What is the Determinant of Non-Performing Financing in Branch Sharia Regional Bank in Indonesia
Abstract
Purpose – The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of macro- and micro-economic variables on the ratio of troubled financing (Non-Performing Financing, NPF).
Design/Methodology/Approach – The method used in this research is the data panel fixed effect with 13 banks and 4 periods of data report (semi-annual report 2014–2015).
Findings – The regression result achieved that variable inflation significantly influences the ratio of NPF. Variable Gross Domestic Product and assets total significantly influence the ratio of NPF too. While the SBI sharia’s variable and Financing to Deposit Ratio did not significantly affect NPF in Syariah’s Unit of Aceh Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) in Indonesia.
Research Limitations/Implications – This study uses panel data which are a combination of time series data and cross-section.
Practical Implications – The policymakers can design a macro-policy carefully and better fiscal policies.
Originality/Value – This research was conducted on the Syariah’s Unit of BPD in Indonesia during the period 2014–2015 and it has not been done before.
Keywords
Citation
Damanhur, , Albra, W., Syamni, G. and Habibie, M. (2018), "What is the Determinant of Non-Performing Financing in Branch Sharia Regional Bank in Indonesia", Proceedings of MICoMS 2017 (Emerald Reach Proceedings Series, Vol. 1), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-793-1-00081
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018, Damanhur, Wahyuddin Albra, Ghazali Syamni, Muhammad Habibie.
License
Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
Some of local banks in Aceh Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) have opened double window system expanding their previous conventional bank system with other Sharia system. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Unit Syariah (BPDUS) is a regional bank that is fully supported and developed in Indonesia. BPDUS is considered as a potential to support economic growth in the region, especially for employees both from private company and/or civil servant living in any districts all over Indonesia. Some of the great potentials that enable the banks to grow up are from sectors of financing, particularly consumptive financing for civil servants.
During year 2014–2015, BPDUS had distributed financing, especially the considerable consumptive financing toward working capital sector, investments, and other consumption financing as shown in Table 1.
Finance Distribution of BPD Syariah Based on Sectors
| Economic Sector | Dec. 2014 (MiliarRp) | Mar. 2015 (MiliarRp) | June 2015 (MiliarRp) | Sep. 2015 (MiliarRp) | Dec. 2015 (MiliarRp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working capital | 15,301 | 16,985 | 16,940 | 17,156 | 16,309 |
| Investments | 9,128 | 9,080 | 9,701 | 10,361 | 11,452 |
| Consumption | 26,957 | 27,511 | 28,706 | 29,611 | 31,268 |
Based on Table 1, it can be explained that the financial support conducted by BPDUS is more dominant by the consumptive financing which keep increasing from year to year. Data from the Financial Services Authority reported in 2014 show that the amount of consumptive sector financing is 26.957 billion rupiah and 31.68 billion rupiah in 2015. While the financing in the other two sectors ranges only half of it, 16.309 billion in the capital financing and 11.45 billion in the investment sector. The high rates of financing provided by BPDUS surely cannot be separated from the loan risk. This loan risk is reflected in the ratio of Non-Performing Financing (NPF).
Researches in countries, where sharia banking is more established, show different findings in affecting Non-Performing Loan (NPL) or financing, especially macroeconomic variables. In Europe, Dimitrios et al. (2016) assert that to face external environment developments the policy makers are carefully designing the macro and better fiscal policies.
A study by Alandejani and Asutay (2017) in the Gulf States found that particular sectors financed by sharia banks led to high loan risk. Because different sectors of finance affect the financing structure and have an impact on the long-term risk of sharia banking (Abdul-Rahman et al., 2017). Similarly, Misman et al. (2015) express that the quality of financing and model ratios affect the risk level of Islamic banking in Malaysia. Although, Islamic banks have more capital that makes unstable profits (Bitar et al., 2017).
Some research in Indonesia concludes that too high financing makes the risk of sharia banks facing the problem of congestion on the financing that has been disbursed. This is reflected in its large NPF value. Nursechafia and Abduh (2014) and Iriani and Yuliadi (2015) say that some macroeconomic variables have affected the risk of Islamic banking: exchange rates, inflation, economic growth, and the amount of money in circulation and all these factors need to be noticed by banks. Thus, the government needs efforts to maintain its macroeconomic performance to achieve low NPF and NPL (Sukmana and Sukmana, 2016).
