament of Aceh Province During the Period of 2014 to 2019)
- Personal Branding Tri Rismaharini the Provision in Media
- Analysis of Factors Affecting the Poverty Level of Farmers Post-Tsunami in Aceh
- Dimension of an Islamic Model Value on the Existence of Syariah Walmart
- Batik Jambi Promotion Based on Social Media in Asean Economics Community
- Islamic Banks in Indonesia: Analysis of Efficiency
- Design of Information Monitoring System Flood Based Internet of Things (IoT)
- Economic Development and Access to Fish Resources: A Review Sociology on Fisherman’s Production Access in Kuala Langsa, Aceh
- Dynamics and Prospect of Wali Nanggroe Institution Post-Conflict in Aceh: Analysis of Policy and Educational Development
- Learning Management of Bahasa in Senior High Schools
- The Difference in the Antimicrobial effect of Katuk Leaf Extract (Sauropus Androgynus (l.) Merr.) Concentration against Escherichia Coli
- City Branding of Denpasar City as a Creative City Through the Denpasar Festival Event
- Semantics Equivalence of Cultural Terms of Meurukon Texts Translated from Acehnese into Indonesian
- Preparation of Activated Carbon From Banana (Musa acuminate L.) peels for Carbon Monoxide Adsorption
- Thermal Behavior of Modified Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Synthesized from Sago (Metroxylon Sagu) with Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate and Castor Oil
- Typhoid Fever Profiles at Cut Meutia Hospital, North Aceh, Indonesia, in 2016-2017
- Student Radicalism Ideology Prevention Strategy: A Study at an Islamic Boarding School in Jabal Nur, North Aceh, Indonesia
- Implementation of Task-Based Learning for Non-English Students: A Practice in Malikussaleh University
- Design of Wild Animal Detection and Rescue System with Passive Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensor based Microcontroller
- Policy of Educational Budget Aceh Regency
- Foreign Direct Investment Inflow into Aceh province of Indonesia After a Peace Agreement
- Design of Web Based Fire Warning System Using Ethernet Wiznet W5500
- Sari Cincau Ngrayun Equals with Modern Ready-to-Drink Beverage
- The Status of Conservation of Mangroves in the Krueng Reuleng River Area, Leupung, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia
- Analysis of Understanding the Level of Vibration and the Wave Concept with a Demonstration Method for Students in SMAN 1 Peureulak, Aceh
- Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gore-Sorber Method for Predicting Hydrocarbon Generation
- Incorporating Peace Education into Aqidah Akhlak Subject in East Aceh
- Learning Motivation of Peripheral University Students and its Relation with their English Grades
- Thermal Cracking of Low Temperature Conversion on Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste for Liquid Hydrocarbon
- Correlation of Lead and Zinc Contents in Sediments And Faunus Ater Against Faunus Ater Density in Reuleung River, Leupung, Aceh Besar
- The Correlation between Stress Level and Degree of Depression in the Elderly at a Nursing Home in Lhokseumawe in the Year 2017
- Effect of Palm Oil Bunches Microfiller on LDPE-recycled Composite Tensile Strength through Melt Blending Process
- CSR and Profitability in IDX Agricultural Subsectors
- The Crown Witness and the Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Law Verification
- Design and Implementation of SCADA Wireless Communication System for Monitoring the Performance of Microhydro Power Plant Based on Protocol AX.25
- Production of Lipid Biomass in Locally Isolated Microalga Cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
- An Analysis and Design of a Virtual Collaboration Information System of the Jamu Supply Chain Network Based on a Fair Adaptive Contract
- Adsorption of Manganese (II) Ion in the Water Phase by Citric Acid Activated Carbon of Rice Husk
- Eco-informatics: The Encouragement of Ecological Data Management
- Challenges in Designing ESP Course for First Year Students of Engineering Faculty at Malikussaleh University
- Isotherm and Kinetics of Cd(II) Adsorption by Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed Immobilized into Ca-alginate
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Learning on Student’s Science Process Skills and Science Attitudes
- Effect of Perception of Facilities, Intensity of Conduct, and Satisfaction of Tax Payers to Submission of Letter by E-Filing Notice on Tax Service
- Aceh: Conflict Development after the Helsinki Agreement
- The Discretionary Accrual in the Financial Statement of a Public Company in Indonesia: A Literature Review
- Inventory and Morphological Characterization of Durian (Durio Zibethinus) in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-District of North Aceh Indonesia
- Model of Sustainable Electrical Power Management: Lamp Efficacy of the National Street Lighting in North Sumatera Province
- Hamming Index for Some Classes of Graphs with Respect to Edge-Vertex Incidence Matrix
- Electrical Automation of Solar Cell-Based Arduino Uno With 16 × LCD Display
- Concept Designs of Patient Information Security Using e-Health Sensor Shield Platform on Blockchain Infrastructure