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This study aims to investigate and model interrelationships between process parameters, geometrical profile characteristics and mechanical properties of industrially extruded aluminum alloys.

Statistical design of experiments (DOE) was applied to investigate and model the effects of eight factors including extrusion ratio, stem speed, billet-preheat temperature, number of die cavities, quenching media (water/air), time and temperature of artificial aging treatment and profile nominal thickness on four mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation and hardness). Experiments were carried out at an actual extrusion plant using 8-in. diameter billets on an extrusion press with 2,200 ton capacity.

Main factors and factor interactions controlling mechanical properties were identified and discussed qualitatively. Quantitative models with high prediction accuracy (in excess of 95%) were also obtained and discussed.

The obtained results are believed to be of great importance to researchers and industrial practitioners in the aluminum extrusion industry.

All practical and relevant parameters have been used to model all important mechanical properties in a collective manner in one study and within actual industrial setup. This is in contrast to all previous studies where either a partial set of parameters and/or mechanical properties are discussed and mostly under limited laboratory setup.

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using some polymers at different concentrations in the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts.

New vegetable-tanned leather samples were prepared. The consolidants used were polyacrylamide (PAM) and polymethyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (MMA-HEMA). Accelerated heat aging was applied to the untreated and treated samples. Analytical techniques used were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), change of color and mechanical properties.

The characteristic FTIR bands showed the effect of accelerated heat aging on the molecular structure of the studied samples, but treated and aged treated samples used were better than aged untreated samples. Microscopic investigations (digital and SEM), and mechanical properties proved that 2% was the best concentration for polymers used. The change in the total color difference of the treated and aged treated samples was limited.

This study presents the important results obtained from PAM and poly(MMA-HEMA) used for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. The best results of the studied polymers can be applied directly to protect historical vegetable-tanned leathers.

The purpose of this study is to find the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical proeprties of aluminum. Aluminum exhibits a good response to heat treatment, especially quenching, according to the mechanical property improvement. The presence and orientation of secondary phases (Al-Fe-Mn-Si) are greatly affected by the quenching process.

The present work deals with the effect of water quenching on the mechanical properties of welded AA 6061 plates which were joined by using metal inert gas (MIG) welding, tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding (FSW). Three tests like tensile, bending and hardness were considered. The microstructural variation was analyzed by optical microscopy and elemental mapping through field emission scanning electron microscope.

A significant enhancement in the tensile strength and hardness was achieved on postquenched specimens. This improvement in mechanical properties is caused by the distribution of fine alloying elements throughout the metal solution rather than precipitation at the grain boundaries. In comparison to the “untreated specimens,” an improvement of 76.7%, 25.32% and 56.81% in the tensile strength of quenched TIGW, MIGW and FSW specimens, respectively, was observed.

The quenching process has increased the strength of the MIG welded joint over the base metal. The MIG welded joint has a larger flexural modulus than the other two welded plates, according to the results of the bending test. Furthermore, a uniform distribution of hardness was observed in postquenched welded specimens. It was found that welded zone was harder than heat-affected zone. Out of all the specimens, the base metal zone has the lowest hardness.

Discusses the 6th ITCRR, its breadth of textile and clothing research activity, plus the encouragement given to workers in this field and its related areas. States that, within the newer research areas under the microscope of the community involved, technical textiles focuses on new, ‘smart’ garments and the initiatives in this field in both the UK and the international community at large. Covers this subject at length.

Looks at the eighth published year of the ITCRR and the research, from far and near, involved in this. Muses on the fact that, though all the usual processes are to the fore, the downside part of the industry is garment making which is the least developed side. Posits that the manufacture of clothing needs to become more technologically advanced as does retailing. Closes by emphasising support for the community in all its efforts.

Over time, the focus of marketing has changed. In addition to a product or service's functional advantages, customers are now also drawn to its emotional ones. Marketers must understand how important it is to give customers' needs and preferences top priority in view of increased competition and changing consumer behaviour. Customers are increasingly researching products online and making purchases through digital channels; therefore, marketers need to adapt how they communicate with customers on these new channels. Therefore, this chapter explores the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), human-mimic technology and its applications in various industries along with the challenges of implementing Marketing 5.0 and using AI in marketing campaigns, the psychological effects of Marketing 5.0 on consumer behaviour and engagement and the potential benefits of Marketing 5.0.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education is a rapidly emerging technology that has revolutionised teaching and learning, administrative tasks and research in higher education. The emergence of AI in higher education has impacted the evolving roles of faculty and students, how data is examined and how results are delivered. In this chapter, the different aspects of the role of AI and the transformative power of AI in both academic and administrative spheres are revealed. The case studies presented and future directions reveal AI's capability in transforming education and preparing for an AI-driven workforce. The personalisation of learning experiences, automation of administrative tasks, enhancement of research and impact on instructional design, all made possible through AI, reveal the possibility of tackling long-standing challenges in education, such as accessibility, engagement and efficiency. In the AI-enhanced future that higher education institutions navigate, it is vital to hold on to the principle that AI should be used as a tool for empowerment, innovation and transformation, ensuring that learning goes through the required progress.