However, a study by Setyawati et al., (2017) shows that during the global crisis of Islamic banks' performance, NPF was better after the global crisis. While vulnerable banking research needs to pay attention to exchange rate risks and fluctuating inflation, especially banks that have small size asset size (Ekananda, 2017). Previous research (Iriani and Yuliadi, 2015) has said that the behavior of banking and economic behavior has been affecting NPF in sharia banking in Indonesia. Research in Malaysia (Sanwari and Zakaria, 2013) says that the performance of banks is strongly influenced by capital, asset quality, while macro-economic variables do not affect the financial performance of sharia banks although not all. In addition Asy'ari (2006) says that third party funds and lending rates influence the financing of sharia business. According to Lindiawatie (2007) the increment of interest rates on the decline in funding means there is coherence of SBIS to increase with the increase of NPF. While Pramudita (2013) says that banks with a large asset total has a great opportunity to growingly distribute the loan. Based on the above description, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of macroeconomic variables inflation, SBISyariah, GDP, and internal variables of banks including financing debt ratio and total assets.
2. Methodology
The data used in this study was BPD Summary Report from Sharia Unit which ranging from 2014 to 2015 data. The data were accessed from bi.go.id website. By these criteria, the samples in this study was quarterly at 18 BPDUS, covering: PT Bank Aceh, PT Bank DKI, PT BPD Central Java, PT BPD East java, PT BPD West Kalimantan, PT BPD South Kalimantan, PT BPD NTB, PT BPD Riau Kepri, PT BPD Sulsel and Sulbar, PT BPD West Sumatra, PT BPD Sumsel& Babel, PT BPD North Sumatra, and BPD Yogyakarta. The variable of total assets, Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), and NPL were obtained after yielding financial statements, tabulated in accordance with the designed formula. While data on macroeconomic variables such as the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), SBIS, and Inflation rate published on the official website of the Central Bureau of Statistics for the period 2014–2015.
This study used panel data because the data in this study was a combination of time series and cross-section data. In the test using panel data then the selection of suitable research model, Pooled Least Squares, Fixed Effects Model, or Random Effect Model (PLS, FEM, or REM) is done. The use of these three models was highly dependent on the test results of the Chow Test and Hausman Test. Thus, the model in this study is: NPFit = α + β1Inflasiit + β2SBISit + β3GDPit + β4FDRit + β5TAsetit + e, where α is a constant, β1−β5 is the regression coefficient, is the magnitude of the variable change, bound due to each change unit of independent variable, NPF is Non-Performing Financing, SBIS is SBISyariah Interest Rate, GDP is gross domestic product, T Asset is total asset, FDR is Financing to Deposit Ratio, and e is Residual variable of error rate.
3. Findings
In general it can be concluded that inflation SBIS, GDP, FDR, and total assets BPDUS fluctuation occurred in the period 2014–2015.
Average Score of Variable of all Research Object
| Periode | Inflasi (%) | GDP (%) | SBIS (%) | NPF (%) | FDR (%) | Total Aset (Milyar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun-14 | 0.045 | 0.05 | 0.071 | 0.035 | 1.535 | 1.155 |
| Dec-14 | 0.084 | 0.05 | 0.069 | 0.038 | 1.308 | 1.203 |
| Jun-15 | 0.073 | 0.047 | 0.067 | 0.046 | 1.460 | 1.290 |
| Dec-15 | 0.034 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 0.041 | 1.204 | 1.396 |
| 0.059 | 0.04875 | h0.06975 | 0.04 | 1.377 | 1.261 |
Based on Table 2, it can be shown that BPDUS's total banking assets continue to increase rapidly. Total assets by June 2014 was 1.155 billion which continued to rise to 1.396 billion in 2015, during the research period the value of its assets was above average. FDR value slightly decreased at the end of 2015 to an average of 1.377%; this indicates the efficiency in lending to the parties who need funds. NPF values can also be maintained in the range that is still awake with an average of 0.04%. On the macroeconomic side of Indonesia in the period of 2104–2015 showed that inflation growth is still higher than the national income or less 0.015%. While the value of SBISyariah is still at the ±7% level. In other words, there is no significant difference with the certificates of Bank Indonesia deposits in conventional banks.
3.1. Determination NPL at BPDUS in Indonesia
Prior to the discussion of the first regression results, a selection of suitable models of this study was made. Chow test results with reviews explain that the value of Cross-section F is worth −12.34 with 1% significance level. Since the value of Chow test finds significant value then the use of the model in research can be used as fixed effect model. However, this test was not final since it needs to be tested again by using Hausman test to select fixed effect or random effect model (Gujarati, 2004). After Hausman test, it is found that chi-sq 5 probability value was not significant <5%, that is, 1. So, the results of this study are more suitable to choose the model research as fixed effect model.
