Index
ISBN: 978-1-83549-985-6, eISBN: 978-1-83549-984-9
ISSN: 1871-3173
Publication date: 9 September 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2024), "Index", Pforr, C., Pillmayer, M., Joppe, M., Scherle, N. and Pechlaner, H. (Ed.) Tourism Policy-Making in the Context of Contested Wicked Problems: Politics, Paradigm Shifts and Transformation Processes (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 17B), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-31732024000017B021
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 Christof Pforr, Markus Pillmayer, Marion Joppe, Nicolai Scherle and Harald Pechlaner
INDEX
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
, 94–95
Absorptive capacity (ACAP), 178
, 181
Academic discourse
, 265
Actor-Centred Institutionalisation Approach (ACIA)
, 183
Adaptation
, 114, 228, 332
Adventure Travel World Summit (ATTA)
, 112
Advisory Councils on Tourism
, 83
AFIP
, 25
Africa, migration and Diaspora tourism to
, 130–131
African diaspora
, 131
Airbnb (online platform)
, 220, 327–328
double movement theory
, 221–224
wicked problem
, 224–227
Airline industry
, 241
Alpine transport
, 294
Anthropogenic raw material’ to inclusive leadership
, 252–255
Anti-discrimination policy
, 255–259
from ‘anthropogenic raw material’ to inclusive leadership
, 252–255
selected benchmark examples of strategic valorisation in tourism and hospitality sector
, 259–263
Anti-tourism sentiments
, 214
Arctic Finland
, 332
Argentina
, 22
future editions and potential of PreViaje
, 30–31
PreViaje
, 27–30
tourism policy response
, 25–27
wicked problems
, 23–24
Associations
, 51
Australia, indigenous policy in
, 95–97
Australian Great Barrier Reef
, 39
Austria
, 332
Authentic product development
, 100–101
Authenticity
, 116
Authoritative imposition
, 331
Aviation
, 333
Awareness of climate change
, 327
Bidding process
, 281
Body and objectification
, 240–241
Bottom-up impulses
, 185
Brazil
, 149
Brazilian context
, 140
Brazilian Tourism Enterprise (EMBRATUR)
, 153
Brazilian Tourism Institute
, 155
Brisbane 2032 Olympic Games
, 272, 334
Brisbane Entertainment Centre (BEC)
, 279
Brisbane Olympics (2032)
, 277, 279–280
Bulgaria
, 80–81
Bulgarian context and tourism policy
, 80–81
Bulgarian legislation
, 85
Bulgarian tourism industry, The
, 81
Bulgarian tourism policy (BG tourism policy)
, 85
context and tourism policy
, 80–81
ecosystem
, 82–83, 329
regional and local ‘wicked’ problems in
, 86–87
wicked problems in
, 83–88
wicked problems in tourism industry
, 78–80
Bumsters
, 128
Bürgerhospital Foundation, The
, 259–260
Business to governance approach (B2G)
, 71
Business(es)
, 51
concept
, 260
ecosystems
, 173, 175
sociocultural ecosystems for transition enabling of
, 188–191
Candidate linear regression models
, 276
Carbon emissions
, 333
Carbon footprint
, 333
Case studies
, 259, 265
Chile
, 108
China
, 127, 331
China’s Zero-COVID strategy
, 331
Circular migration
, 127, 132
within and to The Gambia
, 126–127
Citizen involvement
, 200, 205, 213
Citizens’ in tourism policy
, 201–205
perspectives
, 208–210
wicked problem of
, 202–205
Civilisational geopolitics
, 143
Classification approach
, 186
Climate change
, 23
Climate crisis
, 332
Climate emergency
, 332–333
Climate-damaging production methods
, 173
Cognitive social capital
, 185, 192
Collaboration
, 44, 329
Collaborative dialogue
, 226
Collaborative economy
, 223
Complex governance systems
, 44
Complex policy problems, framing and design of policies
, 305–306
Complexity
, 23, 51
Conservative governments
, 160–162
Constituent process
, 108
Constitution (1980)
, 108
Constitutional Convention
, 108
Constitutional process
, 109
Constraints placed on industry
, 8–10
Consumer demands
, 6
Convention
, 44
Coordination
, 78
lack of
, 79, 87–88
mechanisms
, 185
of tourism policymaking
, 51
Corporate context
, 256
Cost overruns
, 272, 274–277, 279