This study aims to provide an efficient nanocomposite that might be used to protect deteriorated archaeological stucco.

The current experimental study evaluates the effectiveness of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) added to graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and mixed with Paraloid (B-72) (B-44) in acetone in consolidating samples. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared nanopowders have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). This study involves monitoring the transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform changes in consolidated samples after exposure to various conditions by using the digital microscope and scanning electron microscopy to identify the appearance of the consolidated stucco samples after applying the selected nanocomposites and after their artificial aging procedures. Color change is measured using a colorimeter, and comparisons are made between samples before and after aging. Physical and mechanical properties are determined, and the contact angle is measured to measure hydrophobicity rate.

The obtained results indicate that HA/g-C₃N₄ hybrid nanocomposites with a composition of HA 0.5%/g-C₃N₄ 1%/B-72 3% and HA 0.5%/g-C3N4 1%/B-44 3% achieved the best consolidating results among the proposed mixtures for stucco samples, where the percentage of weight loss was 0.77 with B-72, 0.53 with B-44. Surface identification and characterization of hydroxyapatite HA NPs/g-C₃N₄ hybrid nanocomposites embedded in B72/B44matrix were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX).

This study provides important findings from the analytical procedures used to evaluate the consolidation materials used in this study. The findings are beneficial for the preservation of archaeological stucco. The investigation findings revealed that the most favorable outcomes were obtained from HA/g-C₃N₄ hybrid nanocomposites containing HA 0.5%, g-C₃N₄ 1% and B-72 3%, as well as HA 0.5%, g-C₃N₄ 1% and B-44 3%. Consequently, it is advised to use this nanocomposite to consolidate archaeological stucco, thus establishing a promising initial stride toward conserving archaeological stucco for future research endeavors. This study introduces a new nanocomposite material (HA NPs/G-C₃N₄) that can be used to protect and improve archaeological plaster. This is very important for preserving cultural heritage. The incorporation of nanotechnology improves the material’s physical and mechanical qualities. The research uses various characterization techniques (including TEM, XRD and FT-IR) to meticulously analyze the physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite material and assess its efficacy in practical applications through artificial aging experiments, offering novel insights and methodologies for future cultural relic preservation studies.

The aim of the present paper to compare the cleaning treatments of paper samples exposed to artificial aging, toluene and isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains.

In total, paper samples were made from wood pulp. They had a deterioration phenomenon represented in the stains of the paraffin wax, so two types of cleaning were used: A traditional method using a toluene solution and another new method using isopropanol gel by a cotton swap in a circular movement until the completion of the cleaning process. Then, all paper samples were treated with toluene and isopropanol to handle the second artificial aging and detect how the samples were affected by artificial aging. For identifying the efficacy of these materials in removing paraffin wax stains, a range of examinations and analyses were used, such as universal serial bus, scanning electron microscope, infrared analysis (IR), pH analysis, color change analysis. Moreover, these results were compared with the standard sample’s results.

The results of examinations and analyses proved that the use of toluene affected the paper samples. Their effects were twice as weak, fragile and degraded paper fibers compared to isopropanol gel. Therefore, the isopropanol gel is preferred for paper cleaning to the toluene solution.

This paper highlights the efficiency of isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains from historical paper supports.

Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued.

This paper aims to investigate the ability of traditional biopolymers, such as funori or the nanoscale form of cellulose nanocrystals, to consolidate fragile paper and preserve it for as long as possible.

Degraded papers dating back two centuries were separated into paper samples for consolidation processes. Funori – a marine spleen – was used as a traditional consolidation material and a mixture with ZnO NPs compared with modern materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals. The samples were aged for 25 years, examinations and analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy and color change was assessed using the CIELAB system, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

According to the results, using traditional materials to consolidate damage, such as funori, after aging resulted in glossiness on the surface, a color change and increased water content and oxidation. Furthermore, samples treated with a mixture of ZnO NPs and funori revealed that the mixture improved the sample properties and increased the degree of crystallization. Cellulose nanocrystals improved the surface, filled gaps, formed bridges between the fibers and acted as a protector from aging effects.

This paper highlights the ability of nanomaterials to enhance the properties of materials as additives and treat the paper manuscripts from weaknesses.

This study aims to address challenges in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion process of polymers, focusing on the considerable amount of unsintered powder left post-printing. The objective is to understand the altered properties of this powder and find solutions to improve the process, reduce waste and explore reusing reprocessed powder.

