Prelims

Half Title Page

TOURISM POLICY-MAKING IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTESTED WICKED PROBLEMS

Series page

ADVANCES IN CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH

Series Editors: Michael Volgger and Serena Volo

Recent Volumes:

Editorial Board

Editors in Chief: Michael Volgger, Curtin University, Australia; Serena Volo, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy

• Marylouise Caldwell

  The University of Sydney, Australia

• S. U. Chenting

  City University of Hong Kong, China

• Hélène Christini

  International University of Monaco, Monaco

• John Crotts

  College of Charleston, USA

• Taylor Damonte

  Coastal Carolina University, USA

• Rouxelle De Villiers

  Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

• Sven Feurer

  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany

• Tzung-Cheng Huan

  National Chiayi University, Taiwan

• Eunju Ko

  Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

• Drew Martin

  University of South Carolina, USA

• Christof Pforr

  Curtin University, Australia

• Mohammed Quaddus

  Curtin University, Australia

• Arch G. Woodside

  Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

Title Page

ADVANCES IN CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH - VOLUME 17B

TOURISM POLICY-MAKING IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTESTED WICKED PROBLEMS: POLITICS, PARADIGM SHIFTS AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES

EDITED BY

CHRISTOF PFORR

Curtin University, Australia

MARKUS PILLMAYER

Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany

MARION JOPPE

University of Guelph, Canada

NICOLAI SCHERLE

University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), Germany

AND

HARALD PECHLANER

Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL.

First edition 2024

Editorial matter and selection © 2024 Christof Pforr, Markus Pillmayer, Marion Joppe, Nicolai Scherle, and Harald Pechlaner.

Individual chapters © 2024 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83549-985-6 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83549-984-9 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83549-986-3 (Epub)

ISSN: 1871-3173 (Series)

Contents

List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Tables

About the Editors

Christof Pforr is Discipline Leader (Tourism, Hospitality and Events) with the School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Western Australia. Prior to joining Curtin University in 2003, he held academic positions at three other Australian universities and has been a Visiting Professor at universities in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and Australia. His past and current research is inter- and multidisciplinary. In essence, his activities have concentrated on four interconnected research areas, sustainability, tourism public policy, destination governance and special interest tourism, all fields he has frequently published in. He has contributed to more than 150 publications (including 11 books) and numerous national and international research projects.

Markus Pillmayer is a Professor of Destination Management and Destination Development at the Department of Tourism at the Munich University of Applied Sciences. With a PhD in cultural geography, his research focuses on geographical development which he has explored in several contexts including citizen participation, health, and resilience. Among other things, he is head of the Living Lab Tourism, Sustainability and Quality of Life. He can draw on many years of experience in the international tourism industry and tourism policy, which also benefits him in the context of his scientific activities. In addition, he is a fellow of various scientific associations such as IGU (International Geographic Union), GHRA (Global Hospitality Research Alliance) or the DGT (German Society for Tourism Research), the latter he serves on the board.

Marion Joppe is a Distinguished Professor Emerita in the School of Hospitality, Food and Tourism Management, University of Guelph, Canada. She specialises in destination planning, development and marketing, and the experiences upon which destinations are built. She has extensive private and public sector experience, having worked for financial institutions, tour operators, consulting groups and government, prior to joining academia. She has used her expertise as a board or working committee member of a wide range of national, provincial level industry and government organisations, and has been recognised by the Travel and Tourism Research Association International with a Lifetime Achievement Award.

Nicolai Scherle has been a Professor of Intercultural Management and Diversity at the FOM University in Munich since 2017. Between 2012 and 2017, the geographer held a Professorship for Tourism Management and Intercultural Communication at the BiTS University in Iserlohn. His main research interests are in the areas of cultural-geographical regional research (economic and tourism geography with a special focus on aspects related to sustainability), entrepreneurship, intercultural communication and diversity. He is a member of the Academy of Management, the intercultural competence network FORAREA and the Royal Geographical Society.