Counter-culture movements
, 38
COVID-19
, 2, 5
pandemic
, 56, 260, 304, 330–331, 334
strategies
, 331
Creeping crisis
, 332, 334
Culture
, 188–189
Culture–industry pervasiveness and acceptance of ill-treatment
, 6–8
Curricula development
, 232
Customers
, 6
Customs
, 50
Data retrieval process
, 149
Data science
mega-events venues as wicked policy problem
, 273–274
method
, 274–277
results
, 277–279
transforming monitoring and evaluation of mega-events
, 279–281
Decision framework
assessment of destination’s broader context
, 309
assessment of destination’s tourism environment
, 310
background to development of
, 306–307
example of diagnostic results
, 311
for tourism policy interventions
, 307–311
Decision–making processes
, 53, 55
Democratic Republic of Congo
, 43
Democratic transition
, 154–156
Demographic transformation processes
, 252
Destination governance
, 194
Destination management organizations (DMOs)
, 67, 292, 313, 326
Destinations
network
, 293
relationship between ecosystems and
, 173–177
Developing countries (DC)
, 40, 141, 165, 326
Diaspora
members
, 131
tourists
, 131
Diaspora tourism
, 122, 132, (see also Indigenous tourism)
migration and diaspora tourism to Africa
, 130–131
in The Gambia
, 134–135
of West Africans
, 133–134
Disability, diversity dimension of
, 259–260
Discrimination
, 108
Discrimination-and-fairness approach
, 253–254
Disneyfication
, 223
Divergence
, 23
Diversification strategies
, 220
Diversity
awareness
, 327
dimensions
, 253
of disability
, 259–260
of gender
, 262–263
insights into key concepts of
, 252–255
of sexual orientation
, 261–262
Diversity management
, 327
insights into key concepts of
, 252–255
Dolomites World Heritage Site
, 325
Domestic tourism
, 22, 30, 159
Double movement theory
, 221–224
Doughnut Economics
, 5
Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS)
, 124, 126
Economic Complexity Index (ECI)
, 173
Economic Development Agency (CORFO)
, 112
Economy for the Common Good
, 5
Ecosystem approach
, 292–293
Ecosystem of Hospitality (EoH)
, 293–294
Ecosystems, relationship between destinations and
, 173–177
Effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation measures
, 328
Emigrants
, 130
Empirical evidence
, 172
Employment
, 2
Empowerment in tourism, female employment and
, 233–234
Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU)
, 173
Environmental analysis
, 23
Environmental issues
, 87
Environmentalism
, 38
Ethnocentric customers
, 13
EU Anti-Discrimination Directive
, 251, 261
European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE)
, 242
European Union (EU)
, 10, 124
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
, 11
European Union Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF)
, 126
Eurostat
, 10
Evidence-based policymaking
, 226
Federal Competence Centre for Tourism
, 67
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action
, 67
Federal Republic of Germany
, 69, 255
Federative Republic of Brazil (FRB)
, 142
Female employment and empowerment in tourism
, 233–234
Feminism
, 237
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC)
, 156–158
Finland, scattered tourism policymaking in
, 54–55
Finnish Government
, 54
Finnish Tourist Board
, 51
Finnish Travel Association
, 51
‘Fire and rehire’ approach
, 4
First Nations communities
, 325
First Nations Peoples
, 101
First Nations tourism businesses
, 99
Fiscal crisis
, 157
Foreign Service workers
, 13
Fragmentation
, 51
Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011)
, 335
Gabba, The (cricket stadium)
, 278–280
GABEK method
, 189
Gambia
, 122
case study
, 133–134
circular migration within and to
, 126–127
diaspora tourism in
, 134–135
methods
, 133
migration from
, 124–126
migration from Africa
, 129–132
political development of
, 123–124
tourism in
, 127–129
Gambia Bureau of Statistics, The (GBOS)
, 124
Gender
, 232
analysis
, 242–244
differences
, 232
disparity
, 232
