Academic research

, 280–281

“Accuracy nudge”

, 113

Across global cultures and racial divides

, 10–11

Action/fantasy/shooter esports

, 274

Active learning

environment, service learning and DT

, 616–618

innovation through collaboration and

, 613–614

service learning and DT

, 618–620

Adaptive approach

, 634

Addiction

, 329

addiction

, 329

Additional resources

, 414

Adoption factors

, 30

Advertisements (Ads)

, 37, 323

“Advertiser”

, 628–629

Advertising

, 3, 323

social media

, 323–324

unintended effects of advertising on consumers

, 324

Advertising Federation (AdFed)

, 487–488

Advertising value equivalencies (AVEs)

, 400

Advertorials

, 306

Affordance

, 52–53, 198, 200

diversity of

, 200

of texting

, 58

Affordance theory

, 197

African Public Relations Association (APRA)

, 663

Ageism

, 452

Agency

, 549

bot invasion

, 553–557

challenges and opportunities

, 561–562

four A’s of

, 554–555

future directions in

, 559–562

implication in CMC research

, 557–559

MS

, 552–553

ST

, 551–552

views of

, 551–553

Agenda setting

, 237–240

power of fake news propagation

, 519

theory

, 8, 10, 240

Agential cuts

, 559

Aggression

, 362–363, 366

Aging adults

communicating with

, 451–452

engaging with

, 459–460

healthcare social media perspectives from

, 455–457

and social media

, 452–453

AIoT technologies

, 481–482

Alcohol

, 571

Alexa (voice assistance)

, 420

Algorithm

, 307, 533

risk scores

, 648–649

Algorithmic gatekeeping

, 103, 531–532, 534

Algorithmic gatekeeping process

Algorithmic journalism

, 103, 109, 114, 544

algorithms and social media

, 109–110

cognate processes

, 110–112

possible solutions

, 113–114

radicalization

, 112–113

Algorithmic news recommendations

, 532–534

Amazon

, 38–39, 495, 689

Amazon Prime

, 272

Echo device

, 484

American Advertising Federation (AAF)

, 673–674

American Marketing Association (AMA)

, 487–488, 645, 673–674

American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE)

, 216

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

, 540–541

Annenberg Public Policy Center

, 104

Antimaskers

, 111

Antivaxxers

, 111

Anxiety

, 324, 330

social media

, 329–330

App store

, 160

Apple

, 689

Apple Podcasts platform

, 433

Apple TV+

, 273

in design thinking

, 609

Approval concept

, 449

Arab Spring protests

, 237

Arab women’s emerging self-(re)presentations on Instagram

, 141

conceptual framework and methods

, 144–146

critical conversations

, 151–154

findings

, 146–154

influencer corpus

, 145

literature review

, 142–144

refracted publics

, 154–155

visual inquiry

, 146–151

“Architecture of listening”

, 465

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

, 14, 16–17, 271, 275–276, 481–482, 485, 487, 531, 625, 639–641, 653, 655–656, 671, 687

algorithm manufacturer

, 649

bias

, 649

communication professionals

, 659–660

dark side of

, 672–673

ethical codes

, 645–646

ethical concerns with

, 631–632

ethical implications

, 688–689

ethical questions

, 632–633

ethics, and public relations professionals

, 656–657

fake news detection via

, 519–521

within health care industry

, 642–643, 648

health equality

, 643–644

industry-wide AI ethical considerations

, 673–674

professional development

, 674–676

proliferation of

, 685

proliferation within organizations

, 631–635

public relations, AI and ethics

, 658–659

in public relations

, 625–627

public relations and social media data economy

, 628–630

public relations practice

, 630–631

reducing barriers of

, 676–677

stakeholder engagement and discourse

, 633–635

storage and privacy issues

, 643

ASEAN Public Relations Network

, 663, 665

Asexual identity

, 189–190

Asexual representation

, 177–178

Asexuality

, 7, 177–178, 189–190

asexuality-focused Reddit sites

, 180–181

representation

, 178

Asexuality research questions

, 183

Asexuality Visibility and Education Network (AVEN)

, 177

Associated Press journalism style

, 215

Athletes

, 269, 271, 277

brand

, 275

as role models

, 269

as social influencers

, 269

Attention, audience engagement in marketplace of

, 536–537

Attractiveness

, 327

Audience gatekeeping theory

, 532, 535

Audience Response Thresholds (ART)

, 598

Audience(s)

, 275

engagement in marketplace of attention

, 536–537

factors

, 28–29

sentiments

, 503

Audism

, 344

Augmented reality (AR)

, 275–276

‘Australian sport-gambling operators’

, 280

Authentic self

, 147–148

Authenticity

, 9, 310–311, 360

of voice

, 464

“Auto pilot” system

, 484

Avoidant tactics

, 53

Baby boom generation Aging

, 449

Baby Boomers

, 21, 28–29

Bandura, Albert

, 391

Barcelona Principles 3. 0

, 400–401, 3975

applying to energy drinks in online gaming category

, 407–408

Barcelona Principles of measurement

, 397–398, 400–401

applying Barcelona Principles 3.0 to energy drinks in online gaming category

, 407–408

case studies for measurement

, 404–405, 408

key influencer and online gaming measurement

, 402–404

measurement in public relations

, 398–404

other measurement frameworks

, 401–402

social media measurement

, 402

Baseline

, 641

Behind-the-scenes content

, 312

Beliefs

, 74–75

Bereavement

, 118, 121

Betting sports

, 274, 280, 282

Big Data

, 14, 481–482, 485

Biometrics

, 275

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 29, 251, 256, 275

Black music tradition

, 597

#BlackLivesMatter movement

, 271, 685

Blaming

, 380

Blockchain

blockchain-automated social media performer compensation

, 597

emergence of

, 687

smart contract

, 590–591, 599

technology

, 597

Blogger

, 39

Blogs

, 21, 270, 432, 436–437

Bluetooth

, 485–486

Bonding capital

, 24

Bonferroni test

, 540–541

Boomer generation

, 452–453

Bot invasion

, 553–557

MS alignment in research

, 557

MS’s sociotechnical plenum of agencies

, 556–557

ST alignment in research

, 556

ST view of

, 553–556

Bots

, 549–551

Brand(s)

