Bibliography

7 News Belize, 2019a 7 News Belize . (2019a, March 19). Rage from small operators at tourism village. Retrieved from http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=48323&frmsrch=1. Accessed on March 21, 2019.

7 News Belize, 2019b 7 News Belize . (2019b, March 28). Tour guides, taking a lick. Retrieved from http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=48432&frmsrch=1. Accessed on April 7, 2019.

Adams, 2001 Adams, K. M. (2001). Danger zone tourism: Potentials and problematics for tourism in tumultuous times. In P. Teo , H. K. Chong , & T. C. Chang (Eds.), Interconnected worlds: Southeast Asia tourism in the 21st century (pp. 267–281). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Adams, 2006 Adams, K. M. (2006). Art as politics: Re-crafting identities, tourism and power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.

Adams, 2018 Adams, K. M. (2018). Local strategies for economic survival in touristically volatile times: Micro-vendors, gendered cultural practices and resilience in Indonesia. Tourism Culture & Communication, 18(4), 287–301.

Adams and Sandarupa, 2018 Adams, K. M. , & Sandarupa, D. (2018). A room with a view: Local knowledge and tourism entrepreneurship in an unlikely Indonesian locale. Asian Journal of Tourism Research, 3(1), 1–26.

Adams, 2017 Adams, S.-A. (2017). Sustainable cruise ship employment for the Caribbean region – A conceptual perspective. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 9(1), 60–69.

Adinkrah, 2001 Adinkrah, M. (2001). Patriarchal family ideology and female homicide victimization in Fiji. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(2), 283–301.

Ahl and Marlow, 2012 Ahl, H. , & Marlow, S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, 19(5), 543–562.

Ahmad et al., 2014 Ahmad, S. , Jabeen, F. , & Khan, M. (2014). Entrepreneurs choice in business venture: Motivations for choosing home-stay accommodation businesses in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 31–40.

AirBnB, 2019 AirBnB . (2019). Fiji stays. Retrieved from https://www.airbnb.com. Accessed on November 11, 2019.

Akbar and Tracogna, 2018 Akbar, Y. H. , & Tracogna, A. (2018). The sharing economy and the future of the hotel industry: Transaction cost theory and platform economics. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 91–101.

Anckar and Walden, 2001 Anckar, B. , & Walden, P. (2001). Introducing Web Technology in a small peripheral hospitality organization. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(5), 241–250.

Anderson, 2006 Anderson, L. (2006). Analytic autoethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(4), 373–395.

Archdale, 1993 Archdale, G. (1993). Computer reservation systems and public offices. Tourism Management, 14(1), 3–14.

Arrow, 1962 Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155–173.

Arroyo et al., 2013 Arroyo, C. G. , Barbieri, C. , & Rich, S. R. (2013). Defining agritourism: A comparative study of stakeholders’ perceptions in Missouri and North Carolina. Tourism Management, 37, 39–47.

Asian Development Bank, 2012 Asian Development Bank . (2012). Greater Mekong Subregion: Tourism sector assessment, strategy and road map. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank.

Asian Development Bank, 2018 Asian Development Bank . (2018). Asian development outlook 2018 update: Maintaining stability amid heightened uncertainty. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank.

Ateljevic and Doorne, 2000 Ateljevic, I. , & Doorne, S. (2000). ‘Staying within the fence’: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 378–392. doi:10.1080/09669580008667374

Ateljevic and Doorne, 2003 Ateljevic, I. , & Doorne, S. (2003). Unpacking the local: A cultural analysis of tourism entrepreneurship in Murter, Croatia. Tourism Geographies, 5(2), 123–150.

Ateljevic, 2009 Ateljevic, J. (2009). Tourism entrepreneurship and regional development: Example from New Zealand. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(3), 282–308.

Ateljevic et al., 2012 Ateljevic, L. , Morgan, N. , & Pritchard, A. (Eds.). (2012). The critical turn in tourism studies: Creating an academy of hope. Abingdon: Routledge.

Atkinson and Hammersley, 1994 Atkinson, P. , & Hammersley, M. (1994). Ethnography and participant observation. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 248–261). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Bakas, 2014 Bakas, F. (2014). Tourism, female entrepreneurship and gender: Crafting new economic realities in rural Greece. Ph.D. thesis, Otago University, New Zealand.

Bakas, 2017 Bakas, F. E. (2017). Community resilience through entrepreneurship: The role of gender. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(1), 61–77.

Bakas and Duxbury, 2018 Bakas, F. E. , & Duxbury, N. (2018). Development of rural areas and small cities through creative tourism: The CREATOUR project. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos (ABET), 8(3), 74–84.

Bakas et al., 2019 Bakas, F. E. , Duxbury, N. , & Castro, T. V. (2019). Creative tourism: Catalysing artisan entrepreneur networks in rural Portugal. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(4), 731–752.

Baker and Coulter, 2007 Baker, K. , & Coulter, A. (2007). Terrorism and tourism: The vulnerability of beach vendors’ livelihoods in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(3), 249–266.

Banerjee et al., 2013 Banerjee, A. V. , Duflo, E. , Glennester, R. , & Kinnan, C. (2013). The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation. Working Paper Series, 13-09. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics.

Barber and Walczak, 2009 Barber, J. P. , & Walczak, K. K. (April 2009). Conscience and critic: Peer debriefing strategies in grounded theory research. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Barbieri, 2017 Barbieri, C. (2017). Agroturismo e desenvolvimento rural sustentável: o enfoque sistêmico do agroturismo. In K. Solha , I. Elesbão , & M. de Souza (Eds.), O Turismo rural comunitários como estratégia de desenvolvimento (pp. 19–44). Porto Alegre: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Barca et al., 2012 Barca, F. , McCann, P. , & Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2012). The case for regional development intervention: Place-based versus place-neutral approaches. Journal of Regional Science, 52(1), 134–152.

Barker and Kuiper, 2003 Barker, D. K. , & Kuiper, E. (2003). Introduction. In D. Barker & E. Kuiper (Eds.), Toward a feminist philosophy of economics. Abingdon: Routledge.

Barney, 1991 Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99–120.

Bec et al., 2016 Bec, A. , McLennan, C. , & Moyle, B. (2016). Community resilience to long-term tourism decline and rejuvenation: A literature review and conceptual model. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(5), 451–457.

Becken, 2015 Becken, S. (2015). Peak oil and tourism: The end of growth? In C. M. Hall , S. Gössling , & D. Scott (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability (pp. 463–471). Abingdon: Routledge.

Belize Tourism Board, 2018 Belize Tourism Board . (2018). Travel and tourism statistical digest. Retrieved from https://belizetourismboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2018-TT-Statistics-Digest_Final.pdf. Accessed on: April 7, 2019.

Belize Tourism Board, 2019a Belize Tourism Board . (2019a). Belize tourism history. Retrieved from http://www.belizetourismboard.org/belize-tourism/belize-tourism-history. Accessed on April 7, 2019.

Belize Tourism Board, 2019b Belize Tourism Board . (2019b). 2018 an outstanding and record breaking year for tourism arrivals. Retrieved from http://www.belizetourismboard.org/2018-an-outstanding-and-record-breaking-year-for-tourism-arrivals. Accessed on April 7, 2019.

Bell and Jayne, 2010 Bell, D. , & Jayne, M. (2010). The creative countryside: Policy and practice in the UK rural cultural economy. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(3), 209–218.

Bennett, 2008 Bennett, J. (2008). The development of private tourism business activity in the transitional Vietnamese economy. In M. Hitchcock , V. King , & M. Parnwell (Eds.), Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and new directions (pp. 146–164). Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.

Bernard, 2006 Bernard, H. R. (2006). Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Berrone et al., 2014 Berrone, P. , Gertel, H. , Giuliodori, R. , Bernard, L. , & Meiners, E. (2014). Determinants of performance in microenterprises: Preliminary evidence from Argentina. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(3), 477–500.

Bhagwati, 2004 Bhagwati, J. (2004). In defense of globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bhagwati, 2005 Bhagwati, J. (2005). Globalization and appropriate governance. In A. Shorrocks (Ed.), Wider perspectives in global development (pp. 74–100). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bhagwati and Panagariya, 2013 Bhagwati, J. , & Panagariya, A. (2013). Why growth matters: How economic growth in India reduced poverty and the lessons for other developing economies. Public Affairs.

Biggs et al., 2012 Biggs, D. , Hall, M. , & Stoeckl, N. (2012). The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 645–665.

Bloomberg Brief, 2015 Bloomberg Brief . (2015, June 15). The sharing economy. Retrieved from https://newsletters.briefs.bloomberg.com/repo/uploadsb/pdf/false_false/bloombergbriefs/4vz1acbgfrxz8uwan9_0_1019.pdf

Bogdanov, 2007 Bogdanov, N. (2007). Small rural households in Serbia and rural non-farm economy. Belgrade: United Nations Development Program.

Botsman and Rogers, 2010 Botsman, R. , & Rogers, R. (2010). What’s mine is yours: The rise of collaborative consumption. New York, NY: Harper Business.

Bourdieu, 1977 Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, 1984 Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bourdieu, 1986 Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Boxill, 2003 Boxill, I. (2003). Towards an alternative tourism in Belize. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(3), 147–150.

Brandth and Haugen, 2011 Brandth, B. , & Haugen, M. S. (2011). Farm diversification into tourism – Implications for social identity? Journal of Rural Studies, 27(1), 35–44.

Braun and Clarke, 2006 Braun, V. , & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

Bricker and Kerstetter, 2016 Bricker, K. , & Kerstetter, D. (2016). Ecotourism and environmental management: A case study of a partnership for conservation in Fiji. In P. Modica & M. Uysal (Eds.), Sustainable Island tourism: Competitiveness and quality of life (pp. 19–34). Wallingford: CAB International.

Brida, 2012 Brida, J. G. (2012). Cruise passengers’ expenditure in the Caribbean port of call of Cartagena de Indias: A cross-section data analysis. Tourism Economics, 18(2), 431–447.

Britton, 1983 Britton, S. G. (1983). Tourism and underdevelopment in Fiji. Development Studies Center. Monograph Number 31. Canberra: Australian National University.

Broadway, 2017 Broadway, M. J. (2017). ‘Putting place on a plate’ along the West Cork Food Trail. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 467–482.

Brookins et al., 2017 Brookins, C. , Pasalar, C. , Morais, D. B. , Kuss, T. , Jones, B. , Scheunemann, A. , & Ferreira, B. (2017). Preliminary analysis. Southeast Equine Research and Education Partnership progress report I. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318781135_Southeast_Equine_Research_and_Education_Partnership_Progress_Report_I

Brouder et al., 2016 Brouder, P. , Clavé, S. A. , Gill, A. , & Ioannides, D. (2016). Why is tourism not an evolutionary science? Understanding the past, present and future of destination evolution. In P. Brouder , S. Anton Clavé , A. Gill , & D. Ioannides (Eds.), Tourism destination evolution (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: Routledge.

Bruner, 1989 Bruner, E. (1989). Tourism, creativity, and authenticity. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 10, 109–114.

Bruton et al., 2018 Bruton, G. D. , Zahra, S. A. , & Cai, L. (2018). Examining entrepreneurship through indigenous lenses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(3), 351–361.

Buhalis, 1999 Buhalis, D. (1999). Information technology for small and medium-sized tourism enterprises: Adaptation and benefits. Information Technology & Tourism, 2(2), 79–95.

Buhalis, 2000 Buhalis, D. (2000). Tourism and information technologies: Past, present and future. Tourism Recreation Research, 25(1), 41–58.

Buhalis, 2003 Buhalis, D. (2003). E-Tourism: Information technology for strategic tourism management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Buhalis and Cooper, 1998 Buhalis, D. , & Cooper, C. (1998). Competition or co-operation: Small and medium sized tourism enterprises at the destination. In E. Laws , B. Faulkner , & G. Moscardo (Eds.), Embracing and managing change in tourism (pp. 324–346). Abingdon: Routledge.

Buhalis and Keeling, 1999 Buhalis, D. , & Keeling, S. (1999). Distributing B&B accommodation in York, UK: Advantages and developments emerging through the Internet. In D. Buhalis & W. Scherlter (Eds.), Information and communications technologies in tourism (pp. 228–237). ENTER 1999 Proceedings. Wien: Springer-Verlag.

