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This study aims to examine the moderating role of generational identity in the relationship between user-generated content (UGC) and tourist destination image. It seeks to unveil the differential impact of UGC on the cognitive and affective dimensions of tourist destination image across generational cohorts: Generation Z, Millennials and Generation X.

This study has an experimental design. It used online surveys to gather data from 317 participants recruited through social media channels. Participants were presented with both positive and negative UGC, and their responses were measured using cognitive and affective scales.

This study reveals that UGC significantly affects both the cognitive and affective dimensions of the destination image. However, the impact on the cognitive aspect is moderated by generational differences, with distinct variations observed across Generation Z, Millennials and Generation X. No significant generational moderation was found for the affective dimension, indicating a universal influence of UGC on emotional perceptions of destinations.

The findings suggest that marketers should tailor their communication strategies to the generational characteristics of their target audience, especially concerning the cognitive aspects of destination marketing. However, for affective appeals, a uniform strategy could be applied across generations, simplifying the approach for emotional marketing content.

This research contributes to the extant literature by highlighting the importance of generational segmentation in the strategic marketing of tourism destinations. It extends the discourse to generational analysis, providing a more granular understanding of the interactions between tourists and UGC.

The data sample used in this study is composed of 2,638 Chinese tourists who have travel experiences to the South Pacific region. This study examines the effects of memorable tourism experiences, destination cognitive and affective images, and satisfaction on revisit intention and their mechanisms from a cognitive–affective perspective. Results show that destination cognitive image, destination affective image, and satisfaction, respectively, play a mediating effect on the relationship between memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Memorable tourism experience is the most important predictor of revisit intention, and it mainly affects the cognitive image of a destination. In line with previous studies, this research has shown that memorable tourism experiences have significant impact on the destination image and tourists' revisit intention, which can provide significant implications for tourism practitioners and destination managers in the South Pacific islands.

This paper aims to examine how differently cognitive and affective country image affects brand loyalty of smartphone brands from two developed countries in Vietnam and how product image mediates these effects.

This research used the cross-sectional design. Data was collected via questionnaires and 517 responses were left after refining. The confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to analyze the collected data.

The effects of the cognitive country image on brand loyalty are totally transmitted through product image. The effects of affective country image on brand loyalty are divided into direct and indirect effects transmitted through product image.

Affective country image and product image have complementary effects, whereas cognitive country image and product image have substituting effects on brand loyalty.

International companies from countries with unfavorable country images should concentrate more on improving their product images to improve brand loyalty in foreign markets.

The findings support previous studies, which have shown that cognitive and affective country images are distinctive dimensions of country image and affect consumer cognition and responses toward products/brands through different mechanisms.

Taking the lens of a cue diagnosticity framework and affective primacy theory, this study aims to examine the relative effects of cognitive and affective country image on consumer cognitive judgement, affective evaluation and behavioural tendency in one integrated model. It also explores how the direct effects may vary with the intra-valence nature (ambivalent vs. univalent) of cognition-affect.

The proposed research model was tested using data from a large Chinese sample and consumer responses to products from four countries − the USA, Japan, Brazil and India.

The results show that the relative effects of cognitive and affective country image are complex and differ by the intra-valence nature of cognition-affect. On a general level, cognitive and affective country image exert equal influence on affective evaluation and behavioural tendency. In contrast, cognitive country image demonstrates a more prominent effect than affective country image on cognitive judgement. Compared with univalent, ambivalent cognition-affect strengthens the positive impact of affective country image but does not significantly alter the positive impact of cognitive country image on consumer reactions.

This research contributes to the ongoing debate regarding implications of two focal aspects of macro country image by revealing their relative importance in an integrated framework and enriches country-of-origin research through unveiling the uni/ambivalent cognition-affect as a moderator of the relationship between cognitive/affective country image and consumer reactions. The research findings provide implications as to whether and when marketing strategies should focus on leveraging positive (negative) cognitive or affective country image.

The purpose of this research is to differentiate and examine how country image (cognitive and affective image) has different impacts on product judgment and purchase intention in rational versus experiential purchases.

A large-scale survey involving over 1,200 consumers was conducted in China. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and test hypotheses.

Empirical results show that the impact of country image on consumer purchase intention is mediated by general and category product image. In particular, the impact of cognitive country image on category product image is fully mediated by general product image in both rational and experiential purchases, whereas the affective country image has a direct impact on category product image in experiential but not in rational purchases.

This research extends the extant country-of-origin literature and shows that the product image dimension of the country-of-origin construct mediates the effect of the country image dimension of the country-of-origin construct on consumer purchase intention, and demonstrates the different effect of affective country image on product image in rational versus experiential purchases.

