Academic neutrality

, 188–192

Active participation

, 80

Adventure tourism

, 12–14

microentrepreneurs

, 185–186

Agglomeration economics

, 120

Agribusiness approaches

, 40

Agritourism

, 40, 46

AirBnB

, 2, 55, 103–104, 153

Analytic autoethnography

, 71

Area-based economic rejuvenation

, 167

Asset-light platform-based business model

, 103–104

Authenticity

, 138, 143–144, 146

of regional products

, 137–138

Autoethnography

, 71

Autonomy-accountability network

, 52–53

Aveiro

, 85

Awareness for food products

, 144

Balancing self-benefit

, 60

Belize

, 12

Belize Tourism Board (BTB)

, 25–26

Belizean cruise tourism context

, 14–26

community perspectives

, 20–21

Cruise ship industry in Belize

, 16–18

local microenterprises

, 21

public policy implications

, 24–26

study methods

, 18–19

tour packages

, 19–20

Benefit sharing

, 60

Brand stewardship

, 152

Brand strategy, DMOs’ focus on

, 151–153

British Honduras. See Belize

Brittany

, 135–137

Business

models

, 74, 76, 103–106

success

, 101

Capitalism

, 169

Care for Earth

, 168

Care for People

, 169

Caretaker

, 41–42

Cave tubing

, 15

Challenges for respondents

, 145

Classic Eurocentric frameworks

, 68

Collaborative economy

, 104–105

Communal collaboration

, 60–61

Community

community-based online tourism marketplace systems

, 94–95

community-based tourism

, 70, 96

orientations

, 53

perspectives

, 20–21

Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS)

, 15

Complex rural space

, 120

Conceptualizations of indigenous entrepreneurship

, 52–53

Confirmability

, 98–99

Constraints

, 95–96

Consumer marketing strategies

, 150

Contextualization

, 82

Conventional larger-scale farmers in North Carolina

, 42

Creative script

, 79–80

Creative self-expression

, 80

Creative tourism

, 80

research

, 80

Creative tourism microentrepreneurs

, 79–80

microentrepreneurship and small city contexts

, 81–89

participatory place-making

, 82–83

study methods

, 83

VAGAR Walking Tours

, 86–89

VIC//Aveiro Arts House

, 83–86

CREATOUR

, 80–81, 87

Credibility

, 98–99

Crowdsourcing traveler platforms

, 2

Cruise ship

, 11–12

industry in Belize

, 16–18

servicing of

, 12

tourism

, 12

Cruise tourism in Belize

, 17

Cultural norms

, 183

Cultural representations

, 139–140

Cultural resources

, 3

Customary land, tourism and

, 55–57

Customer segmentation

, 109–110

Data analysis

, 98

Destination management, DMOs’ focus on

, 151–153

Destination management/marketing organizations (DMOs)

, 6–7, 149–150, 161, 185, 188, 192

focus on brand strategy and destination management

, 151–153

focus on internet communication

, 151

online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship

, 153–154

Destination strategic plan (DSP)