Harald Pechlaner is Head of the Center for Advanced Studies at Eurac Research, Italy, Chair of Tourism and Founding Dean of the School of Transformation and Sustainability at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany. His research area concerns sustainable destination development and selected questions about global governance combined with economics and politics. Since 2014, he has been Adjunct Research Professor at Curtin University, Perth, Australia and President of AIEST (Association Internationale d’Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme), the oldest tourism experts’ association based at St. Gallen University.

About the Contributors

Tom Baum is Professor of Tourism Employment in the Department of Work, Employment and Organisation, Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde. His research focusses on the social and cultural context of work and employment in frontline services, particularly hospitality and tourism. He collaborates with colleagues across six continents and has researched, taught and consulted in over 40 countries. He has supervised over 40 PhD students to completion and is passionate about supporting and mentoring early-career researchers in areas of mutual interest. He is actively involved with the work of the Global Hospitality Research Alliance and sees the purpose of his research as promoting change for the betterment of the socially and economically marginalised.

Matías Ciaschi is a PhD candidate (dissertation programmed for June 2023) at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He holds a Master’s degree in Economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. His research interests are related to tourism, inequality and labour topics.

Deirdre Curran has worked at the University of Galway for over 25 years. Her main area of teaching surrounds the employment relationship, and her work is informed by her core values of justice, equity, and voice. She is a Vice Dean for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion representing the College of Business, Public Policy, and Law. She is currently involved in researching the lived experience of hospitality workers in Ireland with a view to highlighting issues and promoting positive change. In 2021, she published a research report entitled ‘Inside Out Hospitality’. The survey she designed for this research has been replicated in a number of countries worldwide and has led to the formation of the Global Hospitality Research Alliance. In 2023, she co-authored a research report entitled ‘Ahead of the Tide: Exploring a Unique Change Agenda at the Armada Hotel’, with her colleague Finian O’Driscoll from Shannon College of Hotel Management.

Jac Davis specialises in interdisciplinary research combining human behaviour with social-ecological systems. She was awarded a Gates Foundation fellowship to study her PhD in Quantitative Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Following a Postdoc in Food Security at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, she joined Mirror Analytics as a Behavioural Data Scientist. She has lectured on urban food systems, gender development and statistical methods. She has published over 30 scientific articles related to psychology, cross-cultural research and meta-analysis. She is a Fellow of the Amsterdam Centre for World Food Studies and the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Francisca de la Maza holds a PhD in Anthropology and is an Academic at the Instituto de Historia and Villarrica Campus of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. She is Deputy Director of the Centre for Intercultural and Indigenous Research. She researches subjects related to state policies, indigenous peoples, interculturality and indigenous tourism. She has published on these issues in different journals and books. She currently leads two research projects related to tourism and indigenous peoples, financed by Chile’s National Agency for Research and Development. One project examines the transformations produced in indigenous territories by the irruption (or rapid arrival) of tourism while the other addresses the co-construction of indicators to measure indigenous tourism through a pilot online platform. This latter project is being implemented with an interdisciplinary team together with indigenous organisations related to tourism and public institutions.

Marcela Costa Bifano de Oliveira is affiliated with the Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico. Oliveira has a PhD in Sciences for Development, Sustainability and Tourism, from the University of Guadalajara – Centro Universitario de la Costa, Mexico, a Master in Economic and Social Sciences at the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico (2016) and Bachelor in Tourism at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil (2013).

Eva C. Erdmenger (PhD) is a Tourism Geography Lecturer of the Cultural Geography Group at Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands. Her interest in socially sustainable (urban) tourism development led her to research agendas encompassing overtourism, participatory and inclusive destination governance and community PROsilience. Originally from Germany, she has also been studying, researching and working in Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands.

Carolina Inés Garcia is a PhD candidate at Curtin University, Australia, with a Curtin Strategic Scholarship. She completed her Master’s degree and Bachelor’s degree at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. She is currently a researcher at the UNWTO Australia’s South West Sustainable Tourism Observatory and has experience as a consultant for national and international organisations. Her main research interests are tourism policies and sustainable development.