building on TikTok

, 350–351

communication professionals

, 292

as identity

, 307

influencer perceptions of brand partner relationships

, 296

and influencers

, 293

recommendations for

, 298–299

relationship

, 295

Branded identity

, 312–313

Branding

, 3–4

British Sign Language (BSL)

, 346

“Brothas”

, 595–596

Bullies

, 385–387

impact of behavior

, 387–389

deal with

, 389–390

nature vs. nurture

, 385–387

Bully

, 377–378

Bullying

, 379, 391

harassing behaviors

, 386

types of

, 380–381

Burnout

, 314–315

Business environments

, 418

Call and response system

, 590–591, 598–599

blockchain-automated social media performer compensation

, 597

development of

, 591

real-time social media audience responses turned into money

, 598–599

real-time social media audience responses turned into sound

, 600–602

silenced virtual audiences

, 594–596

social contracts and payment friction

, 592–594

social media audience data conversion with

, 596–603

social media’s socioeconomic and sonic divides

, 591–596

sonic interaction through digital signal processing

, 599–600

sonified social media audience interaction

, 602–603

Cambodian Sign Language (CSL)

, 346

Camera drones

, 281–282

Cancel culture

, 370, 386–387

and influencer case studies

, 367–370

and influencers

, 360–362

J. K. Rowling

, 367–369

James Gunn

, 369–370

literature review

, 359

psychology of

, 362–366

Shane Gillis

, 370

within social media practices

, 371

Canceling

, 362–363

Cannabidiol (CBD)

, 570

Cannabinoids

, 570

Cannabis plant

, 570

Cardano

, 598–599

Caregivers

, 472–473

CareMore and National Institute on Aging

, 457–459

“Catch 22” situation

, 414

“Catfishing”

, 164–165

Ceci CChen (vWOM creator and influencer for makeup products)

, 42

Cellular connectivity

, 485–486

Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 72–73, 90

Channel-created conflict

, 59–60

Chatlines

, 159–160

Chicago Tribune

, 217

Christian Mingle

, 160

Circumvention tool

, 29

Cisco (technology companies)

, 485

Citizen journalism

, 233, 235–236, 240

agenda setting and salience features

, 237–240

Citizen journalist

, 236

Classic Stanley Milgram shock experiments

, 363–364

Classical agenda setting scholarship

, 241

Click-through likelihood of news

, 534–535

Clickbait

, 105, 514–515

Clubhouse (App)

, 420

#CochlearImplant

, 347

Code of Conduct

, 627

Cognate processes

, 110–112

Cognitive dissonance

, 110–111

Cognitive stimulation

, 26–27

Colin Kaepernick (Football player)

, 275

Collaboration, innovation through active learning and

, 613–614

Collaborative problem solving, innovation through

, 615

Collective grieving

, 121

Coming Out theme

, 185–186

Commemoration

, 124

Commitment

, 169–170, 289

Common misinformation communicated through social media

, 108

Communal relationship

, 289

Communicating with aging adults

, 451–452

Communication

, 495

professionals

, 505–506

professionals

, 659–660

technology

, 273

two-step flow in

, 307

Community

, 437–439

engagement

, 473

in of YouTube

, 44–45

sharing

, 121

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 486

Comprehensive global standard-setting instrument

, 489

Computational text analysis study

empirical findings from edible-related tweets

, 573–575

key findings

, 575–582

marijuana edible products

, 570–571

social influence and social contagion of risky behaviors on social media

, 572–573

social media conversations about edibles

, 571–572

Computer Vision

, 625

Computer-aided form of communication

, 270

Computer-mediated communication (CMC)

, 3–4, 51–52, 117, 141, 167, 170, 197, 213, 269–271, 276, 361, 383, 531, 549, 653, 685

affordances and conflict

, 57–58

defining constructs

, 277–279

disenfranchised grief and SMM

, 127–128

emerging research streams

, 279–281

fifth “A” antidote

, 558–559

future for computer-mediated communication and mourning

, 134

grief policing and offline mourning rules influencing SMM

, 125–130

grief trolls, grief tourists, and emotional rubberneckers

, 129–130

habitual communication

, 124–125

immortality SMM communication

, 123–124

implication for agency in

, 557–559

legal and ethical considerations and industry application

, 278

lessons from CMC and social media research development

, 9–18

mediated online communication

, 270

nature of social media

, 277

online dating as

, 199–200

organizational SMM

, 130–132

pedagogies

, 117

scholarship

, 278

SNS responded to social media mourners

, 132–134

social media as tools

, 277

and social media mourning

, 119–120

and social media trends in sport industry

, 271–275

state of CMC and SM research in sport communication

, 276–277

theories and research methods

, 278–279

transformational technology

, 275–276

trends-driven, innovative CMC, and Social Research Agenda in Sport Comm

, 281–282

unacknowledged relationships and unrecognized losses

, 128–129

Computers as social actors (CASA)