, 159–160

DestinationNEXT

, 152

Destinations

, 139

brand strategy

, 151–152, 181–182

DMOs’ focus on internet communication

, 151

governments

, 2, 181–182

lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus

, 161–163

other implications for embracing microentrepreneurship

, 163–164

refocus to support microentrepreneurship

, 154–161

Destinations International

, 150, 184–185

Domestic preferences

, 72–73

Drink

, 135

East Asian export driven model

, 30

Eco-tourism

, 12, 14, 70

microentrepreneurs in Nepal

, 3–4

Economic/economy

, 27–28

development

, 27–28

growth

, 95

Enclave economy

, 12

Enclave microeconomies

, 24

Endogenous Growth Theory. See New Economic Growth Theory

Entrepreneur

, 28–29, 82

Entrepreneurship

, 27–28, 52, 82, 120

Environmental management

, 167

Environmental sustainability

, 168

Evocative autoethnography

, 71

Exogenous model

, 119–120

Face-to-face survey administration

, 125–126

Fair-share ethic embodies

, 169

Family farms

, 39–40

microentrepreneurship in family farming

, 41–49

Farm experiences

, 40

Farm success

, 47–48

Farm tourism microentrepreneurs

, 40, 42–43

Farmers

, 39–40

motivations

, 45–46

Farming

, 42

Female empowerment

, 61

Female entrepreneurs

, 79–80

Fiji

, 52

tourism context in

, 54–55

Fijian women live under patriarchal systems

, 54

Finance, lack of

, 128

Financial sustainability

, 42

Food

, 135

consumption

, 138

food-territory links

, 138

place, tourism and

, 137–147

producers and suppliers

, 139

tourism

, 137, 139

Formal economy

, 28

Formal tourism system

, 2

Gehrisch, Michael (CEO of Destination Marketing Association International)

, 151–152

Geographical location

, 82

Gig economy

, 2, 104–105

Gig-sharing marketplaces

, 153

Globalization

, 135

Government of Belize (GOB)

, 25–26

Grassroots models of tourism development

, 187

Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau (GRCVB)

, 153–154, 157–158, 160

lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus

, 161–163

Heritage positioning index

, 52–53

Homogenization

, 135

Hosts

, 103–104

community involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship

, 3

Human resources

, 109–110

Hybrid rural space

, 120

I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB)