Olga Gjerald is Associate Professor in Service Management at University of Stavanger, Norway. She has broad research interests at the junction of leadership, service organisation, service employment and service experience design. She is affiliated with the UNESCO Chair on Leadership, Innovation and Anticipation, and is currently contributing to a research project focussed on advancing integrative leadership ontology with a particular focus on leadership culture. She is a founding member of the University of Stavanger’s strategic research programme WITH (Work Inclusiveness in Tourism and Hospitality) and a member of the Global Hospitality Research Alliance.

Anastasios Hadjisolomou (Tasos) is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor equivalent) in Employment Studies at the University of Strathclyde, Scotland. His research interests include service employment, service triangle, customer misbehaviour, customer abuse, sexual harassment and violence in the workplace, (sexualized) aesthetic labour, LGBT+ issues in the workplace, employee voice and labour process theory. He has co-led the formation of the Global Hospitality Research Alliance. His work has been published in journals such as the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Work, Employment and Society, Gender Work and Organization and Industrial Relations Journal.

Rainer Hartmann has been a Professor of Marketing and Management in Tourism and Leisure at the University of Applied Sciences Bremen/Germany since 2005. Among other things, he heads the Master’s programme for sustainable leisure and tourism development. His fields of work are regional studies on sustainable tourism, urban and cultural tourism as well as tourism in Africa. He received his Doctorate in Tourism Geography in 1998 (Eritrea – New Beginning with Tourism).

Kerstin Heuwinkel is a Professor of International Tourism Management at the Faculty of Business Administration, University of Applied Sciences (htw saar), Saarbrücken, Germany. She is Head of the Master’s degree in Leisure-, Sport and Tourism Management. From 2002 to 2005, she was a Scientific Assistant at the Fraunhofer Institute for Software- and System Development. She teaches courses on the sociology of tourism, responsible tourism, and intercultural competencies. Her research interests include the social impact of tourism, intercultural encounters in responsible tourism and community-based tourism. Her monograph Tourismussoziologie won the ITB book award in 2019. She has also published a monography about Women in Tourism (2021) and Community-based Tourism in 2024.

Maya Ivanova, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Varna University of Management, Bulgaria, and Expert and Head of the Projects Department at Zangador Research Institute. She has a vast practical experience in tourism business and still works as a consultant and trainer. Also, she contributes as an expert, consultant, or teacher in a number of projects, e.g. Pact for Next Tourism Generation (PANTOUR), Cross-Border Cultural and Creative Tourism in Rural and Remote Area (CROCUS), HELIX: Entrepreneurial Learning Exchange Initiative for Sustainable Hospitality SMEs in the Balkan-Mediterranean Region, etce Dr Ivanova’s expertise and research interests include tourism and hospitality management, air transport, tourism intermediaries, platform economy, hotel chains. Currently, she serves as an Editorial Assistant of the European Journal of Tourism Research and is a member of the Editorial Board of Tourism Management Perspectives.

Heini Korvenkangas is a Doctoral Researcher at the Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Pori Unit, and since 2016, a Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Entrepreneurship, at Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland (SAMK). She holds a Master’s degree in Management and Organizations, and Bachelor’s degree in International Business. Her research interests include project-oriented organizations and competitive advantage. Her background in international tourism from Finnish Lapland has provided valuable insight in tourism as a cluster industry, and in collaboration with competitors when promoting destination together with national and regional tourism organizations. She is a secretary and vice president of HoReCa-network, a tourism-specific development working group under the jurisdiction of The Rectors’ Conference of Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences Arene. Additionally, she represents SAMK in Businet network as well as in Turku Tourism Academy.

Antje Krueger has held a Professorship for Social Work and Migration and International Social Work at Bremen University of Applied Sciences since 2018. Her work focusses on migration, transcultural and postcolonial studies as well as topics of racism and intersectional education, ethnopsychoanalysis and transcultural psychology. She wrote her Doctoral thesis in 2012 on the care of psychologically stressed asylum seekers.

Christian Laesser is a Professor of Tourism and Service Management and leads the Research Center of Travel and Tourism at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. He is also a Fellow of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism and Secretary General of the Swiss Association for Transport Sciences as well as for AIEST, the International Association of Scientific Experts in TourismHis research is in consumer behaviour, the financing of tourism supra- and infrastructure in the service industry and the management of companies and institutions operating between market and governments, all with a special focus on the tourism and transport-related industry.