, 557

Concept themes

, 190–191

Concert Hall

, 599–600

Concert sponsor

, 598

“Conditional reference frame”

, 536

Confidentiality

, 54–55

Confirmation bias

, 103

Conflict

, 539

tactics

, 53

Connected white goods

, 483

Consequential

, 252

Conspiracy belief

, 104

Conspiracy theories

, 67–68, 75, 77, 252, 512–513

consequence of conspiracy beliefs and possible solutions

, 77

conspiracy theories during public health crises

, 75–76

groups

, 29

social media and

, 76

Consumer

, 571

decision-making across sectors

, 288

processing of ads

, 323

psychological well-being of

, 333, 335

well-being

, 332

Contemporary approaches

, 531

Contemporary influencers

, 307

Content

content-based methods

, 519

generation

, 326

genre of

, 348

strategy

, 501

themes

, 348–349

Content analysis

, 215, 240, 279, 499

Context collapse

, 122

Continued social actors

, 123–124

Continuing bonds

, 123

Control mutuality

, 289

Conversation control

, 57–58

Coronavirus

, 5, 72–73

Corporate conscience

, 17, 639

Corporate social responsibility in eSports

, 404–405

“Corporate thinking”

, 611

Cost-benefit analysis

, 450

Costs

, 450–451

Couples’ interpersonal conflict, case study of

, 57–60

channel-created conflict

, 59–60

CMC affordances and conflict

, 57–58

observing relationship phenomena longitudinally with CMC

, 58–59

COVID

deniers

, 111

responders

, 111

COVID-19 Rapid Task Force

, 86

COVID-19 Relief Bill

, 592–593

COVID-19

, 75–76, 85, 251, 269–272

algorithmic journalism

, 109–114

in-depth interviews during

, 501

infodemic

, 74–75

lockdown

, 279

pandemic

, 67, 550

social identity theory

, 105–106

social media, social identity, and COVID-19 pandemic

, 108–109

social media and viral disinformation spread

, 103–105

social media during

, 105–107, 109

social media during COVID-19 pandemic

, 105–109

virus

, 589–590

Creator

content and eWOM

, 41–42

identity

, 347

level

, 521

Credibility

, 45, 113

Critical Race Theory (CRT)

, 343–344

Criticism

, 380

Cronbach’s alpha measures

, 295

Crowdtangle

, 533

Cultural socialization

, 382–383

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD)

, 463

Culture

, 385

Cyberbullies

, 379

Cyberbullying

, 361, 377–379, 381, 383, 391

cultural socialization

, 382–383

look like

, 383–385

social communication

, 381–382

types of

, 383–385

CyberstalkingDanish independent podcast

, 391, 432

dApp (blockchain networked distributed application)

, 590–591

Dark Cloud

, 389

Data

collection and analysis

, 612–613

data-driven society

, 531

ethics of

, 487–488

privacy of

, 488–489

security of

, 489–490

slices

, 601

statistics

, 481

visualizations

, 494–495

Dating

, 198–199

conceptualizing Tinder effect

, 203–205

conceptualizing Tinder fatigue

, 205–206

future of

, 206

game of

, 200–203

media

, 198

online dating as CMC phenomenon

, 199–200

Dating and Having Sex theme

, 186–187

Deaf Collective

, 341

Deaf community

, 347

Deaf creators

, 341

TikTok and

, 343

Deaf Critical Theory (DeafCrit)

, 341, 343–344

audism

, 344

#DeafAndHOHCommunity

, 347

#DeafTalent

, 342

#DeafTok

, 349–350

Death

communication

, 118–119

systems

, 117

Decentralized app (dApp)

, 602–603

Deception in online dating

, 163–165

Deep learning

, 519

Degree centrality

, 574

Deindividuation

, 366

Dementia

, 451–452

Depression

, 270

Design thinking (DT)

, 609, 613–615

and active learner, service learning

, 618–620

in active learning environment, service learning and

, 616–618

data collection and analysis

, 612–613

in education

, 610–612

innovation through collaboration and active learning

, 613–614

innovation through individualized application and collaborative problem solving

, 615

innovation through scaffolding concepts with industry partners

, 614–615

Maryland book bank virtual book drive

, 613

method

, 612–613

participants

, 612

results

, 613–615

theoretical framework

, 609–610

urban digital analytics fellowship program

, 608–609

Desire for action

, 92

Diasporic ethnic groups in Europe

, 213

Diffusion of innovations paradigm

, 30

Digital affordances of online dating

, 165–166

Digital analytics

, 613–614

Digital capitalism

, 517

Digital communities

, 359–360

Digital fellows

, 613–614

Digital media

, 359–360

Digital memorials

, 117

Digital misinformation

, 511

Digital public relations

, 608

Digital remains on SNS

, 133

Digital signal processing

algorithms

, 590–591

sonic interaction through

, 599–600

Digital storytelling

, 494, 509

adapting to change in

, 496

communications professionals

, 505–506

emergence of user-generated content

, 495

need for more user-friendly content

, 504

in public relations space

, 502–504

relationship building with

, 495

reputation in

, 496

shift to digital communications

, 495

strong relationships come from meeting audiences’ needs

, 496–501

value and use in emerging technologies

, 493–494

Digital technology

, 275, 493

Digital transformation

, 4

of romance

, 200

Digital well-being

, 687–688

Digital wellness

, 687–688

Digital zombies

, 134

Disability and social media

, 341–342

Disaster Management Act

, 5–6

Discursive approach

, 634

Disenfranchised grief and SMM

, 127–128

Disinformation

, 67–68, 71, 74, 103, 105, 511, 688

combating

, 519–521

examples of

, 512–513

and health crisis

, 72–73

proliferation of

, 512–515

social media and

, 74

theory of content consistency

, 520–521

types of

, 514

Disinhibition

, 391

Display level

, 521

Dissing

, 391

Distributive tactics

, 53, 58

Distrust

, 67–68

Diversity

of dating services

, 199

and social media communication

, 7–9

Tweets

, 216–219

Do-it-yourself health apps

, 641

Documentaries

, 272

Doppelganger effect and mimicry

, 325

Dot device

, 484

Downward comparisons

, 326

Dubbed Call and Response

, 597

eBay

, 38–39

E-cigarettes

, 571

E-commerce websites

, 38–39

Ebola

outbreaks

, 75

vaccination

, 86

Echo chambers

, 518

“Economy of visibility”