A novel methodology is used to generate reprocessed powder without traditional printing, reducing time, cost and waste. The approach mimics the ageing effects during the printing process, providing insights into particle size distribution and thermal behaviour.

Results reveal insights into artificial ageing, showing an 8.2% decrease in particle size (60.256–69.183 µm) and a 9.1% increase in particle size (17.378–19.953 µm) compared to unsintered powder. Thermal behaviour closely mirrors used powders, with variations in enthalpy of fusion (−0.55% to 2.69%) and degree of crystallinity (0.19% to 2.64%). The proposed methodology produces results that differ from those due to printing under 3% from a thermal point of view. The new process reduces the time needed for aged powder, contributing to cost savings and waste reduction.

The study introduces a novel method for reprocessed powder generation, deviating from traditional printing. The originality lies in artificially ageing powders, providing comparable results to actual printing. This approach offers efficiency, time savings and waste reduction in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion process, presenting a valuable avenue for further research.

This study aims to assess the efficacy of nano-alumina (nano-Al₂O₃) in improving the performance of epoxy adhesives used to assemble archaeological glass. The conservators face a significant problem in assembling this type of artifact. Therefore, the assembling process is considered one of the important stages that must be taken care of to preserve these artifacts from damage and loss.

To evaluate the stability of adhesives, the samples were subjected to artificial aging under varying environmental conditions. Some investigative techniques and mechanical testing were used in this study to evaluate the selected materials. It includes a transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, visual assessment, digital microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), color change and tensile strength test.

The visual evaluation and the digital microscope results showed that the epoxy/nano-Al₂O₃ greatly resisted artificial aging. Although slight yellowing was present, it did not significantly affect the general appearance of the samples. On the other hand, the pure epoxy sample showed cracks of different sizes on its surface due to aging, as evidenced by SEM examination. Furthermore, epoxy/nano-Al₂O₃ has a better tensile strength (11.27 MPa) and slight color change (ΔE = 2.06).

The main objective of the experimental study was to identify appropriate adhesive materials that possess key properties such as non-yellowing and improved tensile strength by conducting various tests and evaluations. Ultimately, the goal was to identify materials that could serve as effective adhesives for assembling the archaeological glass.

This study aims to determine the efficiency of three types of essential oils (EOs) as antioxidants on wood pulp paper samples: camphor oil, clove oil and lavender oil. Because of the detrimental influence of the oxidation process on wood pulp paper, this type of paper suffers significant disintegration.

The evaluation methodology is based on scanning electron microscope and three directions laser microscope, the hydrogen ion concentration measurement, color change measurement using the CIELAB system and infrared spectrum analysis, as well as investigating the mechanical properties of paper as represented by tensile and elongation to determine Young’s modulus values.

According to the findings, camphor was an effective antioxidant for paper samples, protecting them from the damaging effects of oxidation and the impact of artificial aging processes while also improving the mechanical properties of paper.

This paper emphasizes the concept of using environmentally friendly materials derived from EOs, owing to their ease of application, lack of environmental impact, distinctive properties, low cost and distinctive properties in both curative and preventive conservation of paper manuscripts.

The purpose of this systematic literature review is to identify the antecedents that have enabled the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in Higher Education (HE) institutions at both a macro and micro level. The term adoption is in reference to the diffusion of technology that is actively chosen for use by the targeted demographic. Within the context of this paper, adoption is largely referring to the factors that influence the acceptance and use of AI as a tool for personalized learning.

To develop our understanding and appreciation of the valuable impact that AI potentially has upon personalized learning the following systematic literature review was conducted. An acceptable systematic literature review is a comprehensive method of fully analysing and evaluating all available research in the chosen area or specific research query.

The findings from this study have particular implications for personalized learning in the adoption and diffusion of AI and an increasing integration of macro, structural, and micro, individual. Developing and managing AI in education is seen, from the literature, to becoming more embedded in the teaching and learning process. The paper identifies the following: antecedents that supports the adoption of AI for personalized learning; application of AI technologies in the teaching and learning process; AI technologies that enable personalized instruction and learning; generative AI that supports intuitive learning through tracking data.

Personalized learning remains focused on customizable “choice-driven” learning and education. In addition, personalized learning and instruction is defined as being a responsive and structured method that adapts to each individual learner’s method of learning so that all may achieve their capabilities and actively participate. This solidifies the intrinsic connection between teaching and learning through personalized technologies such as AI.

This paper aims to assess the efficiency of emulsified essential oils in glycerol as eco-friendly antimicrobial and plasticized agents added to the biopolymer of gelatin for lining historical oil paintings on canvases.

Cedar oil, cinnamon oil and their mixtures were emulsified in glycerol and incorporated into gelatin adhesive as green biocides and plasticizers. Physical, biological, chemical and mechanical tests were conducted on experimental mock-ups to assess the gelatin-based adhesive formulations for the reinforcement of canvas supports. Scanning electron microscope, colorimetric measurements, antimicrobial activity test, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and elongation tests were carried out on the mock-ups before and after the artificial aging.