Dominic Lapointe is a Full Professor in the Department of Urban and Tourism Studies at Université du Québec à Montréal. He is the director of Téoros, a French language tourism studies journal and the holder of the research chair UQAM on tourism dynamics.

Tone Therese Linge is Associate Professor at the Norwegian School of Hotel Management, University of Stavanger. Her research interests include organisational and intercultural communication, diversity management, service employment, service leadership, responsible leadership, decent work and employee voice. She obtained her PhD degree from the University of Oslo focussing on workplace communication and communication competence in multicultural hotel workplaces. She leads the strategic programme area, WITH, at the Norwegian School of Hotel Management, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Stavanger and is a member of the Global Hospitality Research Alliance. She has also worked for eight years as Executive Officer for Multicultural Affairs in Sandnes Municipality, Norway.

Shaun Mann is a Senior Tourism Development Officer with the World Bank Group. His 30-year career working in tourism started as a tour operator and lodge developer in Uganda. He then went on to work in the Ugandan government before joining the World Bank 20 years ago. During this time, he has worked in over 60 countries advising governments and designing and implementing tourism development projects. In that capacity, he has drafted tourism policies, tourism laws and regulations as well as standards and guidelines in support of policies.

Char-lee McLennan (also published as Char-lee Moyle) is an Associate Professor in the School of Management and the Co-lead of the Social Systems Domain in the Centre for Data Science at the Queensland University of Technology. She is a Chief Investigator at an Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Automated Vehicles in Rural and Remote Regions. She holds a PhD in Tourism Economics from the University of Queensland, for which she won multiple awards. Her research is focussed on three main streams of research, specifically: (1) regional economic development and transformation; (2) strategic policy and planning; and (3) the adoption of sustainability.

Anda F. Pforr is currently undertaking her Honours in Political Science and International Relations at the University of Western Australia and has worked as a Research Assistant for the Tourism Research Cluster at Curtin University, Australia.

Julian Philipp is a Consultant for Public Transport and former Consultant for Regional Development (LEADER) in Germany and PhD student at the Chair of Tourism / Center for Entrepreneurship, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany. His dissertation focusses on the role of local and regional identity in the governance of spatial and regional development. He completed his BSc at the University of Wuppertal, Germany, and his MSc at Oxford Brookes University, UK. His main fields of interest encompass regional development, regional ecosystems, sustainable destination development, overtourism and entrepreneurship.

Mariana Pereira Chaves Pimentel is a Professor and Researcher at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Institute of Human Sciences, Department of Tourism. They have Bachelor’s degrees in Tourism and Human Sciences and in the Programme of Master Studies in Administration. They are Vice-leader of the Economic and Social Observatory of Tourism/OEST and member of the Latin American Center for Tourismology/CELAT, UFJF, Brazil. They have a PhD in Social Sciences from UFJF (2016), Master in Business Management from Federal University of Lavras and Bachelor degree in Tourism from Federal University of Minas Gerais (2006). Their recent book is Sociologia da educação em turismo, with Thiago Pimentel and Fabíola Carvalho, 2021.

Thiago Duarte Pimentel is a Post-doc in Social Theory (Critical Realism) from Federal University of Juiz de for a (UFJF), Brazil. Pimentel has a PhD in Social Sciences from UFJF and a Masters in Business Management and a Degree in Tourism from Federal University of Minas Gerais. Pimentel is Full-time Professor and Researcher at UFJF in graduate (Master/PhD in Social Sciences) and undergraduate courses (Bachelor in Human Sciences and Bachelor in Tourism), Member at ISA, AIEST, IPPA and Visiting Scholar in the USA, Canada, México Cuba. Pimentel is Editor-in-Chief of Brazilian Annals of Tourism Studies and Latin American Journal of Turismology. Pimentel Director of Latin American Center of Turismology and Vice-director of the Social Research Center/UFJF. Pimentel is the Former Counsellor of Minas Gerais State Council in Tourism. Pimentel’s areas of interest are: critical realism, collective action and organisations; sociology of work, leisure and tourism; public policies and education and university. Pimentel’s recent books are Políticas públicas de turismo no Brasil, with Bruno Gomes and Vânia Quadros, 2022, and Sociologia da educação em turismo, with Mariana Pimentel and Fabíola Carvalho, 2021.