, 143

Edible-related tweets

central keywords appearing in network

, 580

descriptive statistics of degree

, 581

empirical findings from

, 573–575

frequently appearing words

, 578

LIWC

, 575

N-gram analysis

, 574

results of semantic network analysis

, 579

results of semantic network analysis of

, 576

results of Tri-gram analysis

, 577, 581

semantic network analysis

, 574

social media conversations about edibles

, 571–572

Education, design thinking in

, 610–612

Elderly

, 451–452

patient care

, 457–458

Elders

, 451–452

Electronic bulletin boards (EEB)

, 241

Electronic sports

, 271–274, 279–280, 282, 397–398

fast food integrations and corporate social responsibility in

, 404–405

matrix

, 279–280

rise of

, 274

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM)

, 4–5, 37, 534

case study on Ceci CChen

, 42

community

, 44–45

creators’ content and

, 41–42

credibility

, 45

freedom

, 43

research and applications

, 37–39

social media and

, 39–45

strategy

, 42–43

Elevator pitch approach

, 500

Email

, 270

Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media, The

, 4

Emoji responses

, 110

Emotion(al)

contagion

, 519

process

, 118

rubberneckers

, 129–130

rules

, 125

social support

, 25

“Emotional regimes”

, 126

Energy drink

applying Barcelona Principles 3. 0 to energy drinks in online gaming category

, 407–408

partnerships in gaming industry

, 405–408

Energy Management System (EMS)

, 484

“Entrepreneurial femininity”

, 306

Envy

, 324

Epidemic Diseases Act

, 86

Erosion of trust

, 512–515

Esports. See Electronic sports

Eternal remembrance

, 123–124

Ethereum (ETH)

, 597–599

network

, 598–599

Ethical codes

AI ethical codes

, 645–646

health care ethics codes

, 645

PR ethical codes

, 644–645

Ethical landscapes

, 653–654

Ethical practice

, 17

Ethics

, 653–654

of data

, 487–488

and public relations professionals

, 656–657

Ethics Guide to Artificial Intelligence

, 639–640

“Evolution of Ethics”

, 639

Exchange relationship

, 289

Exclusion

, 380–381, 391

Exhibition

, 147

Expertise

, 327

Explicability

, 54–55, 400, 656–657

External leisure displacement

, 23

Eye gaze

, 163

Fabricated content

, 514–515

Face-to-face conflict

, 58

communication

, 53

Face-to-face interaction (FtF interaction)

, 161

Facebook

, 4–6, 10, 16, 21, 23–24, 28, 37, 39, 113, 253, 270–271, 277–278, 280–281, 378–379, 400, 419–421, 432, 434–437, 452–453, 532, 607, 617

advertisement

, 614

aging adults on

, 460

Assessment Index

, 278

business model

, 628–629

marijuana-related posts on

, 571

Messenger

, 21

News Feed

, 629

Facebook Ad setup workshop

, 615

Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD)

, 415

Facebook Ads Business Manager (digital analytics platforms)

, 608–609

Fake news

, 511–513, 685

characterization of

, 513–514

conceptualizing fake news dissemination

, 515–517

contributes to fake news dissemination

, 517–519

detection via artificial intelligence

, 519–521

typology of

, 514–515

False connection

, 514–515

False context

, 514–515

Falsity

, 67–68

Family

caregivers

, 86

family-centered communication

, 86

Fan(s)

, 273, 277, 282

engagement

, 273–274

Fantastical authenticity

, 147–148

Fantasy Mania

, 274

Fantasy sports

, 280–282

FarmersOnly

, 160

Fast food integrations in eSports

, 404–405

FBI

, 251

Fear missing out (FOMO)

, 686

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

, 28, 41, 489, 628–629

Feminist transnational visual inquiry

, 144–145, 154

Feminist transnationalism

, 141

Fictional stories

, 272–273

“Filter bubble”

, 532

Filtering mechanism

, 533

Finance department

, 593

First Amendment

, 278

FIVE 5G Network

, 14, 275–276, 481–482, 485

Flaming

, 391

Followers

, 291–292

For You Page (#FYP)

, 342–343

Framing in social media networks

, 254–255

Fraping

, 391–392

Freedom of YouTubers

, 43

“Freemium”

model

, 273

monetization principle

, 203

Full-time SMIs

, 294

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

, 364

Gab (social media platforms)

, 104

Gambling sports

, 280, 282

Game of dating

, 200–203

Games-Howell post hoc tests

, 541

Gamification

, 7, 201–202

Gaming

, 272–273

Gaslighting

, 380

GDIC TV (web-based performance platforms)

, 591

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 488

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 630

Generation X (Gen X)

, 21, 28–29, 452–453

Generation Z

, 40–41, 272

Genre

of content

, 348

of information

, 511

Geodesic distance

, 256

“Ghen Cô Vy” (song)