Buhalis and Law, 2008 Buhalis, D. , & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet – The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609–623.

Buhalis and Murphy, 2009 Buhalis, D. , & Murphy, H. (2009). Information Communication Technologies (ICTs), entrepreneurship and SMTEs. In J. Ateljevic & S. Page (Eds.), Tourism and entrepreneurship: International perspectives (pp. 9–32). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Bunds and Giardina, 2017 Bunds, K. S. , & Giardina, M. D. (2017). Navigating the corporate university: Reflections on the politics of research in neoliberal times. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 17(3), 227–235.

Bunten and Graburn, 2017 Bunten, A. , & Graburn, N. (2017). Indigenous tourism movements. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Bunten, 2010 Bunten, A. C. (2010). More like ourselves: Indigenous capitalism through tourism. American Indian Quarterly, 34(3), 285–311.

Burgen, 2018 Burgen, S. (2018, June 26). Tourists go home, refugees welcome’: Why Barcelona chose migrants over visitors. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/25/tourists-go-home-refugees-welcome-why-barcelona-chose-migrants-over-visitors

Butler and Menzies, 2007 Butler, C. F. , & Menzies, C. R. (2007). Traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous tourism. In R. Butler & T. Hinch (Eds.), Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications (pp. 15–27). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Butler, 1980 Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12.

Bygrave, 1997 Bygrave, W. D. (1997). The portable MBA in entrepreneurship. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Byrd et al., 2009 Byrd, E. T. , Bosley, H. E. , & Dronberger, M. G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30(5), 693–703.

Caalders, 2007 Caalders, J. (2007). Rural tourism development – A network perspective. Utrecht: Eburon.

Cabezas, 2009 Cabezas, A. L. (2009). Economies of desire: Sex and tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Calgaro and Lloyd, 2008 Calgaro, E. , & Lloyd, K. (2008). Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: Examining disaster vulnerability in the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29, 288–306. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.008.00335.x

Carnegie, 2008 Carnegie, M. (2008). Development prospects in Eastern Indonesia: Learning from Oelua’s diverse economy. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 49(3), 354–369.

Carr et al., 2016 Carr, A. , Ruhanen, L. , & Whitford, M. (Eds.). (2016). Sustainable tourism and indigenous peoples. Special Issue of Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1067–1079.

Carland and Carland, 1997 Carland, J. W., & Carland, J. C. (1997). A model for potential entrepreneurship: Profiles and educational applications. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 8(1), 1–14.

Carsrud and Brännback, 2011 Carsrud, A. , & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 9–26. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00312.x

Causey, 2003 Causey, A. (2003). Hard bargaining in Sumatra: Western travelers and Toba Bataks in the marketplace of souvenirs. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.

Chambers and Buzinde, 2015 Chambers, D. , & Buzinde, C. (2015). Tourism and decolonization: Locating research and self. Annals of Tourism Research, 51, 1–16.

Chandy and Narasimhan, 2011 Chandy, R. , & Narasimhan, O. (2011). How micro-entrepreneurs could change the world. Business Strategy Review, 22(1), 52–55.

Charmes, 2009 Charmes, J. (2009). Concepts, measures and trends. In J. Jutting & J. R. de Laiglesia (Eds.), Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries (pp. 27–62). Paris: Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation.

Cheer et al., 2017 Cheer, J. , Cole, S. , Reeves, K. , & Kato, K. (2017). Tourism and islandscapes: Cultural realignment, social-ecological resilience and change. Shima Journal, 11(1), 40–53.

Cheer and Lew, 2017 Cheer, J. , & Lew, A. (2017). Tourism resilience and sustainability: Adapting to social, political, and economic change. Abingdon: Routledge.

Cheng, 2016 Cheng, M. (2016). Sharing economy: A review and agenda for future research. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 60–70.

Čikić, 2017 Čikić, J. (2017). Transformation and (re)branding of rural space. Agroekonomika, 76(46), 23–34.

Čikić and Nedeljković, 2019 Čikić, J. , & Nedeljković, M. (2019). Female entrepreneurship – A path towards sustainable rural restructuring. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in terms of the Republic of Serbia strategic goals realization within the Danube region – Regional specificities (pp. 370–388). Belgrade: Institute of Agricultural Economics.

Cochrane, 2010 Cochrane, J. (2010). The sphere of tourism resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 173–185.

Cockburn-Wootten et al., 2018 Cockburn-Wootten, C. , McIntosh, A. J. , Smith, K. , & Jefferies, S. (2018). Communicating across tourism silos for inclusive sustainable partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1483–1498.

Cohen and Kietzmann, 2014 Cohen, B. , & Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy. Organization & Environment, 27(3), 279–296.

Cohen, 1972 Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39(1), 164–182.

Cohen, 1988 Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386.

Cohen, 2008 Cohen, E. (2008). Tourism and disaster: The tsunami waves in Southern Thailand. In E. Cohen (Ed.), Explorations in Thai tourism (pp. 23–51). Bingley: Emerald.

Cole, 2012 Cole, S. (2012). A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A case study from Bali. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1221–1241.

Cole and Eriksson, 2010 Cole, S. , & Eriksson, J. (2010). Tourism and human rights. In S. Cole & N. Morgan (Eds.), Tourism and inequality: Problems and prospects (pp. 107–125). Wallingford: CAB International.

Collins et al., 2003 Collins, C. , Buhalis, D. , & Peters, M. (2003). Enhancing SMTEs’ business performance through the Internet and e‐learning platforms. Education + Training, 45(8/9), 483–494.

Colomb and Kalandides, 2010 Colomb, C. , & Kalandides, A. (2010). The ‘Be Berlin’ campaign: Old wine in new bottles or innovative form of participatory place branding? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Cooper and Schindler, 2003 Cooper, D. R. , & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Correia and Fonseca, 2010 Correia, F. , & Fonseca, C. (2010). Penacova, o Mondego e a Lampreia. Penacova: Câmara Municipal de Penacova.

Creswell, 1994 Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Cresswell, 2004 Cresswell, T. (2004). Place: A short introduction. Wiley.

Cresswell, 2006 Cresswell, T. (2006). Place: A short introduction. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.

Cunha et al., 2011 Cunha, C. , Kastenholz, E. , & Carneiro, M. J. (2011). Análise da relevância do empreendedorismo estilo de vida para o desenvolvimento na oferta de turismo em espaço rural. In E. Figueiredo , E. Kastenholz , M. C. Eusébio , M. C. Gomes , M. J. Carneiro , P. Batista , & S. Valente (Eds.), O Rural Plural - Olhar o Presente, Imaginar o Futuro (pp. 203–214). Castro Verde: 100Luz.

Curry, 2007 Curry, G. (2007). Doing ‘business’ in Papua New Guinea: The social embeddedness of small business enterprises. In L.-P. Dana & R. Anderson (Eds.), International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship (pp. 470–784). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Cvejić et al., 2010 Cvejić, S. , Bobić, M. , Petrović, M. , Bogdanov, N. , & Vuković, O. (2010). Social exclusion in rural areas of Serbia. Belgrade: United Nations Development Program.

Cvelbar and Dolnicar, 2017 Cvelbar, L. , & Dolnicar, S. (2017). Filling infrastructure gaps. In S. Dolnicar (Ed.), Peer-to-peer accommodation networks: Pushing the boundaries (pp. 98–108). Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.

Dabringer and Trupp, 2012 Dabringer, M. , & Trupp, A. (Eds.). (2012). Wirtschaften mit Migrationshintergrund. Zur soziokulturellen Bedeutung “ethnischer” Ökonomien in urbanen Räumen. Innsbruck: Studienverlag.

Dahles, 1999 Dahles, H. (1999). Tourism and small entrepreneurs in developing countries: A theoretical perspective. In H. Dahles & K. Bras (Eds.), Tourism and small entrepreneurs. Development, national policy and entrepreneurial culture: Indonesian cases (pp. 1–19). New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

Dahles and Brass, 1999 Dahles, H. , & Brass, K. (Eds.). (1999). Tourism and small entrepreneurs: Development, national policy and entrepreneurial culture: Indonesian cases. New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

Danver, 2015 Danver, S. L. (2015). Native peoples of the world: An encyclopedia of groups, cultures and contemporary issues. Abingdon: Routledge.

Darbellay and Stock, 2012 Darbellay, F. , & Stock, M. (2012). Tourism as complex interdisciplinary research object. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 441–458.

Davenport and Anderson, 2005 Davenport, M. A. , & Anderson, D. H. (2005). Getting from sense of place to place-based management: An interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Society & Natural Resources, 18(7), 625–641.

David-Negre et al., 2018 David-Negre, T. , Almedida-Santana, A. , Hernández, J. M. , & Moreno-Gil, S. (2018). Understanding European tourists’ use of e-tourism platforms. Analysis of networks. Information Technology & Tourism, 20, 131–152. doi:10.1007/s40558-018-0113-z

Davis and Morais, 2004 Davis, J. S. , & Morais, D. B. (2004). Factions and enclaves: Small towns and socially unsustainable tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 3–10.

Deaton et al., 2010 Deaton, A. , Fortson, J. , & Tortora, R. (2010). Life (evaluation), HIV/AIDS and death in Africa. In E. Diener , J. F. Helliwell , & D. Kahneman (Eds.), International differences in well-being (pp. 105–136). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Denman, 2017 Denman, R. (2017). Updating the national tourism policy of Belize assessment report. Retrieved from http://tourism.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Updating-the-National-Tourism-Policy-of-Belize.pdf. Accessed on April 7, 2019.

Denzin, 1989 Denzin, N. (1989). The research act (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Denzin and Lincoln, 2000 Denzin, N. , & Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Đeri et al., 2014 Đeri, L. , Armenski, T. , Jovanović, T. , & Dragin, A. (2014). How income influences the choice of tourism destination. Acta Oecnomica, 64(2), 219–237.

Destination Assessments and Planning (DNEXT), n.d. Destinations International . (n.d.). Destinations assessments and planning (DNEXT). Retrieved from https://destinationsinternational.org/destination-assessments-and-planning-dnext

Destination Marketing Association International, 2014 Destination Marketing Association International . (2014). DestinationNEXT: A strategic road map for the NEXT generation of global destination marketing, phase one. Washington, DC: InterVISTAS Consulting.

Destinations International, 2017 Destinations International . (2017). DestinationNEXT: A strategic road map for the NEXT generation of global destination organizations, 2017 futures study update. Washington, DC: NEXTFactor Enterprises Inc. Retrieved from https://destinationsinternational.org/reports/destinationnext-futures-study

Destinations International, 2019 Destinations International . (2019). Destination NEXT futures study 2019: A strategic roadmap for the next generation of global destination organizations. Washington, DC: Destinations International/MMGY NextFactor. Retrieved from https://destinationsinternational.org/sites/default/master/files/DestinationNEXT%202019_v2.pdf

Di Gregorio, 2017 Di Gregorio, D. (2017). Place-based business models for resilient local economies: Cases from Italian slow food, agritourism and the albergo diffuso. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(1), 113–128. doi:10.1108/JEC-02-2015-0016

Dimitri et al., 2005 Dimitri, C. , Effland, A. , & Conklin, N. (2005). The 20th century transformation of U.S. agriculture and farm policy. USDA Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin, Number EIB-3.

Ditta-Apichai et al., 2020 Ditta-Apichai, M. , Kattiyapornpong, U. , & Gretzel, U. (2020). Platform-mediated tourism micro-entrepreneurship: Implications for community-based tourism in Thailand. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 11(2), 223–240. doi:10.1108/JHTT-05-2019-0079

Divisekera, 2013 Divisekera, S. (2013). Tourism demand models: Concepts and theories. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Handbook of tourism economics: Analysis, new applications and case studies (pp. 33–66). Singapore: World Scientific.

Dodds and Butler, 2019 Dodds, R. , & Butler, R. (2019). The phenomena of overtourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 519–528. doi:10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090

Dokko et al., 2015 Dokko, J. , Mumford, M. , & Whitmore Schanzenbach, D. (December 2015). Workers and the online gig economy. A Hamilton project framing paper. Retrieved from https://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/workers_and_the_online_gig_economy

Douglas and Douglas, 2004 Douglas, N. , & Douglas, N. (2004). Cruise ship spending patterns in Pacific Island ports. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(4), 251–261.