diversity dimension of
, 262–263
equality
, 232
gender-analytical investigatory skills
, 239
Gender inequity
body and objectification
, 240–241
female employment and empowerment in tourism
, 233–234
gender and women in tourism
, 233
hidden mechanisms
, 238–239
representation of gender-based stereotypes and power structures
, 239–240
SDGs as framework for HEIs
, 243–244
solutions
, 242
strategy
, 242–243
in tourism
, 233
vicious circle
, 241–242
as wicked problem
, 237
women in tourism studies
, 234–237
Gentrification
, 223
Geopolitical analysis of TPP
, 148
Geopolitical studies
, 145
Geopolitics
, 142–148, 162
German Hotel and Restaurant Association
, 68
German tourism policy
, 66, 70
wicked problems in context of
, 68–70
German Travel Association
, 68
Germany, tourism structures in
, 67–68
Global citizenship
, 243
Global Citizenship and Diversity Management
, 244
Global Citizenship Education (GCED)
, 244
Global Financial Crisis (2008)
, 335
Global megatrends
, 288
Governance
, 221
concept
, 183
strategies
, 226, 323
Government of Maldives
, 331
Governments
, 304, 318, 323–324
Grand Tour
, 290
Grass root activism
, 38
Gross national income (GNI)
, 123
Hands-off approach
, 225
Heritage
, 38
High-Level Working Group on Tourism
, 55
Higher education institutions (HEI)
, 232
SDGs as framework for
, 243–244
Holistic network approach
, 293
Holistic spatial development approach
, 296
Hospitality
, 13
benchmark examples of strategic valorisation in
, 259–263
holistic development of hospitality patterns
, 291–294
and tourism employment
, 4
Hotel Bristol in Geneva
, 262–263
Hotel Ritter von Böhl in Deidesheim
, 259–260
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 123
Human-centric industry
, 13
Ideological geopolitics
, 143
Ill-treatment, culture–industry pervasiveness and acceptance of
, 6–8
Image-based focus groups
, 205–208
Immigration
, 12, 50
Implementation
emphasis on
, 328–330
process
, 257
In-danger-listing
, 42–43
Inclusion
, 202
Inclusive governance approach
, 211
Inclusive leadership, anthropogenic raw material to
, 252–255
Inclusive tourism
, 202, 213
INDAP
, 112, 115
Indigenous culture
, 116
Indigenous entrepreneurs
, 113
Indigenous organizations
, 96
Indigenous participation
, 109
Indigenous peoples
, 108
Indigenous policy and tourism
, 110–112
Indigenous revindication
, 115–117
Indigenous tourism
, 110, 112–113, 115
development
, 94
indigenous policy in Australia
, 95–97
installation and appropriation of concept of
, 112–115
QFNTP2020–2025
, 97–101
Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada (ITAC)
, 114
Individual policy actors
, 51
Industrialised countries (IC)
, 172
Industry, constraints placed on
, 8–10
Innovation-based transformation process
, 191
Institutional analysis of public policy
, 147
Institutional System for the Development of Tourism
, 112
Institutionalisation of TPP and use as geopolitical strategy
, 149
democratic transition
, 154–156
Fernando Henrique Cardoso Government
, 156–158
military dictatorship
, 152–154
neoliberal and conservative governments
, 160–162
periods and agendas
, 149
populism
, 151–152
Vargas Era
, 149–151
workers party governments
, 158–160
Instruments and tools
, 50–51
Integral Development Programme for Indigenous Communities
, 111
Integrated policy-making
applying ecosystem approach
, 292–293
EoH
, 293–294
holistic development of hospitality patterns
, 291
towards integrative tourism policy
, 294–296
interfaces between spatial politics and tourism
, 290–291
new framework
, 296–299
theoretical background
, 289
traditional tourism policymaking
, 289–290
urban policies
, 289
variety of tourism stakeholders
, 291–292
Integrated spatial development approach
, 296
Integration of migrants
, 13
Integrative tourism policy
, 294–296
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
, 111
Inter-institutional agreements
, 111
Intercultural competence
, 13