, 88–89

Gig economy

, 592–593

Gillis, Shane

, 370

GitHub

, 634

GLAAD (media monitoring organization)

, 179

Global Alliance of Public Relations and Communication Management

, 627

Global Communications Report

, 639

Global health pandemic

, 275

Global North

, 142–143

Global pandemic, social context of

, 4–6

“Global societal virus”

, 253

Global South

, 142–143

GlobalGiving projects

, 404–405

Going viral concept

, 343

Goodreads

, 21

Google

, 168, 421, 485, 495, 617, 689

in design thinking

, 609

Google AdSense

, 4–5, 45

Google Alerts

, 419

Google Analytics

, 608–609

Google Form

, 346

Google Home

, 420

Google Plus

, 436–437

Home device

, 484

GoPros

, 281–282

Government

communication response strategies

, 87

response to government communication

, 90–91

Government of India (GoI)

, 5–6

GPS tracking devices

, 281

Gratifications

, 4, 22, 432

‘Grid’(electrical network)

, 482

Grief

, 118

appropriation

, 122

expression and management

, 120

policing influencing SMM

, 125–130

tourists

, 129–130

trolls

, 129–130

Group gain

, 449

Guardians of the Galaxy (Gunn)

, 367

Guitar Center

, 591–592

Gundykunst, William

, 392

Gunn, James

, 367, 369–370

Habit

, 26–27

Habitual communication

, 124–125

Harassment

, 379, 392

Harry Potter book series (Rowling)

, 367

Hashtag

activism

, 342

functions

, 10

Head-related transfer functions (HRTF)

, 602

Health care

, 641–642

AI within health care industry

, 642–643

ethics codes

, 645

Health crisis, disinformation and

, 72–73

Health equality

, 643–644

Healthcare

and social media

, 453–455

social media perspectives from aging adults

, 455–457

workers

, 107

High-density sonification (HDS)

, 601

historically marginalized groups

, 342

HIV/AIDS

, 75

#hoh (hard of hearing)

, 347

Homans’ social exchange theory

, 449

Home automation

, 483

systems

, 483

Home security

, 483

Home-Mini device

, 484

Home-school communication

, 464

Homophily theory

, 251

in social media networks

, 254–255

Hook-up services

, 197

Horseracing

, 280

Hubspot (Software company)

, 617

Hulu

, 272

Human communication

, 511

Human computer interaction (HCI)

, 3–4

Human development

, 386

Human-Machine Communication (HMC)

, 559

I Hear NY 4D project

, 602

IBM

, 276, 417, 485, 689

“Ice-bucket” challenge

, 106–107

Identity

, 310–311

building on TikTok

, 351–352

strategies and tactics of

, 312–313

“If-then” logic protocols

, 533

Image-based social media platforms

, 324

iMessage

, 55–56

Immigration tweets

, 220–226

celebrating Latino Journalists’ tweets

, 223–224

jobs and mentoring tweets

, 225–226

Palabra and resources tweets

, 226

Puerto Rico tweets

, 222–223

Immortality

communication

, 119, 123

continued social actors and eternal remembrance

, 123–124

SMM communication

, 123–124

Imposter content

, 514–515

Impressions

, 399

In-depth interviews

, 431–432

during COVID-19 pandemic

, 501

In-depth qualitative interviews

, 309

Independent podcasters

, 432–433

Independent sports podcasters

community

, 437–439

findings

, 436–443

independent podcasters

, 432–433

literature review

, 432–435

methodology

, 435–436

new development

, 442–443

no soliciting

, 441–442

podcasting and social media

, 433–435

Twitter Town Square

, 439–441

India fights corona on social media platforms

literature review

, 87–91

method

, 91–92

pandemic events

, 92–93

research questions

, 91–92

response to government communication

, 90–91

risk communication

, 89

risk communication through Twitter and response

, 89–90

role of social media

, 88–89

sentimental analysis related to Tweets

, 94–95, 97

themes and topics

, 93

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

, 86

Individual journalists role

, 236–237

Individual’s subjective well-being

, 324

Individualized application, innovation through

, 615

Industry-wide AI ethical considerations

, 673–674

Influencer and online gaming measurement

, 402–404

Influencer content

, 324

Influencer marketing

, 288, 297, 299–300, 323–324, 327

persuasion process of

, 324

Influencer(s)

, 290–292, 306–307, 359–360

cancel culture and

, 360–362

case studies

, 367–370

in driving behavior

, 328

local

, 310

methods

, 309–317

nano-& micro-influencers

, 305, 307–308

U&G theory

, 308

Influencer–brand relationship

, 288–289, 292–293

assessing defining characteristics of

, 296

data collection and sample information

, 294–297

future research

, 299–300

influencer perceptions of brand partner relationships

, 296

influencers and followers

, 291–292

job satisfaction and

, 296–297

measures and scale reliability

, 295

recommendations for brands

, 298–299

relationship management theory

, 289–290

research questions

, 293–294

social media influencers

, 290–291

Infodemic

, 6, 9, 87, 103, 107

Information

, 511

Information Accountability Foundation (IAF)

, 488

Information box (info-box)