Du et al., 2003 Du, R. , Gerrie, E. , Heath, E. , & Alberts, N. (2003). The role of local and regional food in destination marketing: A South African situation analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 14(3–4), 97–112.

Duflo and Banerjee, 2011 Duflo, E. , & Banerjee, A. V. (2011). Poor economics: A radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty. New York, NY: Public Affairs.

Du Rand and Heath, 2006 Du Rand, G. E. , & Heath, E. (2006). Towards a framework for food tourism as an element of destination marketing. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(3), 206–234.

Đurović and Cvejić, 2011 Đurović, D. , & Cvejić, S. (2011). Rural tourism as a factor of rural development. Belgrade: United Nations Development Program. Retrieved from https://www.secons.net/publications.php?p=47

Duxbury, 2020 Duxbury, N. (2020). Catalyzing creative tourism in small cities and rural areas in Portugal: The CREATOUR approach. In K. Scherf (Ed.), Creative tourism and sustainable development in smaller communities. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.

Duxbury and Richards, 2019 Duxbury, N. , & Richards, G. (2019). Towards a research agenda for creative tourism: Developments, diversity, and dynamics. In N. Duxbury & G. Richards (Eds.), A research agenda for creative tourism (pp. 1–14). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Duxbury et al., 2019 Duxbury, N. , Silva, S. , & Castro, T. V. (2019). Creative tourism development in small cities and rural areas in Portugal: Insights from start-up activities. In D. A. Jelinčić & Y. Mansfeld (Eds.), Creating and managing experiences in cultural tourism. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Dyke and Murphy, 2006 Dyke, L. S. , & Murphy, S. A. (2006). How we define success: A qualitative study of what matters most to women and men. Sex Roles, 55, 357–371.

Eadington and Smith, 1992 Eadington, W. R. , & Smith, V. L. (1992). The emergence of alternative forms of tourism. In V. L. Smith & W. R. Eadington (Eds.), Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in development of tourism (pp. 37–51). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Echter, 1995 Echter, C. M. (1995). Entrepreneurial training in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 119–134.

Eisenhardt, 2002/1989 Eisenhardt, K. M. (2002/1989). Building theories from case study research. In M. Huberman & M. B. Miles (Eds.), The qualitative researcher’s companion. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Ellis et al., 2018 Ellis, A. , Park, E. , Kim, S. , & Yeoman, I. (2018). What is food tourism? Tourism Management, 68, 250–263.

Ellis, 1997 Ellis, C. (1997). Evocative autoethnography: Writing emotionally about our lives. In W. Tierney & Lincoln (Eds.), Representation and the text: Re-framing the narrative voice (pp. 115–142). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Ellis, 2004 Ellis, C. (2004). The ethnographic I: A methodological novel about autoethnography. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Erero and Bonga-Bonga, 2018 Erero, J. L. , & Bonga-Bonga, L. (2018). Effects of reducing tariffs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A CGE analysis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(3), 55–72.

Espinoza Sanché z et al., 2011 Espinoza Sanchéz, R. , Camacho Valdéz, E. , Gordian Dávila, K. , & Covarrubias Rubio, S. (2011). Aproximación al análisis del perfil del consumidor de las empresas de turismo de Naturaleza en Cabo Corrientes, Lalisco, México. In E. A. Romo , R. M. Chávez Dagostino , & R. Espinoza Sánchez (Eds.), Turismo, Desarollo y Región (pp. 79–94). Jalisco: Universidad de Guadalajara.

Etzkowitz et al., 2005 Etzkowitz, H. , Carvalho de Mello, J. M. , & Almeida, M. (2005). Towards a “meta-innovation” in Brazil: The evolution of the incubator and the emergence of a triple helix. Research Policy, 34, 411–424.

Evans, 2002 Evans, G. (2002). A short history of Laos: A land in between. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin Publishers.

Evans, 2014 Evans, G. (2014). The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A re-orientation. Journal of the Siam Society, 102, 221–256.

Everett, 2008 Everett, S. (2008). Beyond the visual gaze? The pursuit of an embodied experience through food tourism. Tourist Studies, 8(3), 337–358.

Everett, 2016 Everett, S. (2016). Food and drink tourism: Principles and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Everett and Aitchison, 2008 Everett, S. , & Aitchison, C. (2008). The role of food tourism in sustaining regional identity: A case study of Cornwall, South West England. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), 150–167.

Everett and Slocum, 2013 Everett, S. , & Slocum, S. L. (2013). Food and tourism: An effective partnership? A UK-based review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 789–809.

Fajnzylber et al., 2006 Fajnzylber, P. , Maloney, W. , & Rojas, G. M. (2006). Microenterprise dynamics in developing countries: How similar are they to those in the industrialized world? Evidence from Mexico. The World Bank Economic Review, 20(3), 389–419.

Fang et al., 2016 Fang, B. , Ye, Q. , & Law, R. (2016). Effect of sharing economy on tourism industry employment. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 264–267.

Farrell and Twining-Ward, 2004 Farrell, B. H. , & Twining-Ward, L. (2004). Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 274–295.

Farrelly, 2009 Farrelly, T. A. (2009). Business va’avanua: Cultural hybridisation and indigenous entrepreneurship in the Bouma National Heritage Park, Fiji. Massey University, Palmerston North.

Feighey, 2003 Feighey, W. (2003). Negative image? Developing the visual in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(1), 76–85.

Fenton, 2019 Fenton, D. (2019). Strong destination development requires cooperation, planning. Hotel Management, 234(1), 36. Retrieved from http://www.hotelmanagementdigital.com

Ferreira, 2018 Ferreira, B. (2018). From farm-to-fork to fork-to-farmer: Advancing permatourism in North Carolina. In J. Day & A. Tham (Eds.), Proceedings from the 49th Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Miami, FL.

Ferreira, 2019 Ferreira, B. (2019). Permatourism: Concept development, application and empirical validation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Ferreira et al., 2021 Ferreira, B., Morais, D., Jakes, S., Brothers, G., & Brookins, C. (2021). The effect of synergies between the informal and formal tourism sectors on farmers’ tourism microentrepreneurial intentions. In Proceedings from the 51st Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference (held virtually).

Ferreira et al., 2019 Ferreira, B. , Morais, D. B. , & Brothers, G. L. (2019). Enhancing self-efficacy to enable tourism microentrepreneurship: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 19(4), 341–359.

Ferreira et al., 2019 Ferreira, B. , Morais, D. B. , Brothers, G. , Brookins, C. , & Jakes, S. (2019). Resisting socioeconomic apartheid through tourism microentrepreneurship in Bahía de Banderas – Puerto Vallarta. In C. Paris & M. Blaer (Eds.), Proceedings from the 50th Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Melbourne, Australia.

Ferreira et al., 2018 Ferreira, B. , Morais, D. B. , Pollack, J. M. , & Bunds, K. S. (2018). Development and validation of the tourism e-microentrepreneurial self-efficacy scale. Tourism Analysis, 23(2), 275–282.

Ferreira et al., 2020 Ferreira, B. , Morais, D. B. , Szabo, A. , Bowen, B. , & Jakes, S. (2020). A gap analysis of farm tourism microentrepreneurial mentoring needs in North Carolina, USA. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 10(1), 83–99. doi:10.5304/jafscd.2020.101.025

Fields, 2017 Fields, G. S. (2017). The employment problem in developing countries: A re-examination four decades later. In M. Nissanke & M. Ndulo (Eds.), Poverty reduction in the course of African development (pp. 39–54). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fisher, 2012 Fisher, G. (2012). Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(5), 1019–1051.

Flack, 1997 Flack, W. (1997). American microbreweries and neolocalism: “Ale-ing” for a sense of place. Journal of Cultural Geography, 16(2), 37–53.

Fleischer and Felsenstein, 2000 Fleischer, A. , & Felsenstein, D. (2000). Support for rural tourism: Does it make a difference? Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 1007–1024.

Fleischer and Pizam, 1997 Fleischer, A. , & Pizam, A. (1997). Rural tourism in Israel. Tourism Management, 18, 367–372.

Flick, 2005 Flick, U. (2005). An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Flyvbjerg, 2011 Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 301–312). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Food and Drink Wales, 2018 Food and Drink Wales . (2018). Economic appraisal of the Welsh food and drink sector. Cardiff: Knowledge and Analytical Services, Welsh Government. Retrieved from https://businesswales.gov.wales/foodanddrink/about-us/key-facts. Accessed on February 12, 2018.

Ford and Peeper, 2008 Ford, R. C. , & Peeper, W. C. (2008). Managing destination marketing organizations: The tasks, roles and responsibilities of the convention & visitors bureau executive. Orlando, FL: ForPer Publications.

Foucault and Miskowiec, 1986 Foucault, M. , & Miskowiec, J. (1986). Of other spaces. Diacritics, 16(1), 22–27.

Franklin and Crang, 2001 Franklin, A. , & Crang, M. (2001). The trouble with tourism and travel theory? Tourist Studies, 1(1), 5–22.

Fraser et al., 2006 Fraser, E. D. , Dougill, A. J. , Mabee, W. E. , Reed, M. , & McAlpine, P. (2006). Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 78(2), 114–127.

Freeze, 2018 Freeze, J. (2018, June 28). Signature experiences: Putting people first. Raleigh, NC: Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.visitraleigh.com/partners/blog/post/signature-experiences-putting-people-first

Freitag, 1994 Freitag, T. G. (1994). Enclave tourism development for whom the benefits roll? Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 538–554.

Furguson et al., 2017 Furguson, J. , Dahles, H. , & Prabawa, T. (2017). The Indonesian tourism industry under crisis: A bourdieuan perspective on social boundaries among small-scale business owners. Asia Pacific Business Review, 23(2), 171–191.

Ganapati and Reddick, 2018 Ganapati, S. , & Reddick, C. G. (2018). Prospects and challenges of sharing economy for the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2018.01.001

Garcia-Ramon et al., 1995 Garcia-Ramon, M. , Canoves, G. , & Valdovinos, N. (1995). Farm tourism, gender and the environment in Spain. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 267–282. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)00096-4

Gardiner and Scott, 2014 Gardiner, S. , & Scott, N. (2014). Successful tourism clusters: Passion in paradise. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 163–184.

Garrod et al., 2006 Garrod, B. , Wornell, R. , & Youell, R. (2006). Re-conceptualising rural resources as countryside capital: The case of rural tourism. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(1), 117–128.

Gartrell, 1988 Gartrell, R. B. (1988). Destination marketing for convention and visitor bureaus. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing.

Geissinger et al., 2020 Geissinger, A. , Laurell, C. , & Sandström, C. (2020). Digital disruption beyond Uber and Airbnb – Tracking the long tail of the sharing economy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155, 119323. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.012

Getz and Carlsen, 2000 Getz, D. , & Carlsen, J. (2000). Characteristics and goals of family and owner-operated business in the rural tourism and hospitality sectors. Tourism Management, 21, 547–560.

Getz and Carlsen, 2005 Getz, D. , & Carlsen, J. (2005). Family business in tourism: State of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 237–258.

Getz et al., 2004 Getz, D. , Carlsen, J. , & Morrison, A. (2004). The family business in tourism and hospitality. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.

Gibson, 2012 Gibson, D. (2012). The cultural challenges faced by indigenous-owned small medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) in Fiji: Case studies from the Yasawa Islands. The Journal of Pacific Studies, 32(2), 102–126.

Glaser and Strauss, 1967 Glaser, B. , & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.

Gmelch, 2012 Gmelch, G. (2012). Behind the smile: The working lives of Caribbean tourism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Go, 1997 Go, F. (1997). Entrepreneurs and the tourism industry in developing countries. In H. Dahles (Ed.), Tourism, small entrepreneurs and sustainable development: Case studies from developing countries (pp. 5–22). Tilburg: ATLAS.

Gössling et al., 2005 Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Ceron, J. P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T., & Richardson, R. B. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological economics, 54(4), 417–434.

Gonzá lez and Healey, 2005 González, S. , & Healey, P. (2005). A sociological institutionalist approach to the study of innovation in governance capacity. Urban Studies, 42(1), 2055–2069.

