Index
ISBN: 978-1-83867-464-9, eISBN: 978-1-83867-463-2
ISSN: 2042-1443
Publication date: 27 September 2021
Citation
(2021), "Index", Morais, D.B. (Ed.) Tourism Microentrepreneurship (Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice, Vol. 12), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320210000012019
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Academic neutrality, 188–192
Active participation, 80
Adventure tourism, 12–14
microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Agglomeration economics, 120
Agribusiness approaches, 40
Agritourism, 40, 46
AirBnB, 2, 55, 103–104, 153
Analytic autoethnography, 71
Area-based economic rejuvenation, 167
Asset-light platform-based business model, 103–104
Authenticity, 138, 143–144, 146
of regional products, 137–138
Autoethnography, 71
Autonomy-accountability network, 52–53
Aveiro, 85
Awareness for food products, 144
Balancing self-benefit, 60
Belize, 12
Belize Tourism Board (BTB), 25–26
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
community perspectives, 20–21
Cruise ship industry in Belize, 16–18
local microenterprises, 21
public policy implications, 24–26
study methods, 18–19
tour packages, 19–20
Benefit sharing, 60
Brand stewardship, 152
Brand strategy, DMOs’ focus on, 151–153
British Honduras. See Belize
Brittany, 135–137
Business
models, 74, 76, 103–106
success, 101
Capitalism, 169
Care for Earth, 168
Care for People, 169
Caretaker, 41–42
Cave tubing, 15
Challenges for respondents, 145
Classic Eurocentric frameworks, 68
Collaborative economy, 104–105
Communal collaboration, 60–61
Community
community-based online tourism marketplace systems, 94–95
community-based tourism, 70, 96
orientations, 53
perspectives, 20–21
Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS), 15
Complex rural space, 120
Conceptualizations of indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–53
Confirmability, 98–99
Constraints, 95–96
Consumer marketing strategies, 150
Contextualization, 82
Conventional larger-scale farmers in North Carolina, 42
Creative script, 79–80
Creative self-expression, 80
Creative tourism, 80
research, 80
Creative tourism microentrepreneurs, 79–80
microentrepreneurship and small city contexts, 81–89
participatory place-making, 82–83
study methods, 83
VAGAR Walking Tours, 86–89
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 83–86
CREATOUR, 80–81, 87
Credibility, 98–99
Crowdsourcing traveler platforms, 2
Cruise ship, 11–12
industry in Belize, 16–18
servicing of, 12
tourism, 12
Cruise tourism in Belize, 17
Cultural norms, 183
Cultural representations, 139–140
Cultural resources, 3
Customary land, tourism and, 55–57
Customer segmentation, 109–110
Data analysis, 98
Destination management, DMOs’ focus on, 151–153
Destination management/marketing organizations (DMOs), 6–7, 149–150, 161, 185, 188, 192
focus on brand strategy and destination management, 151–153
focus on internet communication, 151
online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Destination strategic plan (DSP), 159–160
DestinationNEXT, 152
Destinations, 139
brand strategy, 151–152, 181–182
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
governments, 2, 181–182
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
other implications for embracing microentrepreneurship, 163–164
refocus to support microentrepreneurship, 154–161
Destinations International, 150, 184–185
Domestic preferences, 72–73
Drink, 135
East Asian export driven model, 30
Eco-tourism, 12, 14, 70
microentrepreneurs in Nepal, 3–4
Economic/economy, 27–28
development, 27–28
growth, 95
Enclave economy, 12
Enclave microeconomies, 24
Endogenous Growth Theory. See New Economic Growth Theory
Entrepreneur, 28–29, 82
Entrepreneurship, 27–28, 52, 82, 120
Environmental management, 167
Environmental sustainability, 168
Evocative autoethnography, 71
Exogenous model, 119–120
Face-to-face survey administration, 125–126
Fair-share ethic embodies, 169
Family farms, 39–40
microentrepreneurship in family farming, 41–49
Farm experiences, 40
Farm success, 47–48
Farm tourism microentrepreneurs, 40, 42–43
Farmers, 39–40
motivations, 45–46
Farming, 42
Female empowerment, 61
Female entrepreneurs, 79–80
Fiji, 52
tourism context in, 54–55
Fijian women live under patriarchal systems, 54
Finance, lack of, 128
Financial sustainability, 42
Food, 135
consumption, 138
food-territory links, 138
place, tourism and, 137–147
producers and suppliers, 139
tourism, 137, 139
Formal economy, 28
Formal tourism system, 2
Gehrisch, Michael (CEO of Destination Marketing Association International), 151–152
Geographical location, 82
Gig economy, 2, 104–105
Gig-sharing marketplaces, 153
Globalization, 135
Government of Belize (GOB), 25–26
Grassroots models of tourism development, 187
Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau (GRCVB), 153–154, 157–158, 160