The findings of this research can help multinational marketers, exporters and retailers to better decide when to benefit from their positive country image and avoid the potential pitfalls associated with negative country image.

This study differentiates between cognitive and affective country image and between general and category product image. Thus, it provides insight to further understand how country image can influence consumer product judgment and purchase intention differently in rational and experiential purchases.

The theme park industry has attracted wide attention and visitors’ perceptions are key to improving theme park management. Applying the cognitive-affective theory, this study aims to explore various cognitive attributes and affective attitudes and how they affect the overall theme park image.

A mixed research method was used to analyze tourists’ cognitive, affective and overall evaluations of theme parks through text mining and logistic regression and to verify their internal relationships.

Study 1 confirms the impact of six features of theme parks, including food and beverage consumption, merchandising, spatiality, immersive technologies, interactive performances and thematization. Study 2 reveals that finer-grained emotions such as goodness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, joy and anger are present in visitor reviews. Study 3 confirms the significant influence of cognitive characteristics and emotions related to theme parks on the overall image through regression analysis. The findings carry meaningful implications for theme park managers, offering guidance on customer needs, perceived negative attributes and how to improve visitor experiences.

This study explores the attribute characteristics of cognitive and affective images of theme parks and their influence on the overall image, thereby enriching the research on the connotations of cognitive-affective theory. In particular, this study introduces and quantitatively analyses the concept of theme parks for the first time through a large-scale data analysis, which empirically reconciles the contradictions of previous reviews of different definitions of theme parks.

主题公园评论：文本挖掘的认知特征和情感如何决定主题公园形象

摘要

主题公园行业备受关注, 而游客的看法是改进主题公园管理的关键所在。本研究运用认知-情感理论, 旨在探索游客评论的认知属性与情感态度, 以及它们如何影响主题公园的整体形象。

采用混合研究方法, 通过文本挖掘和逻辑回归分析游客对主题公园的认知、情感及总体评价, 并验证它们之间的内在关系。

研究1证实了主题公园的六个特征所产生的影响, 包括餐饮消费、商品销售、空间性、沉浸式技术、互动表演和主题化。研究2表明, 游客评价中存在更细化的情感, 如好感、悲伤、厌恶、惊讶、恐惧、喜悦和愤怒。研究3通过回归分析证实了与主题公园相关的认知和情感特征对整体形象具有显著影响。这些研究结果对主题公园管理者具有重要意义, 为了解客户需求、识别负面属性以及如何改善游客体验提供了指导。

本研究对主题公园认知和情感形象的属性特征及其对整体形象的影响进行了探索, 从而丰富了认知-情感理论内涵。特别是本研究首次通过引入大规模数据并量化分析了主题公园的概念, 从实证角度调和了以往针对主题公园不同定义的相关评论中存在的矛盾。

Reseñas de parques temáticos: cómo la minería de textos de las características cognitivas y las emociones pueden determinar la imagen del parque temático

Resumen

El sector de los parques temáticos ha atraído una gran atención y las percepciones de los visitantes son clave para mejorar su gestión. Aplicando la teoría cognitivo-afectiva, este estudio pretende explorar diversos atributos cognitivos y actitudes afectivas, y cómo afectan a la imagen global del parque temático.

Se adoptó un enfoque de investigación de métodos mixtos para analizar las evaluaciones cognitivas, afectivas y globales de los turistas sobre los parques temáticos mediante minería de textos y regresión logística, y para validar la relación intrínseca entre ellas.

El estudio 1 confirmó el impacto de seis características de los parques temáticos, como el consumo de alimentos y bebidas, el merchandising, la espacialidad, las tecnologías inmersivas, los espectáculos interactivos y la tematización. El estudio 2 reveló la presencia de emociones más sutiles en las evaluaciones de los visitantes, como la bondad, la tristeza, el asco, la sorpresa, el miedo, la alegría y la ira. El estudio 3 confirmó, mediante un análisis de regresión, que las características cognitivas y las emociones asociadas a los parques temáticos tienen un efecto significativo en la imagen global. Estas conclusiones tienen importantes implicaciones para los gestores de los parques temáticos, ya que proporcionan orientación para comprender las necesidades de los clientes, identificar los atributos negativos percibidos y saber cómo mejorar las experiencias de los visitantes.

Este estudio explora las características de los atributos de las imágenes cognitivas y afectivas de los parques temáticos y su impacto en la imagen global, enriqueciendo así la investigación sobre las connotaciones de la teoría cognitivo-afectiva. En particular, este estudio introduce y analiza cuantitativamente por primera vez el concepto de parque temático mediante un análisis de datos a gran escala, que concilia empíricamente las contradicciones que existían en revisiones anteriores de las distintas definiciones de parque temático.