Government of the Republic of Serbia, 2009 Government of the Republic of Serbia . (2009). Law on nature protection. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 36/2009.

Government of the Republic of Serbia, 2011 Government of the Republic of Serbia . (2011). Master plan of sustainable development of rural tourism. Belgrade: Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunication, the Republic of Serbia.

Government of the Republic of Serbia, 2014 Government of the Republic of Serbia . (2014). The strategy for agriculture and rural development of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2014–2024. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 85/2014.

Government of the Republic of Serbia, 2016 Government of the Republic of Serbia . (2016). Tourism development strategy of the Republic of Serbia 2016–2025. Belgrade: Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunication, the Republic of Serbia.

Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau, 2018a Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau . (2018a). Raleigh, NC, marketing blueprint (2.1 ed.). Raleigh, NC: Author.

Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau, 2018b Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau . (2018b). Wake County destination strategic plan: A 10-year tourism plan for Wake County created in conjunction with the Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. Raleigh, NC: Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated.

Green and Pryde, 1989 Green, S. , & Pryde, P. (1989). Black entrepreneurship in America. Livingston, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Greenberg et al., 2018 Greenberg, Z. , Farja, Y. , & Gimmon, E. (2018). Embeddedness and growth of small businesses in rural regions. Journal of Rural Studies, 62, 174–182.

Guba and Lincoln, 1989 Guba, E. , & Lincoln, Y. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Gurung and DeCoursey, 2000 Gurung, C. P. , & DeCoursey, M. A. (2000). Too much too fast: Lessons from Nepal’s lost kingdom of mustang. In P. M. Godde , M. F. Pride , & F. M. Zimmermann (Eds.), Tourism and development in mountain regions (pp. 239–253). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.

Guttentag, 2015 Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: Disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192–1217.

Gwartney et al., 2018 Gwartney, J. , Lawson, R. , Hall, J. , & Murphy, R. (2018). Economic freedom of the world 2018: Annual report. Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute.

Halfacree, 2006 Halfacree, K. (2006). Rural space: Constructing three-fold architecture. In P. Cloke , T. Marsden , & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of rural studies (pp. 44–63). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Halim et al., 2016 Halim, M. F. , Barbieri, C. , Jakes, S. , & Morais, D. (2016). North Carolina women’s success in agritourism: Turning challenges into opportunities. AG-823. Retrieved from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/show_ep3_pdf/1573261299/23333/

Halim et al., 2020 Halim, M. F. , Barbieri, C. , Morais, D. B. , Jakes, S. , & Seekamp, E. (2020). Beyond economic earnings: The holistic meaning of success for women in agritourism. Sustainability, 12, 4907. doi:10.3390/su12124907

Halkias, 2011 Halkias, D. (2011). Female immigrant entrepreneurs: The economic and social impact of a global phenomenon. Aldershot: Gower Publishing.

Hall et al., 2015 Hall, C. M. , Gössling, S. , & Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: An introduction. In C. M. Hall , S. Gössling , & D. Scott (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability (pp. 1–12). Aldershot: Routledge.

Hall and Sharples, 2004 Hall, C. M. , & Sharples, L. (2004). The consumption of experiences or the experience of consumption? An introduction to the tourism of taste. In M. Hall , L. Sharples , R. Mitchell , N. Macionis , & B. Cambourne (Eds.), Food tourism around the world: Development, management and markets (pp. 13–36). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Hall et al., 2018 Hall, M. , Prayag, G. , & Amore, A. (2018). Tourism and resilience: Individual, organizational and destination perspectives. Bristol: Channel View Publications.

Hallak et al., 2011 Hallak, R. , Lindsay, N. J. , & Brown, G. (2011). Examining the role of entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on SMTE performance. Tourism Analysis, 16(5), 583–599.

Harrison, 1996 Harrison, D. (1996). Sustainability and tourism: Reflections from a muddy pool. In L. Briguglio , B. Archer , J. Jafari , & G. Wall (Eds.), Sustainable tourism in islands and small states: Issues and policies (pp. 69–89). London: Pinter Publishers.

Harrison and Prasad, 2013 Harrison, D. , & Prasad, B. (2013). The contribution of tourism to the development of Fiji and other Pacific Island countries. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Handbook of tourism economics: Analysis, new applications and case studies (pp. 741–761). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Hart, 1970 Hart, K. (1970). Small scale entrepreneurs in Ghana and development planning. Journal of Development Planning, 6, 104–120.

Hart, 1973 Hart, K. (1973). Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern Africa Studies, 11(1), 61–89.

Hart and Milstein, 1999 Hart, S. L. , & Milstein, M. B. (1999). Global sustainability and the creative destruction of industries. Sloan Management Review, 41(1), 23–33.

Harvey, 1990 Harvey, D. (1990). Conditions of postmodernity. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishers.

Haughton, 1998 Haughton, G. (1998). Principles and practice of community economic development. Regional Studies, 32(9), 872–877.

Hawkins and Mann, 2007 Hawkins, D. E. , & Mann, S. (2007). The world bank’s role in tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 348–363.

Heinrichs, 2013 Heinrichs, H. (2013). Sharing economy: A potential new pathway to sustainability. Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 22(4), 228–231.

Helliwell et al., 2018 Helliwell, J. F. , Huang, H. , Wang, S. , & Shiplett, H. (2018). International migration and world happiness. In J. F. Helliwell , R. Layard , & J. D. Sachs (Eds.), World Happiness Report 2018 (pp. 15–44). New York, NY: United Nations. Retrieved from http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2018/

Henderson, 2003 Henderson, J. C. (2003). Terrorism and tourism: Managing the consequences of the Bali bombings. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15, 41–58.

Henry, 2010 Henry, R . (2010). Social protection in Belize: Planning for a ‘Rainy Age’. Social and Economic Studies, 59(1&2), 31–60.

Hildreth and Bailey, 2014 Hildreth, P. , & Bailey, D. (2014). Place-based economic development strategy in England: Filling the missing space. Local Economy, 29(4–5), 363–377.

Hill, 2005 Hill, B. (2005). The new rural economy – Change, dynamism and government policy. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs.

Hindle and Lansdowne, 2005 Hindle, K. , & Lansdowne, M. (2005). Brave spirits on new paths: Toward a globally relevant paradigm of indigenous entrepreneurship research. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 131–141.

Hindle and Lansdowne, 2007 Hindle, K. , & Lansdowne, M. (2007). Brave spirits on new paths: Toward a globally relevant paradigm of indigenous entrepreneurship research. In L.-P. Dana & R. Anderson (Eds.), International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship (pp. 8–19). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Hindle and Moroz, 2010 Hindle, K. , & Moroz, P. (2010). Indigenous entrepreneurship as a research field: Developing a definitional framework from the emerging canon. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 357–385.

Hipsher, 2010 Hipsher, S. (2010). Theoretical view on microenterprise entrepreneurial motivators. In J. Munoz (Ed.), Contemporary micro-enterprise: Concepts and cases (pp. 49–60). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Hipsher, 2012 Hipsher, S. (2012). Motivations of entrepreneurs in the informal economy: Examples from Cambodia. In M. Thai & E. Turkina (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Models, approaches and prospects for economic development (pp. 50–63). Abingdon: Routledge.

Hipsher, 2017a Hipsher, S. (2017a). Poverty reduction, the private sector and tourism in Mainland Southeast Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hipsher, 2017b Hipsher, S. (2017b). Poverty reduction, wealth creation, and tourism in ethnic minority communities in Mainland Southeast Asia. International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2(1), 39–53.

Hitchcock, 2010 Hitchcock, M. (2010). Tourism and total crisis in Indonesia: The case of Bali. Asian Pacific Business Review, 8(2), 101–120.

Hitchcock and Putra, 2007 Hitchcock, M. , & Putra, N. (2007). Tourism, development and terrorism in Bali. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Company.

Hjalager, 2010 Hjalager, A. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism. Tourism Management, 31(1), 1–12.

Hofstede, 1983 Hofstede, G. (1983). National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1–2), 46–74.

Ho and Jariyapan, 2018 Ho, V. , & Jariyapan, P. (2018). The effect of formal and informal economic sectors to Cambodian economy. International Journal of Intelligent Technologies and Applied Statistics, 11(3), 201–232.

Holden, 2013 Holden, A. (2013). Tourism, poverty and development. Abingdon: Routledge.

Hollingshead et al., 2009 Hollingshead, K. , Ateljevic, I. , & Ali, N. (2009). Worldmaking agency–worldmaking authority: The sovereign constitutive role of tourism. Tourism Geographies, 11(4), 427–443.

Holmes, 2002 Holmes, J. (2002). Diversity and change in Australia’s rangelands: A post-productivist transition with a difference? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 27(3), 362–384.

Holmgren, 2017 Holmgren, D. (2017). Permaculture: Principles and pathways beyond sustainability (rev. ed.). Victoria: Meliodora Publishing.

Holoviak, 2012 Holoviak, A. P. (2012). An evaluation of strategies and finances of the rural tourism industry. Retrieved from www.rural.palegislature.us/documents/reports/Evaluation_Rural_Tourism_Industry.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2018.

Holt, 2004 Holt, D. B. (2004). How brands become icons: The principles of cultural branding. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.

Horlings et al., 2018 Horlings, L. G. , Roep, D. , & Wellbrock, W. (2018). The role of leadership in place-based development and building institutional arrangements. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 33(3), 245–268.

Huggins et al., 2019 Huggins, R. , Prokop, D. , & Thompson, P. (2019). Universities and open innovation: The determinants of network centrality. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 45, 718–757.

Ibrahim and Goodwin, 1986 Ibrahim, A. , & Goodwin, J. (1986). Perceived causes of success in small businesses. American Journal of Small Business, 11(Fall), 41–50.

Illbery and Bowler, 1998 Illbery, B. , & Bowler, I. (1998). From agricultural productivism to post-productivism. In B. Ilbery (Ed.), The geography of rural space (pp. 57–85). Abingdon: Routledge.

ILTB - Itaukei Land Trust Board, n.d ILTB - Itaukei Land Trust Board . (n.d). About us. ILTB. Retrieved from https://www.tltb.com.fj/Home

International Economic Development Council, 2016 International Economic Development Council . (2016). Entrepreneurial and small business development strategies (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

International Labour Organization, 2010 International Labour Organization . (2010). Development and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector. Issues paper for discussion at the Global Dialogue Forum for the Hotels, Catering, Tourism Sector. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_166938.pdf. Accessed on November 24, 2018.

Invest in Bretagne, 2017 Invest in Bretagne . (2017). Food industry and agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.invest-in-bretagne.org/why-bretagne/key-sectors/food-industry-agriculture/. Accessed on July 20, 2018.

Ip et al., 2011 Ip, C. , Leung, R. , & Law, R. (2011). Progress and development of information and communication technologies in hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(4), 533–551.

Ishii, 2012 Ishii, K. (2012). The impact of ethnic tourism on hill tribes in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 290–310.

Itaukei Land Trust Board, 2016 Itaukei Land Trust Board . (2016). TLTB News. Issue 1. Suva: ILTB. Retrieved from https://tltb.com.fj/getattachment/Media/Newsletter/Newsletter-1-2016.pdf.aspx?lang=en-US

Ivars Baidal et al., 2013 Ivars Baidal, J. A. , Rodriguez Sanchez, I. , & Vera Rebollo, J. F. (2013). The evolution of mass tourism destinations: New approaches beyond deterministic models in Benidorm (Spain). Tourism Management, 34(2), 184–195.

Ivarsson, 2008 Ivarsson, S. (2008). Creating Laos: The making of a Lao space between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.

Jack and Anderson, 2002 Jack, S. , & Anderson, A. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(5), 467–487.

Jakobsson and Dragun, 2013 Jakobsson, K. M. , & Dragun, A. K. (2013). An overview of environmental and conservation issues of consequence for tourism policy. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Handbook of tourism economics: Analysis, new applications and case studies (pp. 765–785). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Jamal and Stronza, 2009 Jamal, T. , & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(20), 169–189.

Jones Lang LaSalle, 2018 Jones Lang LaSalle . (2018). Wake County Destination Strategic Plan: 10-year Tourism Plan for Wake County created in conjunction with the Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. Technical Report. Retrieved from https://www.townofcary.org/home/showdocument?id=23456

Joshi et al., 2014 Joshi, A. , Prichard, W. , & Heady, C. (2014). Taxing the informal economy: The current state of knowledge and agendas for future research. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(10), 1325–1347.