Regression Results using FEM
| Dependent Variable: NPF | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Coefficient | t-Statistic | Prob. |
| C | 0.831409 | 2.922183 | 0.0061 |
| Inflasi | 0.317690** | 2.273731 | 0.0294 |
| SBIS | 4.285389* | 2.002821 | 0.0532 |
| GDP | −7.735637** | −3.530162 | 0.0012 |
| FDR | 0.002477 | 0.374242 | 0.7105 |
| LOG(TASET) | −0.052867** | −2.409155 | 0.0216 |
| R-squared | 0.941189 | R | |
| F-statistic | 32.00700 | Prob (F-statistic) 0.00000 | |
Based on Table 3, the model in this study is NPFit = α + 0.317Inflasiit** + 4.285SBISit* − 7.735GDPit** + 0.002FDRit −0.052TAsetit**.
Inflation variable capability, SBISyariah, GDP, financing debt ratio, and total assets explain that the relationship of NPL with the determinant factor was significant which is equal to 0.941189 or ±94.12% and the rest 0.0588 is influenced by other factors. The simultaneous test results also found that all independent variables of inflation, SBISyariah, GDP, financing debt ratio, and total assets in this study positively significant influence NPL. This is indicated by the value of F statistics of 32.00 with the level of significance percent. Partially except for FDR, all independent variables of inflation, SBIS, GDP, and total assets affect NPF.
The inflation coefficient is 3.17, meaning that if inflation rises by 10 basis points it will increase the NPF by 3.17, otherwise if inflation gets down by 10 points it will decrease the NPF by 3.17 points. Thus, Indonesia's macroeconomic climate will affect the NPF ratio of Bank BPD Syariah. The higher the inflation rate, the more the potential for problem loans. This will increase the NPF ratio which will affect the decreasing bank profitability level. This finding is consistent with that done by Nursechafia and Abduh (2014), Iriani and Yuliadi (2015), Ghosh (2015), Rajha (2016), and Kjosevski and Petkovski (2017) which explains inflation as a macroeconomic factor affecting the risk of NPF at BPDUS in Indonesia. The coefficient of SBIS is 4.285, meaning that if SBIS rises by 10 points, it will increase the NPF by 42.85 points, otherwise, if SBIS decreases by 10 basis points then the NPF also decreases by 42.85 basis points. Although BPDUS has used the level of SBISyariah but still face the risk of financing. This finding is in accordance with Asy’ari (2006) and Lindiawatie (2007) which explains that the factor of lending rate influences the financing of sharia banking.
The coefficient of GDP found the value of 7.735. It means that an increase of GDP by 10 basis points will increase the NPF by 77.35 points. Conversely, if GDP drops 10 basis points then it causes a decline in the NPF by 77.35 basis points. A good economic climate with increasing GDP is characterized by increased production of goods and services, the potential for problem loans will decline. This will lower the NPF ratio which will impact on the increasing level of bank profitability. The results of this study are appropriated by Nursechafia and Abduh (2014), Iriani and Yuliadi (2015), Ghosh (2015), Rajha (2016), and Kjosevski and Petkovski (2017). They all conclude that macroeconomic variables or GDP as an important factor that cause financing risks in Islamic banking.
The total coefficient of assets is negative by 0.052 points, meaning that if the total assets increase of 10 points it will reduce the NPF by 5.2 points. Conversely, if the total assets drops by 10 points, it will increase the sharia banking NPF by 5.2 points. This indicates that banks that have larger assets, have a greater chance to increase the level of risk that can be borne by banks. The risk is borne by the increasing credit distribution, so that the bank is better able to control the problem loans. This finding is appropriated by Pramudita (2013) who state that assets are boosting risk levels with high lending. On the other hand, it is not supported by a statement (Misman et al., 2015) which concludes that many of the assets held by banks are a trade-off for bank profits.
4. Conclusions
This study examines the effect of inflation, by Syariah interest rate, GDP, financing to deposit ratio, and total assets to NPF at Bank BPD Syariah in Indonesia. Of the many factors that can affect the growth of sharia banks in Indonesia, this study concludes that inflation, SBIS, GDP, and total assets lead to high credit risk or increased NPF. This makes the performance of sharia bank development (BPDUS) cannot grow optimally in the Indonesian banking world. For example, the cause of sharia banking is rather difficult to develop due to the high inflation rate. In the context of SBIS, there is a dilemma between in conventional banking when the rising SBI rises. This provides the opportunity for Islamic banks to be an alternative in the distribution of financing so that the level of credit disbursement to Sharia banks increases.
The results revealed that there are still many factors that must be added to complement this research, as well as sectors that are financed by BPDUS so as to not make mistakes in distributing credit. In addition to this research, the future variables having profitability level as the dependent variable and NPF as a mediation variable should be added. Some independent variables are also considered to be added such as the quality of human resources.
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All papers within this proceedings volume have been peer reviewed by the scientific committee of the Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS 2017).
Corresponding author
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- Introduction
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