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
Heritage positioning index, 52–53
Homogenization, 135
Hosts, 103–104
community involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 3
Human resources, 109–110
Hybrid rural space, 120
I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB), 55–57
Identity, 144
In situ
cultural practices, 68
interviews, 83
In-depth semi-structured interviews, 108
Income, 93–94
Indigenous entrepreneurship, 52, 62
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous knowledge, 70
Indigenous Pacific values, 53
Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 54
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–62
indigenous values, 51–52
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous women in Guatemala, 4
Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place, 159
Individualization, 53–54
Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business, 68
Infomediaries, 2
Informal economy, 16, 28
Informal microentrepreneurs, 12, 14, 18
Informal sector, 16
Informality, 16
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 94, 103–104
constraints to success and innovation adoption, 99–101
innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs, 95–101
platforms, 185–186
study methods, 98–99
Information technologies, 1–2
Innovation, knowledge and, 130–131
Innovation diffusion, ICTs, 95–101
Integrated destination stewardship, 6, 8, 187–188
Inter-religious violence in Indonesia, 68
International preferences, 72–73
International tourism, 1–2, 27–28
benefits of, 29–31
Internet, 94–95
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
marketing, 150
platforms, 104–105
Interviews, 139–140
Jaguar Paw, 15
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Capitalism, 169
Care for Earth, 168
Care for People, 169
Caretaker, 41–42
Cave tubing, 15
Challenges for respondents, 145
Classic Eurocentric frameworks, 68
Collaborative economy, 104–105
Communal collaboration, 60–61
Community
community-based online tourism marketplace systems, 94–95
community-based tourism, 70, 96
orientations, 53
perspectives, 20–21
Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS), 15
Complex rural space, 120
Conceptualizations of indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–53
Confirmability, 98–99
Constraints, 95–96
Consumer marketing strategies, 150
Contextualization, 82
Conventional larger-scale farmers in North Carolina, 42
Creative script, 79–80
Creative self-expression, 80
Creative tourism, 80
research, 80
Creative tourism microentrepreneurs, 79–80
microentrepreneurship and small city contexts, 81–89
participatory place-making, 82–83
study methods, 83
VAGAR Walking Tours, 86–89
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 83–86
CREATOUR, 80–81, 87
Credibility, 98–99
Crowdsourcing traveler platforms, 2
Cruise ship, 11–12
industry in Belize, 16–18
servicing of, 12
tourism, 12
Cruise tourism in Belize, 17
Cultural norms, 183
Cultural representations, 139–140
Cultural resources, 3
Customary land, tourism and, 55–57
Customer segmentation, 109–110
Data analysis, 98
Destination management, DMOs’ focus on, 151–153
Destination management/marketing organizations (DMOs), 6–7, 149–150, 161, 185, 188, 192
focus on brand strategy and destination management, 151–153
focus on internet communication, 151
online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Destination strategic plan (DSP), 159–160
DestinationNEXT, 152
Destinations, 139
brand strategy, 151–152, 181–182
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
governments, 2, 181–182
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
other implications for embracing microentrepreneurship, 163–164
refocus to support microentrepreneurship, 154–161
Destinations International, 150, 184–185
Domestic preferences, 72–73
Drink, 135
East Asian export driven model, 30
Eco-tourism, 12, 14, 70
microentrepreneurs in Nepal, 3–4
Economic/economy, 27–28
development, 27–28
growth, 95
Enclave economy, 12
Enclave microeconomies, 24
Endogenous Growth Theory. See New Economic Growth Theory
Entrepreneur, 28–29, 82
Entrepreneurship, 27–28, 52, 82, 120
Environmental management, 167
Environmental sustainability, 168
Evocative autoethnography, 71
Exogenous model, 119–120
Face-to-face survey administration, 125–126
Fair-share ethic embodies, 169
Family farms, 39–40
microentrepreneurship in family farming, 41–49
Farm experiences, 40
Farm success, 47–48
Farm tourism microentrepreneurs, 40, 42–43
Farmers, 39–40
motivations, 45–46
Farming, 42
Female empowerment, 61
Female entrepreneurs, 79–80
Fiji, 52
tourism context in, 54–55
Fijian women live under patriarchal systems, 54
Finance, lack of, 128
Financial sustainability, 42
Food, 135
consumption, 138
food-territory links, 138
place, tourism and, 137–147
producers and suppliers, 139