, 45

Innovation

through collaboration and active learning

, 613–614

through individualized application and collaborative problem solving

, 615

through scaffolding concepts with industry partners

, 614–615

Innovative communication channels

, 493–494

Inquiry into self-(re)presentation

, 142–144

Instafamous phenomenon

, 40–41, 327–328

Instagram

, 4–6, 16, 21, 30, 37, 39–41, 104, 202, 277, 307, 323–324, 343, 400, 420–421, 434–437, 614

advertisement

, 614

aging adults on

, 460

story

, 46

Institute for Public Relations

, 288

Integrated technology adoption model

, 4

Integrated Technology Adoption Model

, 22

Integrated technology adoption paradigm

, 27, 30–31

Integrative Evaluative framework

, 401

Integrative tactics

, 53, 58

Intensive English Centers (IEC)

, 466, 470

Intentional communication

, 72

technology adoption model

, 27

Inter-coder reliability

, 257

Inter-mass gratifications for social media

, 30

Interledger Protocol

, 597

International Advertising Association (IAA)

, 673–674

International Association for Measurement and Evaluation of Communication (AMEC)

, 400

International Institute of Marketing Professionals (IIMP)

, 673–674

International Public Relations Association (IPRA)

, 673–674

Internet

, 213, 270, 686

Internet ghosts

, 133

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 14, 481–483, 485, 487, 685

bad

, 487

ethics of data

, 487–488

future advancement

, 486–490

good

, 487

personal devices & interaction

, 485–486

privacy of data

, 488–489

security of data

, 489–490

smart cities

, 482

smart homes

, 482–484

Internet Research Agency (IRA)

, 74

Internet-connected objects

, 482–483

Interpersonal communication theory (IPC theory)

, 159, 167, 170, 270

Interpersonal conflict

, 5

Interpersonal influence

, 287

Interpersonal interactions

, 51–52

“Interrelationship between sport and social media”

, 276

Intracommunity dynamics

, 243

Investment Model

, 169–170

iPhone

, 160

“Isolation pressure”

, 362

Janky promoter colloquialism

, 593

JDate

, 160

“Jealous Coronavirus” (song)

, 88–89

Jetsons, The

, 483

Job

and influencer–brand relationship

, 296–297

job-related factors

, 297

satisfaction

, 294

tweets

, 225–226

Journalism

, 531

domain level

, 521

functions

, 233

scholars

, 233

society’s expectations of

, 533

Judging

, 380

Key opinion leaders (KOLs)

, 46–47

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)

, 142–143, 145

Knight Foundation

, 671

Knowledge-based fact-checking system

, 519

Label

, 511

Language background other than English students (LBOTE students)

, 466

Language modalities and TikTok features

, 348

Laredo Blogger Society (LBS)

, 316

Latino Americano

, 215

Latino community

, 213

Latinx journalists

, 214–215

and #MoreLatinosInNews

, 216

diversity Tweets

, 216–219

LDA Algorithm

, 91–92

LDA Topic Modeling

, 92–93

League Baseball

, 275

Legacy contacts and memorials

, 133–134

Legitimacy

, 464

LGBTQ+ representation

, 179–180

Lifescale (Solis)

, 687–688

Linear storytelling

, 494

Linguistic diversity of students

, 474

Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC)

, 575

LinkedIn

, 378–379, 420, 689

Linkfluence

, 404

Listening

, 464–465

“Live”

, 594–595

Local influencer

, 310

identity

, 310–311

networks

, 316

work

, 312–313

Location-based real time dating applications (LBRT dating applications)

, 7, 198

Lockdown

, 273–274

Loneliness

, 270

Los Angeles Times

, 217–218

Mac laptop

, 55–56

Machine learning (ML). See also Active learning

, 482, 485, 519–521, 677

Machine-To-Machine (M2M)

, 485–486

MailChimp (email marketing company)

, 614–615, 617

Mainstream media

, 235–236

Malinformation

, 105

Man-made disasters

, 124

Manipulated content

, 514–515

Manipulative approach

, 634

Manual coding

, 91–92

Marco Polo

, 21

Marijuana

edible products

, 570–571

marijuana-related posts on Facebook

, 571

Marketing. See also Influencer marketing

, 3

Marketplace of attention, audience engagement in

, 536–537

Maryland Book Bank virtual book drive

, 613

Maskers

, 111

Masquerading

, 392

Mass collaboration

, 619

Mass communication

, 237–238

Match Group

, 200–201

match. com (first online dating website)

, 199

Matching process

, 198

Matchmaking

, 159–160

Me Too movements

, 29

Meanness

, 379

Media

gatekeepers

, 213

measurement

, 400

technologies

, 281–282, 607

Mediated communication

, 392

in life and death

, 6–7

Mediated interpersonal conflict

, 52–53

Medical professionals

, 107

Megan Rapinoe (Soccer star)

, 275

Memorial blogs

, 117

Mental health and social media

, 387, 389, 687–688

Mentoring tweets

, 225–226

Mentorship

, 316

Metaverse

, 686

Michelob ULTRA

, 595

Micro-influencers

, 305–308

in 1955

, 307–308

Micro-transactions

, 273

Microblogging sites

, 270–271

Microcelebrity

, 287, 306

Microsoft

, 595, 689

Middle East North African (MENA)

, 142, 147–148

Millenials

, 28

Millennials

, 40–41

Millennials

, 272

Millennials

, 315

Mimicry, Doppelganger effect and

, 325

Misinformation

, 67–68, 71, 103, 105, 511, 685, 688

combating

, 519–521

coming from all directions

, 70–71

proliferation of

, 512–515

threat to audiences and scientific community

, 71

typologies of

, 512, 514–515

Misleading content

, 514–515

Mixed methods approach

, 215

Mobile data donation

, 5, 54, 62

of couples’ text messages

, 53–56

procedure

, 55–56

sample details

, 55

Mobile dating applications

, 197

Modality switching

, 166–167

Modularity

, 256, 574, 578

Montreal podcasters

, 432

Montréal School (MS)