Jumsai, 2000 Jumsai, M. (2000). History of Laos. Bangkok: Chalermnit Publishing.

Jutting and de Laiglesia, 2009 Jutting, J. , & de Laiglesia, J. R. (2009). Employment, poverty reduction and development. In J. Jutting & J. R. de Laiglesia (Eds.), Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries (pp. 17–26). Paris: OECD Development Center.

Kalantaridis and Labrianidis, 2004 Kalantaridis, C. , & Labrianidis, L. (2004). Rural entrepreneurs in Russia and the Ukraine: Origins, motivations, and institutional change. Journal of Economic Issues, 38(3), 659–681.

Kaplan, 2012 Kaplan, S. (2012). Business models 101: Creating, delivering, and capturing value. In S. Kaplan (Ed.), The business model innovation factory: How to stay relevant when the world is changing (pp. 240). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Kara, 2017 Kara, H. (2017). Identity and power in co-produced activist research. Qualitative Research, 17(3), 289–301.

Kawharu et al., 2017 Kawharu, M. , Tapsell, P. , & Woods, C. (2017). Indigenous entrepreneurship in Aotearoa New Zealand: The takarangi framework of resilience and innovation. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(1), 20–38.

KC et al., 2018 KC, B., Morais, D. B., Seekamp, E., Smith, J. W., & Peterson, M. N. (2018). Bonding and bridging forms of social capital in wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship: An application of social network analysis. Sustainability, 10(2), 315.

KC et al., 2019a KC, B. , Morais, D. B. , Seekamp, E. , Smith, J. W. , & Peterson, M. N. (2019a). Bonding and bridging forms of social capital in wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship: An application of social network analysis. Sustainability, 10(2), 315.

KC et al., 2019b KC, B. , Morais, D. B. , Smith, J. W. , Peterson, M. N. , & Seekamp, E. (2019b). Using social network analysis to understand trust, reciprocity and togetherness in wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 19(2), 158–169.

Kenrick and Lewis, 2004 Kenrick, J. , & Lewis, J. (2004). Indigenous peoples’ rights and the politics of the term ‘indigenous’. Anthropology Today, 20(2), 4–9.

Keobountham, 2011 Keobountham, S. (2011). New economic mechanisms and livelihood diversification in the suburban area of Vientiane Lao PDR. In C. Vaddhanaphuti & C. Wittayapakm (Eds.), Revisiting agrarian transformations in the Greater Mekong sub-region: New challenges (pp. 71–88). Chiang Mai: Regional Center for Social Science & Sustainable Development.

Kim et al., 2018 Kim, K. , Baek, C. , & Lee, J.-D. (2018). Creative destruction of the sharing economy in action: The case of Uber. Transportation Research Part A, 110, 118–127.

Kim and Iwashita, 2016 Kim, S. , & Iwashita, C. (2016). Cooking identity and food tourism: The case of Japanese udon noodles. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(1), 89–100.

Kloosterman et al., 1999 Kloosterman, R. , van der Leun, J. , & Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness: (In)formal economic activities and immigrant businesses in the Netherlands. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 252–266.

Knapp, 2012 Knapp, D. E. (2012). Global destination brandscience. Anacortes, WA: BrandStrategy, Inc.

Kolb, 2017 Kolb, B. (2017). Tourism marketing for cities and towns: Using social media and branding to attract tourists (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Korsgaard et al., 2015a Korsgaard, S. , Ferguson, R. , & Gaddefors, J. (2015). The best of both worlds: How rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(9–10), 574–598.

Korsgaard et al., 2015b Korsgaard, S. , Müller, S. , & Tanvig, H. W. (2015). Rural entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship in the rural – Between place and space. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(1), 5–26.

Košić, 2012 Košić, K. (2012). Rural tourism in Vojvodina. Novi Sad: Faculty of Science. (In Serbian).

Kristiansen, 2002 Kristiansen, S. (2002). Individual perception of business contexts: The case of small scale entrepreneurs in Tanzania. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 283–304.

Kucera and Xenogiani, 2009 Kucera, D. , & Xenogiani, T. (2009). Persisting informal employment: What explains it? In J. Jutting & J. R. de Laiglesia (Eds.), Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries (pp. 63–88). Paris: OCED.

Kumar and Steenkamp, 2013 Kumar, N. , & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2013). Diaspora marketing. Harvard Business Review, 91, 127–150.

Kumar, 2005 Kumar, S. (2005). Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(2), 109–116.

Kuo et al., 2008 Kuo, H. , Chen, C. C. , Tseng, W. C. , Ju, L. F. , & Huang, B. W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29(5), 917–928.

Kurlantzick, 2005 Kurlantzick, J. (2005). Laos: Still communist after all these years. Current History, 104(680), 114–119.

Lambeth et al., 2002 Lambeth, L. , Hanchard, B. , Aslin, H. , Fay-Sauni, L. , Tuara, P. , Rochers, K. D. , & Vunisea, A. (2002). An overview of the involvement of women in fisheries activities in Oceania. In Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries (pp. 127–142). Penang: ICLARM‐WorldFish Center.

Lang et al., 2014 Lang, R. , Fink, M. , & Kibler, E. (2014). Understanding place-based entrepreneurship in rural Central Europe: A comparative institutional analysis. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 32(2), 204–227.

Lankford and Howard, 1994 Lankford, S. , & Howard, D. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1), 121–139.

LaPan et al., 2016a LaPan, C. , Morais, D. B. , Wallace, T. , & Barbieri, C. (2016a). Power, altruism and communitarian tourism: A comparative study. PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 14(4), 889–906.

LaPan et al., 2016b LaPan, C. , Morais, D. B. , Wallace, T. , & Barbieri, C. (2016b). Women’s self-determination in cooperative tourism microenterprises. Tourism Review International, 20(1), 41–56.

Lasso and Dahles, 2018 Lasso, A. , & Dahles, H. (2018). Are tourism livelihoods sustainable? Tourism development and economic transformation on Komodo Island, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 473–485.

Laurell and Sandströ m, 2017 Laurell, C. , & Sandström, C. (2017). The sharing economy in social media: Analyzing tensions between market and non-market logics. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 58–65.

Lee et al., 2015 Lee, D. , Hampton, M. , & Jeyacheya, J. (2015). The political economy of precarious work in the tourism industry in small island developing states. Review of International Political Economy, 22(1), 194–223.

Lefebvre, 1974 Lefebvre, H. (1974). Production of space. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishers.

Lemelin et al., 2011 Lemelin, R. H. , Wiersma, E. C. , & Stewart, E. J. (2011). Integrating researchers and indigenous communities. In M. C. Hall (Ed.), Fieldwork in tourism: Methods, issues and reflections (pp. 289–307). Abingdon: Routledge.

Lepper et al., 2012 Lepper, J. A. , Goodrich-Schneider, R. M. , Sreedharan, A. , & Schneider, K. R. (2012). Food safety on the farm: Good agricultural practices and good handling practices – Sanitary facilities. Food Science and Human Nutrition Department. UF/IFAS Extension (FSHN10-11). Retrieved from https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/Food-safety-on-the-farm-GAP-sanitary-facilities.pdf

Li, 2012 Li, Y. (2012). Tourists’ perceptions of ethnic tourism in Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7(1), 59–81.

Li and Xiang, 2012 Li, Y. , & Xiang, L. (2012). Ethnic tourism and resident quality-of-life. In M. Uysal , R. R. Perdue , & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities (pp. 373–387). New York, NY: Springer.

Lincoln and Guba, 1985 Lincoln, Y. S. , & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.

Lobo et al., 1999 Lobo, R. E. , Goldman, G. E. , Jolly, D. A. , Wallace, B. D. , Schrader, W. L. , & Parker, S. A. (1999). Agritourism benefits agriculture in San Diego County. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved from http://sfp.ucdavis.edu/agritourism/Case_Studies/agritourSD/

Longo et al., 2016 Longo, S. , Clark, B. , Shriver, T. , & Clausen, R. (2016). Sustainability and environmental sociology: Putting the economy in its place and moving toward an integrative socio-ecology. Sustainability, 8(5), 437.

Lortanavanit, 2009 Lortanavanit, D. (2009). Decentralization, empowerment and tourism development: Pai Town in Mae Hong Son, Thailand. South East Asian Studies, 47(2), 150–179.

Lussier and Sonfield, 2015 Lussier, R. , & Sonfield, M. (2015). “Micro” versus “small” family businesses: A multinational analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(3), 380–396.

Lutz and Newlands, 2018 Lutz, C. , & Newlands, G. (2018). Consumer segmentation within the sharing economy: The case of Airbnb. Journal of Business Research, 88, 187–196.

MacCannell, 1973 MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourism settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589–603.

Mace, 2005 Mace, D. (2005). Motivation for agritourism entrepreneurship. In Risk and Profit Conference (pp. 1–8). Manhattan, KS.

Main, 2001 Main, H. (2001). The expansion of technology in small and medium hospitality enterprises with a focus on net technology. Information Technology & Tourism, 4(3–4), 167–174.

Mak et al., 2012 Mak, A. H. N. , Lumbers, M. , & Eves, A. (2012). Globalisation and food consumption in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 171–196.

Mao, 2014 Mao, Y. (2014). Spatial analysis of tourism microentrepreneurship and poverty in North Carolina and its neighboring states. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, United States.

Markus and Kitayama, 1991 Markus, H. R. , & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.

Marshal and Rossman, 1999 Marshal, C. , & Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Martin, 2004 Martin, L. M. (2004). E-innovation: Internet impacts on small UK hospitality firms. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16(2), 82–90.

Martinez, 2019 Martinez, O. R. (2019). Poverty alleviation in Belize through Pro-poor tourism. Power Point slides.

Matatolu, 2018 Matatolu, I. (2018). Tourism and quality of life in the Fiji Islands: A case study of a rural Fijian village. Unpublished masters thesis, University of the South Pacific, Fiji.

Matland, 1995 Matland, R. E. (1995). Synthesizing the implementation literature: The ambiguity-conflict model of policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 5(2), 145–174.

Mbaiwa, 2009 Mbaiwa, J. E. (2009). Tourism development, rural livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In P. Hottola (Ed.), Tourism strategies and local responses in Southern Africa (pp. 90–104). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.

McGehee et al., 2014 McGehee, N. G. , Kline, C. , & Knollenberg, W. (2014). Social movements and tourism-related local action. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 140–155. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.004

McKeever et al., 2014 McKeever, E. , Anderson, A. , & Jack, S. (2014). Social embeddedness in entrepreneurship research: The importance of context and community. In E. Chell & M. Karataş-Özkan (Eds.), Handbook of research on small business and entrepreneurship (pp. 222–236). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

McKercher, 1998 McKercher, B. (1998). The business of nature-based tourism. Melbourne: Hospitality Press.

McKercher et al., 2010 McKercher, B. , Prideaux, B. , Cheung, C. , & Law, R. (2010). Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 297–317.

Meadowcroft, 2005 Meadowcroft, J. (2005). Introduction. In B. Hill (Ed.), The new rural economy – Change, dynamism and government policy (pp. 23–39). London: The Institute of Economic Affairs.

Mehraliyev, Mehraliyev, F. (2014). Determinants of growth in small tourism business and the barriers they face: The case of Cappadocia. International Journal of Business, Humanitie and Technology, 4(3), 106–120.

Mennell et al., 1992 Mennell, S. , Murcott, A. , & van Otterloo, A. H. (1992). The sociology of food: Eating, diet and food. Current Sociology, 40(2), 1–148.

Mgijima and Flowerday, 2012 Mgijima, B. , & Flowerday, S. V. (2012). Internet success for the small and medium hospitality enterprise: Influence of the owner or manager. African Journal of Business Management, 6(7), 10222–10231.

Mihalic, 2013 Mihalic, T. (2013). Economic impacts of tourism, particularly its potential contribution to economic development. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Handbook of tourism economics: Analysis, new applications and case studies (pp. 645–682). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Mika et al., 2017 Mika, J. P. , Warren, L. , Foley, D. , & Palmer, F. R. (2017). Perspectives on indigenous entrepreneurship, innovation and enterprise. Journal of Management and Organization, 23(6), 767–773.