This study explores the formation process of cognitive destination image among first-time Chinese millennial tourists visiting Iran.

Employing a comprehensive mixed-method exploratory approach, blending qualitative and quantitative methodologies, we aim to construct a conceptual model explaining the complex process of tourists’ cognitive destination image development. In the qualitative phase, interviews with 15 Chinese millennials unveiled key factors such as perceived behavioral control, perceived product quality, on-site involvement, engagement, and prior destination image as fundamental influencers of tourists’ cognitive destination image. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, involving a questionnaire survey with 229 first-time Chinese travelers, we proposed a conceptual model to validate our primary findings.

The results highlight the emergence of on-travel cognitive image as a developmental concept originating from tourists' on-site participation and pre-existing perceptions of the destination. Moreover, we identified perceived behavioral control as the primary antecedent of millennials’ image formation, directly affecting the destination’s image development. Furthermore, increased involvement and engagement were found to diminish perceived behavioral control. Additionally, perceived product quality prompted millennials to engage more with cultural attractions and activities, enriching their in-situ image.

The findings offer valuable insights for destination managers, enabling them to construct tailored strategies to augment the cognitive destination image.

This study provides a novel understanding of the cognitive destination image formation process among Chinese millennial tourists, highlighting the crucial role of perceived behavioral control, involvement, engagement, and perceived product quality. These insights can guide destination managers in enhancing the overall tourist experience and destination appeal.

The purpose of this paper is to study the importance of image data in hotel selection-recommendation using different types of cognitive features and to explore whether there are reinforcing effects among these cognitive features.

This study represents user-generated images “cognitive” in a knowledge graph through multidimensional (shallow, middle and deep) analysis. This approach highlights the clustering of hotel destination imagery.

This study develops a novel hotel selection-recommendation model based on image sentiment and attribute representation within the construction of a knowledge graph. Furthermore, the experimental results show an enhanced effect between different types of cognitive features and hotel selection-recommendation.

This study enhances hotel recommendation accuracy and user satisfaction by incorporating cognitive and emotional image attributes into knowledge graphs using advanced machine learning and computer vision techniques.

This study advances the understanding of user-generated images’ impact on hotel selection, helping users make better decisions and enabling marketers to understand users’ preferences and trends.

This research is one of the first to propose a new method for exploring the cognitive dimensions of hotel image data. Furthermore, multi-dimensional cognitive features can effectively enhance the selection-recommendation process, and the authors have proposed a novel hotel selection-recommendation model.

Understanding the multifaceted images of tourism destinations is critical for effective destination marketing and management strategies. Traditional approaches, including conceptualization of destination images or analysis of their antecedents and consequences, are commonly used. This study aims to advocate the inclusion of visitors’ latent profiles based on cognitive images to enrich the evaluation and formulation of destination marketing and management strategies.

The analysis focuses on Serbia, an emerging destination, that attracts an increasing number of first-time, repeat and prospective visitors. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the potential dimensions (tangible and intangible cultural destination; infrastructural and accessible destination; active, nature and family destination; sensory and hospitable destination; and welcoming, value for money (VFM) and safe destination) of the cognitive destination image factors scale while subtypes (profiles) were obtained using latent profile analysis (LPA).

The cognitive image component encompasses the perceived attributes of a destination, whether derived from direct experience or acquired through other means. The study identified the following profiles: conventional destination; sensory and hospitable destination; welcoming, VFM and safe destination; secure and active family destination and accessible cultural destination, which are presented individually with their sociodemographic assets.

The main contribution of the paper is the application of a novel method (LPA) for profiling visitor segments based on cognitive destination image. From a theoretical perspective, this research contributes to the extant body of literature pertaining to the destination image, thereby facilitating the identification of discrete latent visitor segments and elucidating noteworthy differences among them concerning a cognitive image.

This paper aims to verify the brand image effects of holding a sport mega-event by investigating the host city's influence on the country's branding, as a tourist destination.

This research considered the Rio 2016 Olympic Games and uses quantitative methods: exploratory factor analysis and regression. Data were collected by structured questionnaires with a sample of (n = 274) international respondents with high international travel experience.

Rio de Janeiro's 2016 host city image positively predicted Brazil's tourist destination image. Both cognitive and affective image dimensions of Rio as a host city predicted Brazil's destination image, but the cognitive image dimensions demonstrated more impact.

Even in a mega-event context, city marketing strategies should be planned and executed with a focus on the country's destination image.

The study contributes by focusing on presenting the importance of the host city image dimensions to the host country destination image in a sports mega-event context. The study investigated a new approach, the impacts of affective and cognitive dimensions in the overall destination image considering two connected destinations and the hosting of a sport mega-event, a condition not found in the literature thus far.