International Forum on Indigenous Tourism
, 112
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
, 10, 232–233
International Migrants Day (2022)
, 10
International Olympic Committee
, 272
International organizations
, 290
International tourism
, 165
Internet
, 222
Involvement
, 202
Karl Polanyi’s Double Movement Theory
, 221
Knowledge
, 194
creation process
, 180
Labour act
, 85
Labour informality
, 24
Laissez faire approach
, 223
Linear regression
, 274
Local ‘wicked’ problems in Bulgarian tourism policy
, 86–87
Local authorities
, 83
Local residents
, 79
Local tourism strategy, destination of Yyteri as key development area in
, 59–61
Location network
, 293
Long-term evidenced-based decision-making
, 272
Long-term transformation processes
, 334–336
Main stadium
, 273–274
Mapuche conflict
, 108, 113
Mapuche entrepreneurs
, 116
Mapuche Tourism
, 111, 113, 116
Mapuche Tourism Society
, 113
MAXQDAs analysis tools
, 207
Mega-events
transforming monitoring and evaluation of
, 279–281
venues as wicked policy problem
, 273–274
Micro-management
, 324
Microaggression
, 237
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
, 237
Migration
from Africa
, 129
circular
, 132
and Diaspora tourism to Africa
, 130–131
from Gambia
, 124–126
of labour
, 12
travel behaviour and economic effects
, 131–132
Military dictatorship
, 152–154
MiniMatka
, 53
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment
, 50, 53–56
Ministry of Tourism
, 82, 84, 159
Ministry of Trade and Industry
, 53
Ministry of Transportation and Communications
, 85
Mitigation efforts
, 41–42
Mo Ibrahim Foundation (MIF)
, 130
Mobility
, 325
Model training
, 274
Motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) model
, 205
Multi-level governance
, 43–44
issues
, 329
system
, 38
Multipolar approach in tourism policymaking
, 54
National Association of Indigenous Tourism (ANTI)
, 113
National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI)
, 108, 113
National Council of Tourism (CNT)
, 153
National culture
, 12–14
National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC)
, 331
National governance
, 59
National Institute for Agricultural Development (INDAP)
, 110
National Programme of Tourism Municipalisation
, 159
National Programme of Tourism Regionalisation
, 159
National Register of Tourism organizations
, 87
National States, The
, 142, 144
National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development in Bulgaria
, 86
National Tourism Council, The
, 82–83
National Tourism Policy, The
, 152–153
National tourism strategy
, 57
National Working Group on Indigenous Tourism
, 112
Naturalised geopolitics
, 143
Nature-based tourism
, 31
Neoliberal governments
, 160–162
Neoliberal ideology
, 322
Networks
, 293
network-based governance typology
, 53
as solution to wicked problems
, 55–57
New South Wales (NSW)
, 226
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 129, 201
Objectification
, 240–241
Olympic Games
, 280
Olympics
, 272
Open enterprise
, 251, 258
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 234
Organisational development process
, 251
Organisations
, 8
Organised tourism activities
, 51, 127
Orígenes Programme
, 111
Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
, 331
Pandemic
, 205
Paradigm shifts
, 333–334
Paradox theory
, 3
addressing paradoxes in tourism and hospitality employment
, 4
cheap/exploited labour
, 10–12
commodification of labour
, 4–6
constraints placed on industry
, 8–10
consumer demands
, 6
context
, 12–14
culture–industry pervasiveness and acceptance of ill-treatment
, 6–8
Platform economy
, 220–221, 225
Polanyi’s Double Movement Theory
, 221, 228
Polanyi’s First Movement
, 327
Polanyian lens
, 224
Policy
, 242–244, 312
crisis
, 273
design
, 305
and destination management
, 50
development
, 101
formulation process
, 307–308
governance strategies
, 225
implementation
, 324
interventions
, 227
levels