Miles and Huberman, 1994 Miles, M. B. , & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Miles et al., 2014 Miles, M. B. , Huberman, A. M. , & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Miller et al., 2018 Miller, T. , Kim, A. B. , & Roberts, J. M. (2018). 2018 index of economic freedom. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.

Milner and Nita, 2015 Milner, H. V. , & Nita, R. (2015). Globalization and the political benefits of the informal economy. International Studies Review, 17(4), 664–669.

Mohammad, 2020 Mohammad, A. A. (2020). Microentrepreneurship in the hospitality industry: Understanding motivations, challenges, risks, benefits, and critical success factors. Tourism Review International, 25, 47–62. doi:10.3727/154427220X16064144339183

Morais, 2017 Morais, D. B. (2017). Manifesto of the People-First Tourism Movement. Report No. P1tLab 2017-004. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15992.24329

Morais et al., 2018 Morais, D. B. , Bunn, D. , Hoogendoorn, G. , & KC, B. (2018). The potential role of tourism microentrepreneurship in the prevention of rhino poaching. International Development Planning Review, 40(4), 443–461.

Morais and Ferreira, 2019 Morais, D. B. , & Ferreira, B. (March 2019). Hence permatourism: Thinking beyond sustainability for more equitable destinations. Poster presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Tourism Research, Porto, Portugal.

Morais et al., 2017 Morais, D. B. , Ferreira, B. S. , Nazariadli, S. , & Ghahramani, L. (2017). Tourism microentrepreneurship knowledge cogeneration. In N. Scott , M. Van Niekerk , & M. De Martino (Eds.). Knowledge transfer to and within tourism: Academic, industry and government bridges. Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice (Vol. 8, pp. 73–95). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S2042-144320170000008006

Morais et al., 2017 Morais, D. B. , Ferreira, B. , & Wallace, T. (2017). Aprendizagem aplicada e investigação-acção Participativa através do projecto People-First Tourism: Uma visão geral de métodos e instrumentos. In K. Solha , I. Elesbão , & M. de Souza (Eds.), O Turismo rural comunitários como estratégia de desenvolvimento (pp. 87–114). Porto Alegre: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Morais et al., 2012 Morais, D. B. , Heath, E. , Tlhagale, M. , Payton, F. C. , Martin, K. , Mehta, K. , & Bass, J. (2012). People-First Tourism: Concept test in South Africa. In E. Fayos-Sola , J. Silva , & J. Jafari (Eds.), Knowledge management in tourism: Policy and governance applications. Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice (Vol. 4, pp. 115–128). Bingley: Emerald.

Morais et al., 2017 Morais, D. B. , Jakes, S. , Bowen, B. , & Lelekacs, J. M. (2017). Fork2Farmer: Enabling success of small farms through partnerships with well-known chefs and the tourism sector. Journal of Extension, 55(2).

Morais et al., 2015 Morais, D. B. , KC, B. , Mao, Y. , & Mosimane, A. (2015). Wildlife conservation through tourism micro-entrepreneurship among Namibian communities. Tourism Review International, 19(1–2), 43–61.

Morais et al., 2014 Morais, D. B. , Wallace, T. , Rodrigues, A. , España, E. X. A. , & Wang, Y. A. (2014). People-First Tourism and the voices of the rural subaltern. In Proceedings from the 45th TTRA International Conference: Tourism and New Global Economy, Bruges, Belgium.

Morais et al., 2005 Morais, D. B. , Yarnal, C. , Dong, E. , & Dowler, L. (2005). The impacts of ethnic tourism on gender roles: A comparison between the Bai and the Mosuo of Yunnan Province. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(3), 361–367.

Morgan and Pritchard, 2005 Morgan, N. , & Pritchard, A. (2005). On souvenirs and metonymy: Narratives of memory, metaphor and materiality. Tourist Studies, 5(1), 29–53.

Morrison and Thomas, 1999 Morrison, A. , & Thomas, R. (1999). The future of small firms in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(4), 148–154.

Movono, 2012 Movono, A. (2012). Tourism’s impact on communal development in Fiji: A case study of the socio-economic impacts of The Warwick Resort and Spa and The Naviti Resort on the indigenous Fijian villages of Votua and Vatuolalai. Unpublished masters thesis, The University of the South Pacific, Fiji.

Movono, 2017 Movono, A. (2017). Conceptualizing destinations as a Vanua: An examination of the evolution and resilience of a Fijian social and ecological system. In A. A. Lew & J. Cheer (Eds.), Understanding tourism resilience: Adapting to environmental change (pp. 304–320). Abingdon: Routledge.

Movono and Becken, 2018 Movono, A. , & Becken, S. (2018). Solesolevaki as social capital: A tale of a village, two tribes, and a resort in Fiji. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(2), 146–157.

Movono and Dahles, 2017 Movono, A. , & Dahles, H. (2017). Female empowerment and tourism: A focus on businesses in a Fijian village. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(6), 681–692.

Muangasame and McKercher, 2015 Muangasame, K. , & McKercher, B. (2015). The challenge of implementing sustainable tourism policy: A 360-degree assessment of Thailand’s “7 Greens” sustainable tourism policy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 497–516.

Mueller and Schade, 2012 Mueller, A. , & Schade, M. (2012). Symbols and place identity: A semiotic approach to internal place branding – Case study Bremen (Germany). Journal of Place Management and Development, 5(1), 81–92.

Mumford, 1989 Mumford, L. (1989). City in history: Its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. San Diego, CA: Harvest Book.

Murdoch, 2006 Murdoch, J. (2006). Networking rurality: Emergent complexity in the countryside. In P. Cloke , T. Marsden , & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of rural studies (pp. 171–184). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing.

Nabobo-Baba, 2008 Nabobo-Baba, U. (2008). Decolonising framings in Pacific research: Indigenous Fijian Vanua research framework as an organic response. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 4(2), 140–154.

Nartisa, 2012 Nartisa, I. (2012). Openness and knowledge as leading tendencies in development of micro enterprises. Economics and Management, 17(4), 1579–1584.

Nasers, 2009 Nasers, M. S. (2009). Iowa agritourism consumer profile: Demographics, preferences, and participation levels. Master’s thesis, Iowa State University, Ames. doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1249

Nazariadli et al., 2019 Nazariadli, S. , Morais, D. B. , Bunds, K. , Baran, P. , & Supak, S. (2019). Rural tourism microentrepreneurs’ self-representation through photography: A counter-hegemonic approach. Rural Society, 28(1), 29–51. doi:10.1080/10371656.2019.1576294

Nelson and Prilleltensky, 2010 Nelson, G. , & Prilleltensky, I. (2010). Community psychology: In pursuit of liberation and well-being (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Neumark and Simpson, 2015 Neumark, D. , & Simpson, H. (2015). Place-based policies. In G. Duranton , J. Vernon Henderson , & W. Strangein (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 1206–1213). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Nguyen and Hipsher, 2018 Nguyen, H. , & Hipsher, S. (2018). Innovation and creativity used in private sector firms in resources-constrained environment. In S. Hipsher (Ed.), Examining the private sector’s role in wealth creation and poverty reduction (pp. 219–238). Hershey, PA: IGI International.

Njegovan et al., 2011 Njegovan, Z. , Pejanović, R. , Bošković, O. , & Njegovan, N. (2011). Vojvodina between rural and urban society: Methodological and practical aspects of rural regionalization. Tranzicija, 12(25–26), 184–193.

Nolintha and Jajri, 2016 Nolintha, V. , & Jajri, I. (2016). The garment industry in Laos: Technological capabilities, global production chains and competitiveness. Asia Pacific Business Review, 22(1), 110–130.

Nonthapot, 2015 Nonthapot, S. (2015). Mediation between tourism contribution and economic growth in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(2), 157–171.

Northcote and Macbeth, 2006 Northcote, J. , & Macbeth, J. (2006). Conceptualizing yield: Sustainable tourism management. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 199–220.

Novelli, 2005 Novelli, M. (Ed.). (2005). Niche tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Nyaupane et al., 2006 Nyaupane, G. P. , Morais, D. B. , & Dowler, L. (2006). The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1373–1385.

Nyaupane and Poudel, 2011 Nyaupane, G. P. , & Poudel, S. (2011). Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1344–1366.

Nylander and Hall, 2005 Nylander, M. , & Hall, D. (2005). Rural tourism policy: European perspectives. In D. Hall , I. Kirkpatrick , & M. Mitchell (Eds.), Rural tourism and sustainable business (pp. 17–40). Bristol: Channel View Publications.

Oates, 2015 Oates, G. (2015, July 27). The new way for tourism bureaus to measure their effectiveness. Skift. Retrieved from https://skift.com/2015/07/27/the-new-way-for-tourism-bureaus-measure-their-effectiveness

Oishi and Kesebir, 2015 Oishi, S. , & Kesebir, S. (2015). Income inequality explains why economic growth does not always translate to an increase in happiness. Psychological Science, 26(10), 1630–1638.

Orion, 2015 Orion, T. (2015). Beyond the war on invasive species: A permaculture approach to ecosystem restoration. Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Ortiz Lopez et al., 2017 Ortiz Lopez, D. , Chávez Dagostino, R. , & García García, J. (2017). Sustentabilidad y contribuiciones para el desarrrollo local. In R. M. Chávez Dagostino , Y. Sánchez González , & S. Fortes (Eds.), De campesinos a empresarios: Experiencia turística del ejido El Jorullo (pp. 177–196). Jalisco: Universidad de Guadalajara.

P1tLab, n.d. P1tLab . (n.d.). Drive change with your scholarship. Retrieved from https://www.p1tlab.ncsu.edu

Patrick, 2017 Patrick, H. (2017, December 18). Mt. Agung eruption spells disaster for Christmas tourism in Bali. Asian Correspondent. Retrieved from https://asiancorrespondent.com/2017/12/mt-agung-eruption-spells-disaster-christmas-tourism-bali/. Accessed on April 2, 2018.

Patton, 1990 Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Payton et al., 2015 Payton, F. C. , Morais, D. B. , & Heath, E. (2015). Multi-stakeholder assessment of a mobile and temporarily interconnected systems prototype: People-First Tourism. The African Journal of Information Systems, 7(1), 21–39.

Peredo et al., 2004 Peredo, A. M. , Anderson, R. B. , Galbraith, C. S. , Honig, B. , & Dana, L. P. (2004). Towards a theory of indigenous entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(1/2), 1–20.

Peroff, 2016 Peroff, D. M. (2016). The role of tourism microentrepreneurship and agricultural production in shaping stewardship of working lands in Guatemala’s Highlands and North Carolina’s Coastal Plains. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Peters and Schuckert, 2014 Peters, M. , & Schuckert, M. (2014). Tourism entrepreneurs’ perception of quality of life: An explorative study. Tourism Analysis, 19(6), 731–740.

Phommavong and Sorensson, 2014 Phommavong, S. , & Sorensson, E. (2014). Ethnic tourism in Lao PDR: Gendered divisions of labour in community-based tourism for poverty reduction. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 350–362.

Picard, 1990 Picard, M. (1990). “Cultural tourism” in Bali: Cultural performances as tourist attraction. Indonesia, 49, 37–74.

Pike, 2009 Pike, A. (2009). Brand and branding geographies. Geography Compass, 3(1), 190–213.

Pinnock, 2014 Pinnock, F. H. (2014). The future of tourism in an emerging economy: The reality of the cruise industry in the Caribbean. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(2), 127–137.

Pisani and Pisani, 2018 Pisani, M. J. , & Pisani, J. S. (2018). “Off the books” consumption: Determinants and practice in Belize, Central America. The Latin Americanist, 62(2), 213–241. doi:10.1111/tla.12174

Pisani and Yoskowitz, 2004 Pisani, M. J. , & Yoskowitz, D. W. (2004). Microcredit and micro and small enterprise development in Belize, Central America: A qualitative study of the Small Farmers and Business Bank, Ltd. Latin American Business Review, 5(1), 45–69.

Pitamber, 2000 Pitamber, S. (2000). Accessing financial resources and entrepreneurial motivations amongst the female informal sector micro-entrepreneurs in Sudan. Ahfad Journal, 17(1), 4–21.