Jegar Pitchforth is a Data Scientist with a background in Bayesian Statistics, focussing on Complex Systems models. Since graduating with a PhD from Queensland University of Technology, he has applied spatial and graph-based statistical models in a range of academic and commercial contexts with startups as well as large tech companies and now works as a commercial Data Science Consultant with Mirror Analytics. His published work focusses on using Bayesian Networks in Decision Support Systems, and he has also published papers in statistical validation, online experimentation and office design research.

Natalia Porto holds a PhD in Economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Argentina. She is the Director of the Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She is a Full Professor of International Economics and Economic Growth, Tourism and the Environment at the same university. She is a full-time researcher, has published various articles in national and international journals and has worked on many research projects related to tourism.

Lisa Ruhanen, SFHEA, PhD, GCEd, BBusHons) is a Professor in Tourism and Deputy Head of the UQ Business School, The University of Queensland. She has undertaken academic and consultancy research projects in Australia and overseas in the areas of Indigenous tourism, sustainable tourism and policy, planning and governance. She has more than 100 academic publications, and in 2017, she and colleagues co-edited a book on Indigenous Tourism: Cases from Australia and New Zealand.

Julia Schiemann, MSc, studied ‘Tourism Management’ (BSc) and completed ‘Management and Planning of Tourism’ (M.Sc.) at the University of La Laguna on Tenerife with distinction. Currently, she is the Head of the Sustainability Department in the City of Gersthofen. Before that, she worked as the Chair of Tourism/Center for Entrepreneurship at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as a Research Assistant. Her research focusses on sustainable transformation, measuring sustainability on a local scale, but also on female entrepreneurship enhancing the competitiveness of a destination.

Arne Schuhbert holds academic degrees in cultural anthropology, sustainable tourism management and geography. After several years as a consultant for sustainable destination planning in international development cooperation for Africa, Latin America and Asia, Schuhbert has recently held Professorships in Tourism at the Hochschule Fresenius Heidelberg and the Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.

Michael Volgger is the Co-Director of the Tourism Research Cluster at Curtin University in Australia. His expertise includes tourism product development, destination management/marketing and sustainable consumer behaviour.

Michelle Whitford is a Professor and Associate Dean of the Business Faculty at Torrens University, Australia. Her research expertise is in the field of policy and sustainable development of Indigenous tourism and events. She has coordinated projects for various organisations such as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Studies, Indigenous Business Australia, Queensland Tourism Industry Council and Tourism and Events Queensland and she is a member of the Expert Advisory Panel for the Development of a Sustainable, peak Indigenous Tourism Organisation in Queensland, Australia.

Anke Winchenbach is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at the University of Surrey. A critical tourism scholar who researches and consults on social dimensions of tourism and related industries, she tackles topics such as dignity, identity, decent work, social change, work transitions, resilience, marginalisation and how we assess social value across individual, organisational and governance levels. She is a member of Surrey’s Future of Work Research Centre which pursues ground-breaking interdisciplinary research to understand the changing nature of work and employment, as well as a member of the School’s Sustainability and Wellbeing Research Centre. She currently serves as elected Co-president of RC50, a Committee of ISA focussing on the ‘Sociology of Tourism’ and is one of the intellectual activists in Global Hospitality Research Alliance.

Kate Inyoung Yoo is an Associate Professor in the College of Foreign Studies at Kansai Gaidai University in Osaka, Japan. Her background in the hospitality industry has been a driving force behind her dedication to improving employment conditions in the sector. Her research primarily focusses on employment within the hospitality field, with a particular emphasis on the challenges faced by less advantaged employees, including foreign workers, individuals with limited experience and frontline staff who directly engage with customers in East Asia. Additionally, She is committed to bridging the gap between academia and the industry, striving to provide hospitality management students with a more realistic perspective on their career paths.