tourism, 137, 139
Formal economy, 28
Formal tourism system, 2
Gehrisch, Michael (CEO of Destination Marketing Association International), 151–152
Geographical location, 82
Gig economy, 2, 104–105
Gig-sharing marketplaces, 153
Globalization, 135
Government of Belize (GOB), 25–26
Grassroots models of tourism development, 187
Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau (GRCVB), 153–154, 157–158, 160
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
Heritage positioning index, 52–53
Homogenization, 135
Hosts, 103–104
community involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 3
Human resources, 109–110
Hybrid rural space, 120
I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB), 55–57
Identity, 144
In situ
cultural practices, 68
interviews, 83
In-depth semi-structured interviews, 108
Income, 93–94
Indigenous entrepreneurship, 52, 62
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous knowledge, 70
Indigenous Pacific values, 53
Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 54
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–62
indigenous values, 51–52
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous women in Guatemala, 4
Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place, 159
Individualization, 53–54
Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business, 68
Infomediaries, 2
Informal economy, 16, 28
Informal microentrepreneurs, 12, 14, 18
Informal sector, 16
Informality, 16
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 94, 103–104
constraints to success and innovation adoption, 99–101
innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs, 95–101
platforms, 185–186
study methods, 98–99
Information technologies, 1–2
Innovation, knowledge and, 130–131
Innovation diffusion, ICTs, 95–101
Integrated destination stewardship, 6, 8, 187–188
Inter-religious violence in Indonesia, 68
International preferences, 72–73
International tourism, 1–2, 27–28
benefits of, 29–31
Internet, 94–95
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
marketing, 150
platforms, 104–105
Interviews, 139–140
Jaguar Paw, 15
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
East Asian export driven model, 30
Eco-tourism, 12, 14, 70
microentrepreneurs in Nepal, 3–4
Economic/economy, 27–28
development, 27–28
growth, 95
Enclave economy, 12
Enclave microeconomies, 24
Endogenous Growth Theory. See New Economic Growth Theory
Entrepreneur, 28–29, 82
Entrepreneurship, 27–28, 52, 82, 120
Environmental management, 167
Environmental sustainability, 168
Evocative autoethnography, 71
Exogenous model, 119–120
Face-to-face survey administration, 125–126
Fair-share ethic embodies, 169
Family farms, 39–40
microentrepreneurship in family farming, 41–49
Farm experiences, 40
Farm success, 47–48
Farm tourism microentrepreneurs, 40, 42–43
Farmers, 39–40
motivations, 45–46
Farming, 42
Female empowerment, 61
Female entrepreneurs, 79–80
Fiji, 52
tourism context in, 54–55
Fijian women live under patriarchal systems, 54
Finance, lack of, 128
Financial sustainability, 42
Food, 135
consumption, 138
food-territory links, 138
place, tourism and, 137–147
producers and suppliers, 139
tourism, 137, 139
Formal economy, 28
Formal tourism system, 2
Gehrisch, Michael (CEO of Destination Marketing Association International), 151–152
Geographical location, 82
Gig economy, 2, 104–105
Gig-sharing marketplaces, 153
Globalization, 135
Government of Belize (GOB), 25–26
Grassroots models of tourism development, 187
Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau (GRCVB), 153–154, 157–158, 160
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
Heritage positioning index, 52–53
Homogenization, 135
Hosts, 103–104
community involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 3
Human resources, 109–110
Hybrid rural space, 120
I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB), 55–57
Identity, 144
In situ
cultural practices, 68
interviews, 83
In-depth semi-structured interviews, 108
Income, 93–94
Indigenous entrepreneurship, 52, 62
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous knowledge, 70
Indigenous Pacific values, 53
Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 54
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–62
indigenous values, 51–52
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous women in Guatemala, 4
Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place, 159
Individualization, 53–54
Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business, 68
Infomediaries, 2
Informal economy, 16, 28
Informal microentrepreneurs, 12, 14, 18
Informal sector, 16
Informality, 16
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 94, 103–104
constraints to success and innovation adoption, 99–101
innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs, 95–101
platforms, 185–186