, 80
making
, 200
outcomes
, 312
policy-driven initiatives
, 2
process
, 201, 226
Political project
, 325–327
Polycrisis of inflation
, 304
Populism
, 151–152
Post-pandemic labour shortages
, 11
Practice-driven initiatives
, 2
Prediction
, 274
PreViaje (tourism demand policy)
, 22, 25–30, 334
future editions and potential of
, 30–31
Problem avoidance
, 331–332
Problem framing
, 158
Problem-solving
, 183, 185
Pro–growth paradigm
, 327–328
Public management theory
, 96
Public policy
, 55, 109, 142–148, 146, 322
Public policymaking
, 53
QR code systems
, 331
Qualitative research approach
, 206–207
Queensland First Nations Tourism Council (QFNTC)
, 97
Queensland First Nations Tourism Plan 2020–2025 (QFNTP 2020–2025)
, 97
authentic product development
, 100–101
engagement and partnerships
, 98–99
marketing and awareness
, 100
recognition and respect
, 98
strategic coordination and structure
, 99
training, skill development and jobs
, 99–100
Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre
, 279
Queensland Tourism Industry Council (QTIC)
, 97
Racism
, 108
Rational ignorance
, 204
Recognition
, 115–117
Regenerative tourism concept
, 307
Regional ‘wicked’ problems in Bulgarian tourism policy
, 86–87
Regional Authorities
, 83
Regional Council of Satakunta
, 58
Regional council promoting tourism in Satakunta
, 57–59
Regional network
, 293
Regional policies
, 111
Regional social innovation systems (RSIS)
, 191
Regional tourism development
, 294
Regulations
, 83
Relational network
, 186
Remittances
, 124–125, 129
Residents
, 66
Resilience
, 241
Resource-oriented learning and-effectiveness approach
, 255
Responsibility-and-sensibility approach
, 253
Río Negro province
, 28
RIS
, 175
Root tourists
, 130
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, 56
Ruta Natural
, 31
Satakunta, regional council promoting tourism in
, 57–59
Scale-free topology
, 181
Scattered tourism policymaking
, 57
in Finland
, 54–55
Science-based technocracy
, 331
Seasonal changes
, 8
Seasonal staff
, 9
Seasonality
, 8–10
Service sector
, 13
Sexual objectification
, 240
Sexual orientation, diversity dimension of
, 261–262
Sharing economy
, 223
Social capital
, 175
Social innovation
governance
, 172, 182
proposals for system-dynamic indicators for
, 191–193
relationship between ecosystems and destinations
, 173–177
relationship between ecosystems and social innovation governance
, 183–187
sociocultural ecosystems for transition enabling of business ecosystems
, 188–191
tourist ecosystems as source for sustainable or social innovation
, 178–182
Social innovative capacities
, 182
Social media
, 71
Social network
, 293
Social phenomenon
, 305
Social policies
, 110
Social structures
, 264
Social uprising
, 108
Societal forces
, 224
Socio-cultural meta-processes
, 250
Sociocultural ecosystems for transition enabling of business ecosystems, role of
, 188–191
Sociological concepts
, 237
Sociological theories
, 326
South Africa
, 333
South Korean government, The
, 13
South Tyrol
example of
, 294–296
Tourism Development Concept
, 294
Spatial development
, 293, 297
Spatial politics, interfaces between tourism and
, 290–291
Sports infrastructure
, 273
Stadiums
, 272–274
Stakeholders
engagement
, 53, 58, 60
group
, 292
as solution to wicked problems
, 55–57
stakeholder-based approach
, 193
wicked tourism policy problems across different types of
, 87–88
State action
, 146
Status quo analysis
, 295
Stockholm Conference
, 39
Strategic Advancement Group
, 97
Strategic diversity management
, 252, 257, 264
approach
, 265
selected insights into potential of strategic diversity management and open enterprises
, 255–259
Strategic valorisation in tourism and hospitality sector
diversity dimension of disability
, 259–260
diversity dimension of gender
, 262–263
diversity dimension of sexual orientation
, 261–262
selected benchmark examples of
, 259
Structural adjustment
, 127