, 55–57

Identity

, 144

In situ

cultural practices

, 68

interviews

, 83

In-depth semi-structured interviews

, 108

Income

, 93–94

Indigenous entrepreneurship

, 52, 62

engagement through student fieldtrips and research

, 57–60

tourism and customary land

, 55–57

tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice

, 60–62

tourism context in Fiji

, 54–55

Indigenous knowledge

, 70

Indigenous Pacific values

, 53

Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship

, 54

engagement through student fieldtrips and research

, 57–60

indigenous entrepreneurship

, 52–62

indigenous values

, 51–52

tourism and customary land

, 55–57

tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice

, 60–62

tourism context in Fiji

, 54–55

Indigenous women in Guatemala

, 4

Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place

, 159

Individualization

, 53–54

Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business

, 68

Infomediaries

, 2

Informal economy

, 16, 28

Informal microentrepreneurs

, 12, 14, 18

Informal sector

, 16

Informality

, 16

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

, 2, 94, 103–104

constraints to success and innovation adoption

, 99–101

innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs

, 95–101

platforms

, 185–186

study methods

, 98–99

Information technologies

, 1–2

Innovation, knowledge and

, 130–131

Innovation diffusion, ICTs

, 95–101

Integrated destination stewardship

, 6, 8, 187–188

Inter-religious violence in Indonesia

, 68

International preferences

, 72–73

International tourism

, 1–2, 27–28

benefits of

, 29–31

Internet

, 94–95

DMOs’ focus on internet communication

, 151

marketing

, 150

platforms

, 104–105

Interviews

, 139–140

Jaguar Paw

, 15

Knowledge

economy

, 120

and innovation

, 130–131

Laos

, 27–28

benefits of international tourism

, 29–31

case studies

, 33–35

motivations and perceived benefits

, 28–36

people’s democratic republic

, 31

perspectives of people directly affected

, 35–36

study methods

, 33

Learning

, 80

“Learning by-doing” framework

, 95

Leisure tourism marketing

, 150

Lifestyle entrepreneurship

, 40

Local Bugis communities

, 70–71

Local community

, 80

Local economy

, 135–137

Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises

, 121

Local engagement

, 157

Local food microenterprises

, 135

contrasting local food tourism systems

, 140–142

Europe, Wales and Brittany

, 136

examining cultural meanings of local foods

, 142–145

food, place, and tourism

, 137–147

study findings

, 145–147

study methods

, 139–140

Local food tourism systems, contrasting

, 140–142

Local hotel industry

, 163

Local identity

, 135–137

Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship

, 169

Local knowledge

, 68

building rapport with neighbours

, 73–74

domestic and international preferences

, 72–73

finding bridges across religions

, 76–77

local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model

, 74–76

resilience through

, 68–77

study methods

, 70–72

Local labor

, 74–76

Local microenterprises

, 21

Logistic regression analysis

, 141–142

Marketing theme

, 144–145

Mass cruise ship tourism

, 12

Mataqali

, 62

Mechanized agriculture

, 167

Microentrepreneurial development

, 187–188

Microentrepreneurial knowledge

, 5–6

Microentrepreneurial opportunities

, 27–28

Microentrepreneurs

, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182

balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives

, 4–5

ICTs innovation diffusion among

, 95–101

in informal economy

, 33

Microentrepreneurship

, 29, 61, 79–80

barriers to success

, 48–49

challenges for

, 127–129

defining success

, 47–48

effects on rural development

, 131

in family farming

, 41–49

farmers’ motivations

, 45–46

findings from destination brand research

, 154–157

microentrepreneurial motivations

, 41–42

other implications for embracing

, 163–164

People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab

, 157–158

Raleigh’s destination strategic plan

, 159–161

refocus to support

, 154–161

share with visitors

, 46–47

and small city contexts

, 81–89

study methods

, 43–45

success and barriers to success

, 42–43

Multidimensional rural space

, 120

Multifunctional rural space

, 120

Mutualism

, 150

National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE)

, 18–19

Natural disasters

, 67–68

Natural resources

, 3

Neo-endogenous approaches

, 119–120

Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism

, 121–131

challenges for microentrepreneurship

, 127–129

characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina

, 126–127

knowledge and innovation

, 130–131

method and data sources

, 125–126

microentrepreneurship effects on rural development

, 131

motivation for starting business

, 129–130

study area

, 123–125

Neo-endogenous model

, 120

Neo-endogenous rural development

, 120

Neoclassical Growth Theory

, 95

Neoliberal individualism

, 82

Networked rural space

, 120

Networking

, 145

New Economic Growth Theory

, 95

New Growth Theory

, 95

Non-market logics

, 104–105

North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in

, 42

On-demand economy

, 104–105

On-line survey

, 125–126

Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship

, 153–154

Online tourism retail platforms

, 181–182

Participants

, 103–104

Participatory place-making

, 82–83

Peer-to-peer economy

, 104–105

Pennsylvania, tourism in

, 96

People-based policies

, 120

People-centered approach

, 168–169

People-first Movement

, 190

People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t)

, 157–158

P1tLab

, 157–158

People-First Tourism Movement

, 168–169

Permaculture

, 167

adapting permaculture to tourism context

, 167–168

Permatourism

, 166, 168

adapting permaculture to tourism context

, 167–168

conceptual framework of

, 167–178

destination design

, 177

guiding ethics

, 168–169

guiding principles

, 169–170, 177

implications for practice

, 178–179

implications for theory

, 179

zones

, 177–178

Personal factors

, 137–138

Phenomenological approach

, 98

Place and tourism

, 137–147

Place-based approach

, 79–80, 82, 121–123

Place-based microentrepreneurship

, 122–123

Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship

challenges for microentrepreneurship

, 127–129

characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina

, 126–127

knowledge and innovation

, 130–131

method and data sources

, 125–126

microentrepreneurship effects on rural development

, 131

motivation for starting business

, 129–130

neo-endogenous development in rural tourism

, 121–131

study area

, 123–125

Place-based tourism initiatives

, 82

Place-blind policies

, 120

Placelessness

, 138

Placial embeddedness

, 82

Platform economy

, 104–105

Play Évora

, 87

Political uncertainty in Indonesia

, 68

Poverty reduction

, 29–30

Prepackaged tour pricing

, 19

Private organizations

, 167

Product innovativeness

, 139–140

Product-related factors

, 137–138

Produit en Bretagne brand

, 144–146

Profit-driven business model

, 40

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)

, 138

Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)

, 138

Public policy implications

, 24–26

Public’s agricultural literacy

, 42

Purposive sampling method

, 18

Questionnaires

, 139–140

Raleigh’s destination strategic plan

, 159–161

“Rational economic man” model

, 79–80

Real estate development

, 168

Redistribution

, 120

Regional economic growth

, 95

Republic of Serbia

, 123

Resilience through local knowledge

, 68–77

Resource-based View theory (RBV theory)