study methods, 98–99
Information technologies, 1–2
Innovation, knowledge and, 130–131
Innovation diffusion, ICTs, 95–101
Integrated destination stewardship, 6, 8, 187–188
Inter-religious violence in Indonesia, 68
International preferences, 72–73
International tourism, 1–2, 27–28
benefits of, 29–31
Internet, 94–95
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
marketing, 150
platforms, 104–105
Interviews, 139–140
Jaguar Paw, 15
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Gehrisch, Michael (CEO of Destination Marketing Association International), 151–152
Geographical location, 82
Gig economy, 2, 104–105
Gig-sharing marketplaces, 153
Globalization, 135
Government of Belize (GOB), 25–26
Grassroots models of tourism development, 187
Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau (GRCVB), 153–154, 157–158, 160
lessons from GRCVB’s present refocus, 161–163
Heritage positioning index, 52–53
Homogenization, 135
Hosts, 103–104
community involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 3
Human resources, 109–110
Hybrid rural space, 120
I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB), 55–57
Identity, 144
In situ
cultural practices, 68
interviews, 83
In-depth semi-structured interviews, 108
Income, 93–94
Indigenous entrepreneurship, 52, 62
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous knowledge, 70
Indigenous Pacific values, 53
Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 54
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–62
indigenous values, 51–52
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous women in Guatemala, 4
Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place, 159
Individualization, 53–54
Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business, 68
Infomediaries, 2
Informal economy, 16, 28
Informal microentrepreneurs, 12, 14, 18
Informal sector, 16
Informality, 16
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 94, 103–104
constraints to success and innovation adoption, 99–101
innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs, 95–101
platforms, 185–186
study methods, 98–99
Information technologies, 1–2
Innovation, knowledge and, 130–131
Innovation diffusion, ICTs, 95–101
Integrated destination stewardship, 6, 8, 187–188
Inter-religious violence in Indonesia, 68
International preferences, 72–73
International tourism, 1–2, 27–28
benefits of, 29–31
Internet, 94–95
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
marketing, 150
platforms, 104–105
Interviews, 139–140
Jaguar Paw, 15
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
I-Taukei Land Trust Board (ILTB), 55–57
Identity, 144
In situ
cultural practices, 68
interviews, 83
In-depth semi-structured interviews, 108
Income, 93–94
Indigenous entrepreneurship, 52, 62
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous knowledge, 70
Indigenous Pacific values, 53
Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 54
engagement through student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
indigenous entrepreneurship, 52–62
indigenous values, 51–52
tourism and customary land, 55–57
tourism and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
tourism context in Fiji, 54–55
Indigenous women in Guatemala, 4
Individual Leisure Travel and Quality of Place, 159
Individualization, 53–54
Indonesian tourism microentrepreneur’s family business, 68
Infomediaries, 2
Informal economy, 16, 28
Informal microentrepreneurs, 12, 14, 18
Informal sector, 16
Informality, 16
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 94, 103–104
constraints to success and innovation adoption, 99–101
innovation diffusion among microentrepreneurs, 95–101
platforms, 185–186
study methods, 98–99
Information technologies, 1–2
Innovation, knowledge and, 130–131
Innovation diffusion, ICTs, 95–101
Integrated destination stewardship, 6, 8, 187–188
Inter-religious violence in Indonesia, 68
International preferences, 72–73
International tourism, 1–2, 27–28
benefits of, 29–31
Internet, 94–95
DMOs’ focus on internet communication, 151
marketing, 150
platforms, 104–105
Interviews, 139–140
Jaguar Paw, 15
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Knowledge
economy, 120
and innovation, 130–131
Laos, 27–28
benefits of international tourism, 29–31
case studies, 33–35
motivations and perceived benefits, 28–36
people’s democratic republic, 31
perspectives of people directly affected, 35–36
study methods, 33
Learning, 80
“Learning by-doing” framework, 95
Leisure tourism marketing, 150
Lifestyle entrepreneurship, 40
Local Bugis communities, 70–71
Local community, 80
Local economy, 135–137
Local embeddedness of rural tourism microenterprises, 121
Local engagement, 157
Local food microenterprises, 135
contrasting local food tourism systems, 140–142
Europe, Wales and Brittany, 136
examining cultural meanings of local foods, 142–145