, 15, 551

MS’s sociotechnical plenum of agencies

, 556–557

MS–based view of agency

, 552–553

Mood management

, 26–27

#MoreLatinosInNews

, 8, 214–215

diversity tweets

, 216–219

immigration tweets

, 220–226

methodology

, 215–216

politics and presidential debate tweets

, 219–220

research findings

, 216–219

Morphological earcon

, 589

Mourning

, 118

evade or acknowledge

, 120

organizational social media

, 130

Multi-modal collections

, 521

Multicultural social media

, 465–466

Multiculturalism

, 463

multiculturalism and government schools in Australia

, 465–466

Multifunctional content

, 646–648

Multimedia

approach

, 343

multimedia-multitasking transmutability

, 29

platforms

, 493–494

Music

, 598–599

space

, 593–594

venue performance contracts center

, 593

Musicians

, 589

Muslim sports women

, 277

Mythbusters

, 107

N-gram analysis

, 574

Name-calling

, 380

Nano-influencers

, 305–308

in 1955

, 307–308

Narrative transportation theory

, 494

National Association of Hispanic Journalists

, 215–216

National Basketball Association (NBA)

, 214

NBA app

, 595

National Independent Venue Association’s pandemic-era survey

, 590

National Institute of Health (NIH)

, 457

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

, 451, 457

CareMore and

, 457–459

Natural disasters

, 124

Natural Language Generation (NLG)

, 689

Natural language processing (NLP)

, 54–55, 485, 519, 625, 676–677

Nature, bullies

, 385–387

Negative emotions

, 324

Netflix

, 269–270

Netflix

, 272, 495

Network

, 310, 316

density

, 256

level

, 521

strategies and tactics of

, 317

Neural network

, 625, 687

New South Wales (NSW)

, 465

official school Facebook pages

, 470–471

other community engagement

, 473

parents and caregivers

, 472–473

school staff

, 472

social media policy for public schools in NSW

, 468–470

students

, 471–472

New South Wales Department of Education (NSW DoE)

, 463, 466

New York Times

, 217

News agenda setting in social media era

citizen journalism

, 236–240

social media in communication, news agencies and organizations

, 233

Twitter as news source

, 234–236

Twitter features as public salience variable

, 240–243

News Feed Optimization (NFO)

, 533

News values

, 534–535

Newsworthiness

, 534–535

Non-fictional stories

, 272–273

Nonadopters of social media

, 30

Nonfungible tokens (NFT)

, 598–599, 687

emergence of

, 687

Nonmillennials

, 272

Noon-Chorus (web-based performance platforms)

, 591

Normalized degree centrality

, 574

North American professional sports

, 280

Novelty

, 539

Nurture, bullies

, 385–387

Objective assessment

, 29

Offline

mourning rules influencing SMM

, 125–130

networking

, 317

Older adults

, 451–452

Older people

, 451–452

Older persons

, 451–452

One-way ANOVA

, 296, 540–541

One-way communication

, 119

One-way SMM communication. See also Two-way SMM communication

, 119

controlling narrative

, 119

evade or acknowledge mourning

, 120

permission for dialogue

, 120

Online asexual representation

asexuality

, 189–190

asexuality research questions

, 183

coming out theme

, 185–186

conceptual links

, 189

culture and representation

, 188–189

dating and having sex theme

, 186–187

literature review

, 179–183

online performance of sexuality

, 181–182

pride/community theme

, 187

questioning

, 185

Reddit as site of research

, 182

research design

, 183–184

results

, 184–189

symbolic annihilation and asexual representation

, 179–181

venting theme

, 187–188

Online communication

, 24, 241, 270

Online communities

, 10, 106, 270, 450

Online dating

, 6–7, 159–160

as CMC phenomenon

, 199–200

current research

, 161–167

deception in

, 163–165

digital affordances of

, 165–166

interpersonal and computer-mediated communication theory

, 167–170

modality switching

, 166–167

research

, 9–10

self-presentation in

, 161–163

services

, 197

technology

, 197

Online gaming measurement, influencer and

, 402–404

Online gatekeeping mechanisms

algorithmic news recommendations and algorithmic gatekeeping

, 532–534

audience engagement in marketplace of attention

, 536–537

click-through likelihood, newsworthiness, and news values

, 534–535

confirmation bias and filter bubble

, 535–536

data collection

, 539–540

limitations and future research

, 545

measurement and success indices to news organizations

, 537–539

online news gatekeeping process

, 543–544

results and analysis

, 540–543

sample

, 538

stimuli

, 539–540

study

, 538–539

Online health support networks

, 25

Online media

, 252

facilitate process

, 251

Online misinformation

, 104

Online news gatekeeping process

, 543–544

Online performance

, 306

of sexuality

, 181–182

Online popularity study

, 287

Online role models

, 180–181

Online self-branding

, 287–288

Online shopping

, 689

Online social capital

, 23

Online social networks

, 27

Online support chatrooms

, 117

Open-ended interview guide

, 321

Openness strategy

, 298

Openrice

, 38–39

OperationMatch

, 198

Opinion leaders

, 287

“Opioid addiction”

, 571

Organization’s social media manager

, 415

Organizational SMM

, 130–132

Organization–public relationships

, 289–290

Outing/doxing

, 392

Over-the-top offerings (OTT offerings)

, 272

Overarching framework

, 520

“Overarching principle”

, 656–657

Paid, earned, shared, and owned media (PESO media)

, 401

Palabra

, 222

and resources tweets

, 226

Pandemic events

, 92–93

Parameter-mapping data sonification (PMDS)