The formulations of gelatin-based adhesive with cinnamon and cinnamon-cedar mixture emulsified in glycerol proved their efficiency on the antimicrobial activity test, chemically delaying the decomposition of gelatin and accordingly providing compatible mechanical properties. Gelatin-based adhesive with emulsified cinnamon oil showed a slight yellowing that was quite improved with the mixture of the cinnamon-cedar-based adhesive formulation.

This study promotes a green approach to lining historical oil paintings by developing green formulations from bio-based origins that minimize the shrinkage and microbial infection of gelatin for lining paintings.

This study aims to develop a way to inhibit fungal attacks on paper manuscripts, as fungi are a major deterioration factor that causes aesthetic appearance and fragility degradation using fungal inhibitors including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs).

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) doped with AgNPs (TiO₂NPs@AgNPs) were produced and combined with cellulose acetate solution before membrane production. Thus, two distinct cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were created: AgNPs-loaded CA membranes (CAAg) and TiO₂NPs@AgNPs-loaded CA membranes (CATAg). The fabricated membrane was applied to paper samples using cotton fibers containing ink or free of ink.

The findings revealed that these nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs@AgNPs) have a distinct shape, small size and high stability. Furthermore, once loaded onto the CA membrane, such nanoparticles might suppress fungal assault on the surface of paper samples. According to the analysis and the acquired results, the CAAg membrane was the best material to use without affecting the paper’s properties.

This paper provides a novel approach for inhibiting the fungal attacks on paper manuscripts without affecting the paper properties by using membranes from cellulose acetate loaded onto nanoparticles as inhibitors.

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a study of the evolution of the microstructure and the microhardness of Sn-Cu-Ag alloys from as-cast condition and under artificial isothermal aging at different temperatures (100ºC and 180ºC) for a treatment time up to 500 h. A comparison with Sn-37% Pb eutectic solder samples was also made.

Sn-3.5%Ag, Sn-0.7%Cu and Sn-3.5%Ag-0.9%Cu were poured in two different cooling rate conditions and then aged at 100ºC (373ºK) and 180 °C (453ºK) during 500 h. Microstructural changes were observed by optical microscopy, scanning electron micrograph and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Differential scanning calorimetry technique (DSC) was also used to confirm the obtained results.

A decrease up to 20% in microhardness respect to the value of the as-cast alloy was observed for both aging temperatures. These changes can be explained considering the coarsening and recrystallization of Sn dendrites present in the microstructures of all the systems studied.

There is no evidence of dissolution or precipitation of new phases in the range of studied temperatures that could be detected by DSC calorimetry technique. The acting mechanisms must be the result of coarsening of Sn dendrites and the residual stresses relaxation during the first stages of the isothermal aging.

The purpose of this article and the subsequent research within the Russian State Library, was to determine whether the scanning process influences the state of library documents – a question asked by librarians and scanning personnel alike.

The biological stability, mechanical and thermal properties of three types of paper were investigated after digitizing by three scanners (Minolta PS 7000, Bookeye and Epson JT 9000) used in the Russian State Library.

It was discovered that there were differences in the scanned paper properties in the comparison with control samples just after the digitizing and during natural and artificial aging. The conclusion is made that this treatment influences paper surface and may accelerate its decomposition.

It is possible to draw conclusions that digitizing promotes the onset of paper destruction, and artificial ageing catalyzes this process, i.e. stability of scanned samples will decrease in time.

This paper contributes to the discussion of providing access to original documents through digitization preserving and the effects on paper of the scanning process. It should be welcomed by both librarians responsible for digitization and manufacturers of scanning equipment alike.

This study aims to investigate the influence mechanism of brazing and aging on the strengthening and corrosion behavior of novel multilayer sheets (AA4045/AA7072/AA3003M/AA4045).

Polarization curve tests, immersion experiments and transmission electron microscopy analysis were used to study the corrosion behavior and tensile properties of the sheets before and after brazing and aging.

The strength of the sheet is weakened after brazing due to brittle eutectic phases, and recovered after aging due to enhanced precipitation strengthening in the AA7072 interlayer. The core of nonbrazed sheets cannot be protected due to the significant galvanic coupling effect between the intermetallic particles and the substrate. Brazing and aging treatments promote the redissolved of second phased and limit corrosion along the eutectic region in the clad, allowing the core to be protected.

AA7xxx alloy was added to conventional brazed sheets to form a novel Al alloy composite sheet with AA4xxx/AA7xxx/AA3xxx structure. The strengthening and corrosion mechanism of the sheet was proposed. The added interlayer can sacrificially protect the core from corrosion and improves strength after aging treatment.