food, place, and tourism, 137–147
study findings, 145–147
study methods, 139–140
Local food tourism systems, contrasting, 140–142
Local hotel industry, 163
Local identity, 135–137
Local involvement in tourism microentrepreneurship, 169
Local knowledge, 68
building rapport with neighbours, 73–74
domestic and international preferences, 72–73
finding bridges across religions, 76–77
local labor, ingredients, and culture central to business model, 74–76
resilience through, 68–77
study methods, 70–72
Local labor, 74–76
Local microenterprises, 21
Logistic regression analysis, 141–142
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Marketing theme, 144–145
Mass cruise ship tourism, 12
Mataqali
, 62
Mechanized agriculture, 167
Microentrepreneurial development, 187–188
Microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
Microentrepreneurial opportunities, 27–28
Microentrepreneurs, 2, 24, 28–29, 81, 94–95, 105, 126, 128, 131, 181–182
balance pecuniary with non-pecuniary motives, 4–5
ICTs innovation diffusion among, 95–101
in informal economy, 33
Microentrepreneurship, 29, 61, 79–80
barriers to success, 48–49
challenges for, 127–129
defining success, 47–48
effects on rural development, 131
in family farming, 41–49
farmers’ motivations, 45–46
findings from destination brand research, 154–157
microentrepreneurial motivations, 41–42
other implications for embracing, 163–164
People-first Tourism Inc., and P1tLab, 157–158
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
refocus to support, 154–161
share with visitors, 46–47
and small city contexts, 81–89
study methods, 43–45
success and barriers to success, 42–43
Multidimensional rural space, 120
Multifunctional rural space, 120
Mutualism, 150
National Institute of Culture and History (NICHE), 18–19
Natural disasters, 67–68
Natural resources, 3
Neo-endogenous approaches, 119–120
Neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
study area, 123–125
Neo-endogenous model, 120
Neo-endogenous rural development, 120
Neoclassical Growth Theory, 95
Neoliberal individualism, 82
Networked rural space, 120
Networking, 145
New Economic Growth Theory, 95
New Growth Theory, 95
Non-market logics, 104–105
North Carolina, conventional larger-scale farmers in, 42
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
On-demand economy, 104–105
On-line survey, 125–126
Online gig economy and tourism microentrepreneurship, 153–154
Online tourism retail platforms, 181–182
Participants, 103–104
Participatory place-making, 82–83
Peer-to-peer economy, 104–105
Pennsylvania, tourism in, 96
People-based policies, 120
People-centered approach, 168–169
People-first Movement, 190
People-first Tourism Inc. (P1t), 157–158
P1tLab, 157–158
People-First Tourism Movement, 168–169
Permaculture, 167
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
Permatourism, 166, 168
adapting permaculture to tourism context, 167–168
conceptual framework of, 167–178
destination design, 177
guiding ethics, 168–169
guiding principles, 169–170, 177
implications for practice, 178–179
implications for theory, 179
zones, 177–178
Personal factors, 137–138
Phenomenological approach, 98
Place and tourism, 137–147
Place-based approach, 79–80, 82, 121–123
Place-based microentrepreneurship, 122–123
Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship
challenges for microentrepreneurship, 127–129
characteristics of microenterprises in Vojvodina, 126–127
knowledge and innovation, 130–131
method and data sources, 125–126
microentrepreneurship effects on rural development, 131
motivation for starting business, 129–130
neo-endogenous development in rural tourism, 121–131
study area, 123–125
Place-based tourism initiatives, 82
Place-blind policies, 120
Placelessness, 138
Placial embeddedness, 82
Platform economy, 104–105
Play Évora, 87
Political uncertainty in Indonesia, 68
Poverty reduction, 29–30
Prepackaged tour pricing, 19
Private organizations, 167
Product innovativeness, 139–140
Product-related factors, 137–138
Produit en Bretagne brand, 144–146
Profit-driven business model, 40
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), 138
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), 138
Public policy implications, 24–26
Public’s agricultural literacy, 42
Purposive sampling method, 18
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Questionnaires, 139–140
Raleigh’s destination strategic plan, 159–161
“Rational economic man” model, 79–80
Real estate development, 168
Redistribution, 120
Regional economic growth, 95
Republic of Serbia, 123
Resilience through local knowledge, 68–77
Resource-based View theory (RBV theory), 138, 146
Respondents, 144
Restructured rural space, 120
Returns on marketing investments, 150
Revenue-sharing model, 60–61
Reverse Diaspora Effect, 139
Rural development, 119–120
microentrepreneurship effects on, 131