Poggenpoel et al., 2001 Poggenpoel, M. , Myburgh, C. , & van Der Linde, C. (2001). Qualitative research strategies as prerequisite for quantitative strategies. Education, 122(2), 408–413.

Polanyi, 1944 Polanyi, K. (1944). The great transformation. New York, NY: Farrar & Rinehart.

Poon, 1990 Poon, A. (1990). Flexible specialization and small size – The case of Caribbean tourism. World Development, 18(1), 109–123.

PORDATA, 2011 PORDATA . (2011). Resident population, according to the Census: Total and by size of population centre. Lisboa: PORTDATA: Base de Dados Portugal Contemporaneo. Retrieved from https://www.pordata.pt./en/Municipalities/Resident+population++according+to+the+Census+total+and+by+size+of+population+centre-24

Portes et al., 1989 Portes, A. , Castells, M. , & Benton, L. A. (Eds.). (1989). The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Portes and Schauffler, 1993 Portes, A. , & Schauffler, R. (1993). Competing perspectives on the Latin American informal sector. Population and Development Review, 19(March), 33–60.

Pritchard and Morgan, 2007 Pritchard, A. , & Morgan, N. (2007). De-centring tourism’s intellectual universe, or traversing the dialogue between change and tradition. In I. Ateljevic , A. Pritchard , & N. Morgan (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies (pp. 11–28). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Produit en Bretagne, 2018 Produit en Bretagne . (2018). Produit en Bretagne. Retrieved from http://www.produitenbretagne.bzh. Accessed on February 14, 2018.

Ratten and Dana, 2017 Ratten, V. , & Dana, L.-P. (2017). Gendered perspective of indigenous entrepreneurship. Small Enterprise Research, 24(1), 62–72.

Ravavu, 1983 Ravavu, A. (1983). Vaka i Taukei: The Fijian way of life. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific.

Ray, 2001 Ray, C. (2001). Culture economies: A perspective on local rural development in Europe. Newcastle: University of Newcastle – Centre for Rural Economy. Retrieved from https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/centreforruraleconomy/files/culture-economy.pdf

Ray, 2006 Ray, C. (2006). Neo-endogenous rural development in EU. In P. Cloke , T. Marsden , & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of rural studies (pp. 278–291). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Reed et al., 2017 Reed, M. S. , Allen, K. , Attlee, A. , Dougill, A. J. , Evans, K. L. , Kenter, J. O. , … Whittingham, M. J. (2017). A place-based approach to payments for ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 43, 92–106.

Reinhold and Dolnicar, 2017 Reinhold, S. , & Dolnicar, S. (2017). The sharing economy. In S. Dolnicar (Ed.), Peer-to-peer accommodation networks: Pushing the boundaries (pp. 15–26). Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.

Relph, 1976 Relph, E. C. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Pion Limited.

Requier-Desjardins et al., 2003 Requier-Desjardins, D. , Boucher, F. , & Cerdan, C. (2003). Globalization, competitive advantages and the evolution of production systems: Rural food processing and localized agri-food systems in Latin-American countries. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15(1), 49–67.

Richard and Cleveland, 2016 Richard, B. , & Cleveland, S. (2016). The future of hotel chains: Branded marketplaces driven by the sharing economy. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(3), 1–10.

Richards, 2011 Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1225–1253.

Richards, 2018 Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 12–21.

Ritter and Schanz, 2019 Ritter, M. , & Schanz, H. (2019). The sharing economy: A comprehensive business model framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 320–331.

Robson, 2002 Robson, C. (2002). Real world research (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.

Romer, 1994 Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3–22.

Rosalina, 2017 Rosalina, P. D. (2017). The implementation of Hindu philosophy “Tri Kaya Parisudha” for sustainable tourism in Munduk Village, North Bali. Jumpa, 3(2), 223–237.

Ruiz-Ballesteros, 2011 Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. (2011). Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador. Tourism Management, 32(3), 655–666.

Rust, 2012 Rust, W. J. (2012). Before the quagmire: American intervention in Laos, 1954–1961. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

Sánchez González, 2017 Sánchez González, Y. (2017). El proyecto Turístico Comunitario: la experiencia de Canopy River. In R. M. Chávez Dagostino , Y. Sánchez González , & S. Fortes (Eds.), De campesinos a empresarios: Experiencia turística del ejido El Jorullo (pp. 145–176). Jalisco: Universidad de Guadalajara.

Sander, 2014 Sander, R. D. (2014). Invasion of Laos, 1971: Lam Son 719. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Scheyvens et al., 2017 Scheyvens, R. , Banks, G. , Meo-Sewabu, L. , & Decena, T. (2017). Indigenous entrepreneurship on customary land in the Pacific: Measuring sustainability. Journal of Management and Organization, 23(6), 774–785.

Scheyvens and Russell, 2012 Scheyvens, R. , & Russell, M. (2012). Tourism and poverty alleviation in Fiji: Comparing the impacts of small- and large-scale tourism enterprises. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 417–436.

Schilling et al., 2014 Schilling, B. J. , Attavanich, W. , & Jin, Y. (2014). Does agritourism enhance farm profitability? Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 39(1), 69–87.

Schor and Fitzmaurice, 2015 Schor, J. B. , & Fitzmaurice, C. J. (2015). Collaborating and connecting: The emergence of the sharing economy. In L. A. Reisch & J. Thøgersen (Eds.), Handbook of research on sustainable consumption (pp. 410–425). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Schumpeter, 1934 Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Translated by R. Opie. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Schumpeter, 2003 Schumpeter, J. A. (2003). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Seraphin et al., 2018 Seraphin, H. , Sheeran, P. , & Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374–376.

Serra et al., 2017 Serra, J. , Marujo, M. N. , Borges, M. R. , & Caldeira, R. (2017). Perfil do visitante do centro histórico de Évora: 2010, 2015, 2017. Évora: Universidade de Évora.

Seruvakula, 2000 Seruvakula, S. B. (2000). Bula vakavanua. Suva: Institute for Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.

Severson, 2015 Severson, K. (2015, January 28). The North Carolina way. The New York Times. Section D, p. 8. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/dining/a-food-sisterhood-flourishes-in-north-carolina.html

Shah, 2019 Shah, C. (2019). An examination of research tourism in Fiji: A case study of Votua village in Viti Levu. Master thesis, The University of the South Pacific, Suva.

Shorthouse, 2010 Shorthouse, D. P. (2010). SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. Retrieved from https://www.simplemappr.net. Accessed on June 8, 2021.

Shucksmith, 2009 Shucksmith, M. (2009). Disintegrated rural development? Neo‐endogenous rural development, planning and place‐shaping in diffused power contexts. Sociologia Ruralis, 50(1), 1–14.

Sigala and Dolnicar, 2017 Sigala, M. , & Dolnicar, S. (2017). Entrepreneurship opportunities. In S. Dolnicar (Ed.), Peer-to-peer accommodation networks: Pushing the boundaries (pp. 77–86). Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.

Simmel, 1997 Simmel, G. (1997). The sociology of space. In D. Frisby & M. Featherstone (Eds.), Simmel on culture (pp. 137–169). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Skaggs et al., 1996 Skaggs, R. , Falk, C. , Almonte, J. , & Cárdenas, M. (1996). Product-country images and international food marketing: Relationships and research needs. Agribusiness, 12(6), 593–600.

Skift, 2013 Skift . (2013). What the sharing economy means to the future of travel. Skift Report #7. New York, NY: Skift. Retrieved from https://skift.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/skift-what-the-sharing-economy-means-to-the-future-of-travel.pdf

Slaughter and Rhoades, 2000 Slaughter, S. , & Rhoades, G. (2000). The neo-liberal university. New Labor Forum, 6, 73–79.

Šljukić, 2009 Šljukić, S. (2009). Peasant and cooperation in the planes. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.

Smith, 2016 Smith, A. (2016, May 19). Shared, collaborative and on demand: The new digital economy. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/05/PI_2016.05.19_Sharing-Economy_FINAL.pdf

Smith and Jenner, 1992 Smith, C. , & Jenner, P. (1992). The leakage of foreign exchange earnings from tourism. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 3, 52–66.

Smith and Jenner, 1998 Smith, C. , & Jenner, P. (1998). Tourism and the Internet. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 1, 62–81.

Sofield, 2003 Sofield, T. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Solow, 1956 Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.

Southiseng and Walsh, 2011 Southiseng, N. , & Walsh, J. (2011). Study of tourism and labour in Luang Prabang Province. Journal of Lao Studies, 2(1), 45–65.

South Pacific Tourism Organization, 2018 South Pacific Tourism Organization . (2018). Annual review of visitor arrivals in Pacific Island countries 2017. SPTO. Retrieved from https://www.corporate.southpacificislands.travel/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2017-AnnualTourist-Arrivals-Review-F.pdf

Spall, 1998 Spall, S. (1998). Peer debriefing in qualitative research: Emerging operational models. Qualitative Inquiry, 4(2), 280–292. doi:10.1177/107780049800400208

Srinivasan, 2009 Srinivasan, T. N. (2009). Trade, growth and poverty reduction: Least-developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small states in the global economic system. London/New Delhi: Commonwealth Secretariat/The Academic Foundation.

Standing et al., 1999 Standing, C. , Borbely, S. , & Vasudavan, T. (1999). A study of Web diffusion in travel agencies. In Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, Hawaii.

Statistical Institute of Belize, 2016 Statistical Institute of Belize . (2016). Business Establishment Survey. Retrieved from http://sib.org.bz/statistics/business-establishment-survey/

Statistical Institute of Belize, 2018 Statistical Institute of Belize . (2018). Abstract of Statistics 2018. Retrieved from http://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2018_Abstract_of_Statistics.pdf. Accessed on April 9, 2019.

Statistics Fiji, 2019 Statistics Fiji . (2019, November 12). Statistical News. Retrieved from https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/index.php/statistics/social-statistics/employment-statistics44

Statistics for Wales, 2019 Statistics for Wales . (2019). Wales Tourism Performance report : January to June 2018. Retrieved from https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-03/wales-tourism-performance-january-to-june-2018-revised.pdf

Stock, 2006 Stock, M. (2006). Construire l’identité par la pratique des lieux. In A. De Biase & C. Alessandro (Eds.), “Chez nous”: Territoires et identités dans les mondes contemporains (pp. 142–159). Paris: Editions de la Villette.

Stone and Nyaupane, 2017 Stone, M. T. , & Nyaupane, G. P. (2017). Ecotourism influence on community needs and the functions of protected areas: A systems thinking approach. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(3), 222–246.

Strickland-Munro et al., 2010 Strickland-Munro, J. , Allison, H. , & Moore, S. (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 499–519.

Stuart-Fox, 2002 Stuart-Fox, M. (2002). On writing of Lao history: Continuities and discontinuities. In M. Ngaosrivathana & K. Breazeale (Eds.), Breaking new ground in Lao history: Essays on the seventh to twentieth centuries (pp. 1–24). Chiang-Mai: Silkworm Books.

Swain, 2011 Swain, M. (2011). Commoditized ethnicity for tourism development in Yunnan. In J. Michaud & T. Forsyth (Eds.), Moving mountains: Ethnicity and livelihoods in highland China, Vietnam and Laos (pp. 173–192). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

Swain, 1993 Swain, M. B. (1993). Women producers of ethnic arts. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(1), 32–51.

Swan, 1956 Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32, 334–361.

Swanson and DeVereaux, 2017 Swanson, K. K. , & DeVereaux, C. (2017). A theoretical framework for sustaining culture: Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 62, 78–88.

Syamananda, 1993 Syamananda, R. (1993). A history of Thailand. Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich.

Sychareun et al., 2016 Sychareun, V. , Vongxay, V. , Thammavongsa, V. , Thongmyxay, S. , Phummavongsa, P. , & Durham, J. (2016). Informal workers and access to healthcare: A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers to accessing healthcare for beer promoters in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15, 66–76.

Teece, 2010 Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194.

Teixeira and Ribeiro, 2013 Teixeira, V. A. V. , & Ribeiro, N. F. (2013). The lamprey and the partridge: A multi-sited ethnography of food tourism as an agent of preservation and disfigurement in Central Portugal. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 8(2–3), 193–212.