, 138, 146

Respondents

, 144

Restructured rural space

, 120

Returns on marketing investments

, 150

Revenue-sharing model

, 60–61

Reverse Diaspora Effect

, 139

Rural development

, 119–120

microentrepreneurship effects on

, 131

Rural restructuring

, 120

Rural space

, 120–122

Rural tourism

microenterprises

, 95, 126–127

microentrepreneurs

, 100

Rurality

, 121–122

Salaši

, 121, 125

School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM)

, 52, 57–58

Seaborne tourism

Belizean cruise tourism context

, 14–26

Central America and Belize

, 13

Seasonality

, 126

Self-administered online questionnaire

, 139–140

Semi-structured interviews

, 140

Sensitizing concepts

, 98

Sequential mixed methods

, 139–140

Serbian society

, 120

Service providers

, 103–104

Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs)

, 67–68

Seychelles

, 17

Sharing assets

, 104–105

Sharing economy (SE)

, 6–7, 103–104

microentrepreneurship in tourism industry

, 104

tourism industry reactions to

, 105–106

tourism sharing economy business models

, 104–114

Situational factors

, 137–138

Small-scale tourism

, 93–94

Social capital

, 53–54

Social embeddedness

, 82

Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs

, 185–186

Socialization of marketing practices

, 150

Socio-economic condition

, 183

Solesloevaki

, 53, 60–61

South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in

, 168

Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities

, 67–68

Space

, 120

space-time compression

, 120

Stakeholder

relationships

, 105–106

in tourism ecosystem

, 104

Statistical significance

, 141–142

Structured interviews

, 18

Student fieldtrips and research

, 57–60

Systems thinking theory

, 166

Targets community-based tourism

, 95–96

Technology-oriented development approach

, 95

Terroir

, 137–138, 146

Thematic analysis

, 143–144

of interviews

, 45

Three-folded conception of space production

, 120

Top-down

models

, 187

tourism development

, 167

Tour packages

, 19–20

Tourism. See also Permatourism

, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166

business ecosystem

, 166

context in Fiji

, 54–55

and customary land

, 55–57

development models

, 167

and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice

, 60–62

marketing approach

, 150

microbusinesses

, 51–520

subculture

, 1–2

tourism-dependent communities

, 67–68

tourism-dependent economies

, 67–68

tourism–place relationships

, 120

Tourism microentrepreneurs

, 2, 182

combining multiple types of knowledge

, 184–187

integrated destination stewardship

, 187–188

motivates

, 182–184

perceiving

, 81

principled engagement

, 182–192

pursuing scholarship of consequence

, 188–192

understanding

, 4–5

Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship

, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182

factors affecting

, 184

integrated destination stewardship

, 6–8

international tourism

, 1–2

microentrepreneurial knowledge

, 5–6

online gig economy and

, 153–154

understanding tourism microentrepreneurs

, 4–5

Tourism sharing economy business models

, 104–114

study methods

, 106–108

study results

, 108–111

tourism industry reactions to

, 105–106

value capture

, 113–114

value creation

, 111–113

value delivery

, 113

Traditional business models

, 111

Traditional knowledge

, 70

Traditional tourism actors

, 112–113

Triangulation

, 98–99

TripAdvisor

, 2

Triple Helix Model

, 187–188, 191

Trustworthiness

, 98–99

Twin skills inventory

, 52–53

Uber

, 103–104

Underutilized assets

, 104–105

United States of America (USA)

, 3, 182–183

Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA)

, 57

VAGAR Walking Tours

, 81, 86, 89

Value

capture

, 113–114

creation

, 111–113

delivery

, 113

“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro

Verification

, 99

VIC//Aveiro Arts House

, 81, 83, 86

Vojvodina

, 120

characteristics of microenterprises in

, 126–127

rural economy

, 123

VRIN model

, 138

Wake County Cooperative Extension

, 158

Wales

, 135–137

Women

, 4, 126

entrepreneurs

, 54

farmers

, 42

microentrepreneurs

, 183

in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji

, 62

in Vatuolalai

, 61–62

Xunantunich

, 18–19