Rural restructuring, 120
Rural space, 120–122
Rural tourism
microenterprises, 95, 126–127
microentrepreneurs, 100
Rurality, 121–122
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Salaši
, 121, 125
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management (STHM), 52, 57–58
Seaborne tourism
Belizean cruise tourism context, 14–26
Central America and Belize, 13
Seasonality, 126
Self-administered online questionnaire, 139–140
Semi-structured interviews, 140
Sensitizing concepts, 98
Sequential mixed methods, 139–140
Serbian society, 120
Service providers, 103–104
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARs), 67–68
Seychelles, 17
Sharing assets, 104–105
Sharing economy (SE), 6–7, 103–104
microentrepreneurship in tourism industry, 104
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
Situational factors, 137–138
Small-scale tourism, 93–94
Social capital, 53–54
Social embeddedness, 82
Social network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs, 185–186
Socialization of marketing practices, 150
Socio-economic condition, 183
Solesloevaki
, 53, 60–61
South Africa, tourism microentrepreneurship in, 168
Southeast Asian tourism-oriented island communities, 67–68
Space, 120
space-time compression, 120
Stakeholder
relationships, 105–106
in tourism ecosystem, 104
Statistical significance, 141–142
Structured interviews, 18
Student fieldtrips and research, 57–60
Systems thinking theory, 166
Targets community-based tourism, 95–96
Technology-oriented development approach, 95
Terroir
, 137–138, 146
Thematic analysis, 143–144
of interviews, 45
Three-folded conception of space production, 120
Top-down
models, 187
tourism development, 167
Tour packages, 19–20
Tourism. See also Permatourism, 12, 29, 73, 93–94, 165–166
business ecosystem, 166
context in Fiji, 54–55
and customary land, 55–57
development models, 167
and indigenous microentrepreneurship in practice, 60–62
marketing approach, 150
microbusinesses, 51–520
subculture, 1–2
tourism-dependent communities, 67–68
tourism-dependent economies, 67–68
tourism–place relationships, 120
Tourism microentrepreneurs, 2, 182
combining multiple types of knowledge, 184–187
integrated destination stewardship, 187–188
motivates, 182–184
perceiving, 81
principled engagement, 182–192
pursuing scholarship of consequence, 188–192
understanding, 4–5
Tourism microentrepreneurship. See also Indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship; Place-based rural tourism microentrepreneurship, 2–3, 8, 40–41, 103–104, 168, 181–182
factors affecting, 184
integrated destination stewardship, 6–8
international tourism, 1–2
microentrepreneurial knowledge, 5–6
online gig economy and, 153–154
understanding tourism microentrepreneurs, 4–5
Tourism sharing economy business models, 104–114
study methods, 106–108
study results, 108–111
tourism industry reactions to, 105–106
value capture, 113–114
value creation, 111–113
value delivery, 113
Traditional business models, 111
Traditional knowledge, 70
Traditional tourism actors, 112–113
Triangulation, 98–99
TripAdvisor, 2
Triple Helix Model, 187–188, 191
Trustworthiness, 98–99
Twin skills inventory, 52–53
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Uber, 103–104
Underutilized assets, 104–105
United States of America (USA), 3, 182–183
Upper Navua Conservation Area (UNCA), 57
VAGAR Walking Tours, 81, 86, 89
Value
capture, 113–114
creation, 111–113
delivery, 113
“Venice of Portugal”. See Aveiro
Verification, 99
VIC//Aveiro Arts House, 81, 83, 86
Vojvodina, 120
characteristics of microenterprises in, 126–127
rural economy, 123
VRIN model, 138
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
Wake County Cooperative Extension, 158
Wales, 135–137
Women, 4, 126
entrepreneurs, 54
farmers, 42
microentrepreneurs, 183
in tourism microbusinesses in Fiji, 62
in Vatuolalai, 61–62
Xunantunich, 18–19
- Prelims
- Introduction: Hence Tourism Microentrepreneurship
- Part I Understanding Tourism Microentrepreneurs
- Opportunities and Challenges at the Margins of Seaborne Tourism
- Microentrepreneurial Motivations and Perceived Benefits in Laos
- Tourism Microentrepreneurship in Family Farms
- Gender and Benefit-Sharing in Indigenous Tourism Microentrepreneurship
- Part II Microentrepreneurial Knowledge
- Local Knowledge in Tourism Microentrepreneurship
- Creative Tourism Microentrepreneurs in Portugal
- ICT Innovation Diffusion by Tourism Microentrepreneurs
- Reactions to the Sharing Economy by Tourism Stakeholders
- Part III Integrated Destination Stewardship
- Place-based Rural Tourism Microentrepreneurship in Vojvodina
- Cultural Representation by Local Food Microenterprises
- A Destination's Embrace of Tourism Microentrepreneurship
- Conceptualizing Permatourism
- Conclusion: Principled Engagement with Tourism Microentrepreneurs
- Bibliography
- Index