Sustainability
, 324–327
Sustainability paradox
, 325
Sustainable approach
, 79
Sustainable development
, 289, 291
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 200, 232
as framework for HEIs
, 243–244
Sustainable diversity strategy
, 258
Sustainable innovation, tourist ecosystems as source for
, 178–182
Sustainable Travel Finland
, 57
System-dynamic indicators for social innovation governance, proposals for
, 191–193
System-immanent indicators
, 193
Systemic wickedness
, 96
Technical Intern Training visas
, 12
Three-fold approach
, 23–24
Top-down impulses
, 183
Tourism
, 22, 95, 115–117, 140–152, 204, 240, 289, 313
impact of
, 40–41
in Argentina
, 24
citizens’ perspectives on role in
, 208–210
destination governance
, 201
diversification strategies
, 131
experiences
, 111
female employment and empowerment in
, 233–234
gender and women in
, 233
governance
, 201, 210
indigenous policy and
, 110–112
interfaces between spatial politics and
, 290–291
narratives
, 116
recovery
, 306
research
, 201
resilience
, 306
restrictions
, 307
selected benchmark examples of strategic valorisation in
, 259–263
strategy
, 56
structures in Germany
, 67–68
system
, 322
in The Gambia
, 127–129
tourism-specific institutions
, 50
wicked problems in tourism industry
, 78–80
women in tourism studies
, 234–237
Tourism ‘public policies’ (TPP)
, 147–148
Tourism Act, The
, 82, 87
Tourism and hospitality employment–3
, 2
addressing paradoxes in
, 4–14
Tourism demand
policy
, 22
program
, 25
Tourism Division
, 151
Tourism General Fund (FUNGETUR)
, 153
Tourism lobbying
, 70–73, 329
model
, 72
success factors for
, 73
Tourism Normative Acts (TNAs)
, 149, 163
Tourism policies
, 67
background to development of decision framework
, 306–307
towards decision framework for tourism policy interventions
, 307–311
example of outcome selection
, 314–315
example of policy selection
, 316–317
framing and design of policies to understand complex policy problems
, 305–306
tourism policy decision-making
, 312–318
Tourism policy
, 77–78, 81, 83, 150, 201
Bulgarian context and
, 80–81
citizens’ role in
, 201–205
decision-making processes
, 200
in Germany
, 66
response
, 25–27
tourism policy-makers
, 296
wicked problem of citizen’s role in
, 202–205
wicked problems in tourism policy on national level
, 83–86
Tourism policymaking
, 50, 55–57, 290
destination of Yyteri as key development area in local tourism strategy
, 59–61
in Finland
, 54
key historical developments of tourism politics in Finland
, 52
process
, 214
regional council promoting tourism in Satakunta
, 57–59
scattered tourism policymaking in Finland
, 54–55
stakeholders and network s as solution to wicked problems
, 55–57
Tourism public policies in Brazil
geopolitics, public policies, and tourism
, 142–148
institutionalisation of TPP and use as geopolitical strategy
, 149–162
methodology
, 148–149
Tourism Regions Management Organisations
, 83
Tourism stakeholders
, 71, 264
variety of
, 291–292
Tourism-traffic paradox
, 325
Tourismut 2030
, 296
Tourist destinations
, 191
Tourist ecosystems as source for sustainable or social innovation
, 178–182
Trade unions
, 5, 11
Traditional spatial policy-making
, 297
Traditional tourism policymaking
, 289–290
Transformation
, 336
climate emergency
, 332–333
COVID-19 pandemic
, 330–331
emphasis on implementation
, 328–330
long-term transformation processes
, 334–336
paradigm shifts
, 333–334
pro-growth paradigm
, 327–328
processes
, 335
sustainability
, 325–327
sustainability paradox
, 325
Transition enabling
, 182
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
, 10
Uncertainty
, 23, 31, 51
‘Uneso-cide’
, 40
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
, 39
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation World Heritage (UNESCO WH)
, 38
competing interests
, 41
in-danger-listing
, 42–43
mitigation efforts
, 41–42
multi-level governance