Telfer and Wall, 1996 Telfer, D. J. , & Wall, G. (1996). Linkages between tourism and food production: An Indonesian example. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 635–653.

Telfer and Wall, 2000 Telfer, D. J. , & Wall, G. (2000). Strengthening backward economic linkages: Local food purchasing by three Indonesian hotels. Tourism Geographies, 2(4), 421–447.

Testa, 2011 Testa, S. (2011). Internationalization patterns among speciality food companies: Some Italian case study evidence. British Food Journal, 113(11), 1406–1426.

Tew and Barbieri, 2012 Tew, C. , & Barbieri, C. (2012). The perceived benefits of agritourism: The provider’s perspective. Tourism Management, 33(1), 215–224. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.005

Tharenou et al., 2007 Tharenou, P. , Donohue, R. , & Cooper, B. (2007). Management research methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Theerapappisit, 2012 Theerapappisit, P. (2012). The bottom-up approach of community-based ethnic tourism: A case study in Chiang Rai. In M. Kasimoglu (Ed.), Strategies for tourism industry – Micro and macro perspectives. London: IntechOpen. doi:10.5772/2685

Thomas et al., 2011 Thomas, R. , Shaw, G. , & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32(5), 963–976.

Thomas et al., 2011 Thomas, R. W. , Fugate, B. S. , & Koukova, N. T. (2011). Coping with time pressure and knowledge sharing in buyer–supplier relationships. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(3), 22–42.

Thomas-Francois et al., 2017a Thomas-Francois, K. , von Massow, M. , & Joppe, M. (2017a). Service-oriented, sustainable, local food value chain – A case study. Annals of Tourism Research, 65, 83–96.

Thomas-Francois et al., 2017b Thomas-Francois, K. , von Massow, M. , & Joppe, M. (2017b). Strengthening farmers–hotel supply chain relationships: A service management approach. Tourism Planning & Development, 14(2), 198–219.

Thornton and Flynn, 2003 Thornton, P. , & Flynn, K. (2003). Entrepreneurship, networks, and geographies. In Z. Acs & D. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 401–433). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Thurau et al., 2015 Thurau, B. , Seekamp, E. , Carver, A. D. , & Lee, J. G. (2015). Should cruise ports market ecotourism? A comparative analysis of passenger spending expectations within the Panama Canal watershed. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 45–53.

Tiessen et al., 2001 Tiessen, J. , Wright, R. , & Turner, I. (2001). A model of e-commerce used by internationalizing SMEs. Journal of International Management, 7(3), 211–233.

Tisdell, 2013 Tisdell, C. A. (2013). Overview of tourism economics. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Handbook of tourism economics: Analysis, new applications and case studies (pp. 3–30). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Tosun, 2000 Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633.

Tourism Fiji, 2019 Tourism Fiji . (2019, November 11). Corporate travel. Retrieved from http://corporate.fiji.travel/us/corporate

Tourisme Bretagne, 2018 Tourisme Bretagne . (2018). Les Chiffres Clés du Turisme en Bretagne. Rennes. Retrieved from https://acteurs.tourismebretagne.bzh/chiffres-cles-tourisme-bretagne-2018-disponibles. Accessed on July 20, 2018.

Townsend et al., 2016 Townsend, L. , Wallace, C. , Smart, A. , & Norman, T. (2016). Building virtual bridges: How rural micro‐enterprises develop social capital in online and face‐to‐face settings. Sociologia Ruralis, 56(1), 29–47.

Tregear, 2001 Tregear, A. (2001). What is a “typical local food”? An examination of territorial identity in foods based on development initiatives in the agrifood and rural sectors. Newcastle upon Tyne: Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle.

Tregear et al., 1998 Tregear, A. , Kuznesof, S. , & Moxey, A. (1998). Policy initiatives for regional foods: Some insights from consumer research. Food Policy, 23(5), 383–394.

Tregear et al., 2015 Tregear, A. , Török, Á. , & Gorton, M. (2015). Geographical indications and upgrading of small-scale producers in global agro-food chains: A case study of the Makó Onion Protected Designation of Origin. Environment and Planning A, 48, 433–451.

Tribe, 2001 Tribe, J. (2001). Research paradigms and the tourism curriculum. Journal of Travel Research, 39(4), 442–448.

Truong et al., 2014 Truong, V. D. , Hall, C. M. , & Garry, T. (2014). Tourism and poverty alleviation: Perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(7), 1071–1089.

Trupp, 2014a Trupp, A. (2014a). Host perspectives on ethnic minority tourism in northern Thailand. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 6(1), 52–80.

Trupp, 2014b Trupp, A. (2014b). Migrating into tourist business. Agency and mixed embeddedness of ethnic minority street vendors in Thailand. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Vienna, Vienna.

Trupp, 2015 Trupp, A. (2015). Agency, social capital, and mixed embeddedness among Akha ethnic minority street vendors in Thailand’s tourist areas. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 30(3), 779–817.

Trupp, 2017 Trupp, A. (2017). Migration, micro-business and tourism in Thailand: Highlanders in the city. Abingdon: Routledge.

Trupp and Sunanta, 2017 Trupp, A. , & Sunanta, S. (2017). Gendered practices in urban ethnic tourism in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 76–86.

Tun, 2019 Tun, Z. T. (2019, July 20). Top cities where Airbnb is legal or illegal. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/083115/top-cities-where-airbnb-legal-or-illegal.asp

Turner and Ash, 1975 Turner, L. , & Ash, J. (1975). The golden hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery. London: Constable.

UK Government, 2019 UK Government . (2019). Protected food name scheme: UK registered products. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/protected-food-name-scheme-uk-registered-products. Accessed on February 14, 2019.

UN Indigenous Peoples, 2019 UN Indigenous Peoples . (2019). Indigenous peoples at the UN. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/about-us.html. Accessed on January 23, 2019.

UN Women, 2019 UN Women . (2019). Fiji. Retrieved from http://asiapacific.unwomen.org//countries/fiji/co/fiji. Accessed on January 23, 2019.

Urry, 1990 Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing.

Urry and Larsen, 2011 Urry, J. , & Larsen, J. (2011). Tourist gaze (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Usher and Morais, 2010 Usher, L. , & Morais, D. B. (2010). Women’s human agency and self-determination in Guatemalan tourism development. PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8(4), 507–518.

Uysal et al., 2012 Uysal, M. , Perdue, R. R. , & Sirgy, M. J. (2012). Prologue: Tourism and quality-of-life (QOL) research: The missing links. In M. Uysal , R. R. Perdue , & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities (pp. 1–7). New York, NY: Springer.

Vial and Hanoteau, 2015 Vial, V. , & Hanoteau, J. (2015). Returns to micro-entrepreneurship in an emerging economy: A quantile study of entrepreneurial Indonesian households’ welfare. World Development, 74, 142–157.

Vuletin, 2008 Vuletin, G. (2008). Measuring the informal economy in Latin America and the Caribbean. IMF Working Paper (WP/08/102). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08102.pdf. Accessed on January 18, 2016.

Wallsten, 2015 Wallsten, S. (2015). The competitive effects of the sharing economy: How is Uber changing taxis. Technology Policy Institute, 22, 1–21.

Wang, 2014 Wang, J. H. (2014). Recruiting young farmers to join small scale farming: A structural policy perspective. In Proceedings of the 2014 FFTC-RDA International Seminar on Enhanced Entry of Young Generation into Farming (pp. 20–24). Jeonju.

Wang and Morais, 2014 Wang, Y. , & Morais, D. B. (2014). Self-representations of the matriarchal other. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 74–87.

Wang and Wall, 2007 Wang, Y. , & Wall, G. (2007). Administrative arrangements and displacement compensation in top-down tourism planning – A case from Hainan Province, China. Tourism Management, 28(1), 70–82.

Ward et al., 2005 Ward, N. , Atterton, J. , Kim, T. , Lowe, P. , Philipson, J. , & Thompson, N. (2005). Universities, the knowledge economy and neo-endogenous rural development. Newcastle upon Tyne: Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle. Retrieved from https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/148470/201F4A3A-B6F5-4A92-9CEB-BCEBCBCC0020.pdf

Warnaby and Medway, 2013 Warnaby, G. , & Medway, D. (2013). What about the ‘place’ in place marketing? Marketing Theory, 13(3), 345–363.

Weiss, 2012 Weiss, B. (2012). Configuring the authentic value of real food: Farm-to-fork, snout-to-tail, and local food movements. American Ethnologist, 39(3), 614–626.

Welsh Government, 2014 Welsh Government . (2014). Towards sustainable growth: An action plan for the food and drink industry 2014–2020. Retrieved from https://businesswales.gov.wales/foodanddrink/about-us/action-plan

Welter, 2011 Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship – Conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165–184.

Whitefield, 1997 Whitefield, P. (1997). Permaculture in a Nutshell. Petersfield: Permanent Publications.

Wię cek-Janka, 2009 Więcek-Janka, E. (2009). Family and microenterprise (business family and family business – Results of research). In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference Understanding Small Enterprises. Datagraf (pp. 936–948).

Wilkinson and Pratiwi, 1995 Wilkinson, P. F. , & Pratiwi, W. (1995). Gender and tourism in an Indonesian village. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 283–299.

Williksen‐Bakker, 2002 Williksen‐Bakker, S. (2002). Fijian business – A bone of contention. Was it one of the factors leading to the political crisis of 2000? The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 13(1), 72–87.

Williksen‐Bakker, 2004 Williksen‐Bakker, S. (2004). Can a ‘silent’ person be a ‘business’ person? The concept Mãduã in Fijian culture. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 15(2), 198–212.

Wilson, 2008 Wilson, T. D. (2008). Economic and social impacts of tourism in Mexico. Latin American Perspectives, 35(3), 37–52.

Wolcott, 1994 Wolcott, H. (1994). Transforming qualitative data, description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

World Bank, 2016 World Bank . (2016). Belize (2010). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data/exploreeconomies/2010/belize#informality. Accessed on January 18, 2016.

World Bank, 2017 World Bank . (2017). Pacific possible: Long-term economic opportunities and challenges for Pacific Island countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/campaigns/2017/pacificpossible

World Economic Forum, 2017 World Economic Forum . (2017). Travel & tourism competitiveness report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

World Travel and Tourism Council, 2018a World Travel and Tourism Council . (2018a). Travel and tourism economic impact 2018, Fiji. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/fiji2018.pdf

World Travel and Tourism Council, 2018b World Travel and Tourism Council . (2018b). Travel & tourism, economic impact 2018, World. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/regions-2018/world2018.pdf. Accessed on November 17, 2018.

World Travel and Tourism Council, 2018c World Travel and Tourism Council . (2018c). Travel and tourism economic impact 2018, Laos. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/laos2018.pdf

World Travel and Tourism Council, 2018d World Travel and Tourism Council . (2018d). Travel and tourism: Economic impact 2018, Belize. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/belize2018.pdf. Accessed on March 22, 2019.

Wuttunee, 2007 Wuttunee, W. (2007). Shattering misconceptions. In L.-P. Dana & R. Anderson (Eds.), International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship (pp. 20–26). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Xu and Ma, 2014 Xu, H. , & Ma, S. (2014). Regional environment of destination and the entrepreneurship of small tourism businesses: A case study of Dali and Lijiang of Yunnan Province. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 144–161.

Yachin and Ioannides, 2020 Yachin, J. M. , & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making do” in rural tourism: The resourcing behaviour of tourism micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003–1021.

Yang and Coughlin, 2014 Yang, J. , & Coughlin, J. F. (2014). In-vehicle technology for self-driving cars: Advantages and challenges for aging drivers. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 15(2), 333–340.

Yin, 1994 Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Designs and methods (2nd ed.). Sage.

Yin, 2009 Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research, design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Yrigoy, 2016 Yrigoy, I. (2016). The impact of Airbnb in the urban arena: towards a tourism-led gentrification? The case study of Palma old quarter (Mallorca, Spain). In: Blàzquez, M., Mir-Gual, M., Murray, I. y Pons, G.X. (Eds.). Turismo y crisis, turismo colaborativo y ecoturismo. XV Coloquio de Geografía del Turismo, el Ocio y la Recreación de la AGE. Monografies de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears, 23, 281–289.