, 43–44
impact of tourism
, 40–41
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
, 244
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 22, 94, 331
Baseline Research Agenda
, 243
Urban tourism
citizens’ perspectives on role in tourism
, 208–210
citizens’ role in tourism policy
, 201–205
image-based focus groups
, 205–208
inclusion
, 202
involvement
, 202
methodology
, 205
participation
, 201–202
wicked lack of motivation, opportunity, and ability
, 210–213
wicked problem of citizen’s role in tourism policy
, 202–205
Urbanisation
, 289
Vargas Era
, 149–151
Vicious circle
, 241–242
Visitation
process
, 308
system
, 313
West Africa
, 130, 133
West Africans, diaspora tourism of
, 133–134
Western approaches
, 98
Wicked policy problem
, 95–97
mega-events venues as
, 273–274
Wicked problems
, 2–3, 23, 38, 43, 51, 142, 158–159, 200, 202, 213, 224–227, 250, 288, 305
in Argentina
, 24
in Bulgarian tourism policy
, 83
of citizen’s role in tourism policy
, 202–205
in context of German tourism policy
, 68–70
gender inequity as
, 237–242
regional and local ‘wicked’ problems in Bulgarian tourism policy
, 86–87
stakeholders and network s as solution to
, 55–57
in tourism industry
, 78–80
in tourism policy on national level
, 83–86
wicked’ tourism policy problems across different types of stakeholders
, 87–88
Winter tourism
, 85, 332
Women in tourism
gender and
, 233
studies
, 234–237
Workers party governments
, 158–160
Workforce
, 4, 9–10
World Bank
, 122
World Bank Group, The
, 236, 243
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 330–331
World Heritage Convention
, 38
World Heritage In Danger List (WH-IDL)
, 42–44
World Heritage List (WHL)
, 39
World Heritage Site
, 44
World Indigenous Tourism Alliance (WINTA)
, 112
World Tourism Organization
, 50, 234, 243, 306
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
, 81, 290
Youth Empowerment Project (YEP)
, 126
Yyteri as key development area in local tourism strategy, destination of
, 59–61
Zweckentfremdungsverbot
, 225
- Prelims
- Chapter 1. Interrogating Tourism and Hospitality's Wicked Employment Issues Through the Lens of Paradox Theory
- Chapter 2. Wicked Contexts Pushing for Change in Argentina: Tourism, Labour Informality and PreViaje Policy
- Chapter 3. 50 Years UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Curse or Cure?
- Chapter 4. Tourism Policymaking in Finland: A Multilevel Governance Perspective
- Chapter 5. Only Those Who Can Shout Loud Enough Will be Heard? Tourism Lobbying in a Turbulent World of Wicked Problems in Germany
- Chapter 6. Bulgarian Tourism Policy: Intentions versus Reality
- Chapter 7. Indigenous Tourism Policy: A Perspective from Australia
- Chapter 8. Indigenous Tourism and Political Recognition of Rights in Chile
- Chapter 9. Politics of Migration and Tourism in the Gambia
- Chapter 10. The Trajectory of Public Tourism Policies in Brazil (1922–2022): From Wicked Problem to a Geopolitical Strategy?
- Chapter 11. Towards Social Innovation Governance in Developing Country Destinations: A Comparative Analysis Between Tourism Ecosystems in Azerbaijan and Ecuador
- Chapter 12. Nothing About Us without Us: Citizens' Role in Urban Tourism Policy-making
- Chapter 13. Socio-Political Dynamics of Airbnb and the Platform Economy
- Chapter 14. Gender Inequity in Tourism: A Policy Challenge
- Chapter 15. More Than Just Anti-discrimination Policy: Conceptual Reflections on the Strategic Benefits of Diversity Management in Tourism
- Chapter 16. When Policy Conflicts with the Data Science: Predicting the Cost Overrun of the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games
- Conclusion
- Chapter 17. Addressing Wicked Problems Through Integrated Policy-making: An Ecosystem-based Approach
- Chapter 18. Tourism Policies Reloaded: Towards a Comprehensive Framework
- Chapter 19. Wicked Problems as Trigger for Transformation Processes
- Index