, 601

Parasocial interaction

, 328–329

Parasocial relationships (PSR)

, 4–5, 41, 46, 127

Parental involvement in children’s schooling

, 464

Parents

, 472–473

Paris Climate Agreement

, 243

Parody

, 514–515

Participation

, 55

Passive-aggressive (covert bullying)

, 392

Pathbrite

, 145

Patient-centered communication

, 86

Payment friction

, 592–594

Peer-to-peer communications

, 288

Performance rights organizations (PRO)

, 594

Periscope

, 436–437

Personal ads

, 159–160

Personal devices & interaction

, 485–486

wearables

, 485–486

Personal influence

, 3–4

Personal satisfaction

, 449

“Personalizations”

, 535

Persuasion theories and social media

, 325

Doppelganger effect and mimicry

, 325

Pew Research Center

, 159, 452–453

Physical abuse/bullying

, 392

Piaget, Jean

, 392

Pinterest

, 16, 277, 420–421, 607

Platform-level consistency

, 521

Platforms

, 521

Podcast listenership

, 431

Podcasters

, 433–434

Podcasting and social media

, 433–435

“Podcasting: The Audio Media Revolution” (Spinelli and Dann)

, 433

Polarity

, 94–95

sentiment analysis

, 95

Polarization in social media

, 109, 111

Policy measures

, 85–86

Political communication

, 87, 89

“Political correctness”

, 72

Political cynicism

, 67–68

Political ideology

, 254

Politics and presidential debate tweets

, 219–220

Population

, 648

Post-analysis reporting

, 499

Postfeminism

, 143

Pragmatic learning

, 382

Pre-text processing

, 92

“Prebunking”

, 113

Prescription drugs

, 571

Presentation-tier level

, 521

Pride/Community theme

, 187

Prime storytelling platforms

, 495

Principles of Medical Ethics

, 645

Privacy

, 54–55

concerns

, 122–123

of data

, 488–489

Private monitoring companies

, 404

Problematic social media use (PSMU)

, 329–330

Professional athletes

, 274

Professional communicators

, 654

Professional esports athletes

, 274

Professional journalism

, 8

practices

, 235

Professional musicians

, 592–593

Prominence

, 539

dimension

, 238–239

Propagation

, 515–516

Proximity

, 539

Pseudonyms

, 310

Psychology of cancel culture

, 362–366

Public health

, 73

crises, conspiracy theories during

, 75–76

messages

, 86

messaging

, 88–89

Public online communication analysis

, 241–242

Public Opinion (Lippmann)

, 237–238

Public relations (PR)

, 3, 289, 625–626

agencies

, 660–661

AI in

, 626–627, 658–659

digital storytelling in public relations space

, 502–504

ethical codes

, 644–645

ethics

, 658–659

implications for

, 630–631

implications for

, 664–665

measurement in

, 398–404

peak bodies

, 661, 663, 665–666

practitioners

, 493–494

professionals

, 656–657

scholars

, 402

and social media data economy

, 628–630

Public Relations Society of America (PRSA)

, 289, 487–488, 644, 673–674

Public schools, social media policy for

, 468–470

Public shaming

, 383

Puerto Rico tweets

, 222–223

Purchase decision

, 41–42

Pure Data (Pd)

, 599

“Q Clearance Patriot”

, 252–253

QAnon (Q)

, 251–252, 255

conspiracy theories and online media

, 252

development

, 10

framing

, 255

homophily and framing in social media networks

, 254–255

inter-coder reliability

, 257

methodology

, 256–257

negative frames

, 263–264

QAnon’s conspiracy theories

, 76

research questions

, 255

results

, 257–262

social networks

, 8

topic of discussion in

, 260

on Twitter

, 251

Twitter networks

, 257–259

Qatari influencer

, 148

QSR NVivo NCapture

, 467–468

Qualitative content analysis

, 612–613

Qualtrics^xm Research Panels

, 294

Quantitative content analysis of independent podcasts

, 433

Queer theory

, 179–180

Questioning

, 185

Questionnaires

, 539

Radicalization

, 112–113

Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA)

, 216

Readict

, 21

Real-time social media audience responses

turned into money

, 598–599

turned into sound

, 600–602

Reciprocity

, 256, 449

Recommendation systems

, 532–533

Reddit

, 7, 104, 436–437, 571

asexual representation

, 10

as site of research

, 182

Reflected appraisal

, 392

Refracted publics

, 154–155

Relational/social bullying

, 392

Relationship building with digital storytelling

, 495

Relationship formation

, 121–122

Relationship initiation and development

, 168–169

Relationship management theory

, 289–290

Relationship phenomena observing longitudinally with CMC

, 58–59

Relationships dimensions

, 289

Remote audiences

, 589

sonification

, 591

Replicability

, 400

Reputation in digital storytelling

, 496

Research questions (RQ)

, 91–92, 571–572

Research streams

, 279–281

esports

, 279–280

fantasy sports

, 280–281

gambling and Betting

, 280

Researchers

, 278

role

, 346–347

Resources

stymied social media performance

, 414

tweets

, 226

Respect

, 449

Response to government communication

, 90–91

Retroactive gatekeeping

, 113

Return on Investment (ROI)

, 414

Retweeting

, 242–243

Rewards

, 450

Right to remember

, 122–123

Riot Games

, 404–405

Risk communication

, 89

through twitter and response

, 89–90

Risk communication and community engagement strategies (RCCE strategies)

, 89

Risk communication and community strategies (RCCS)

, 89

Romance, digital transformation of

, 200

Romantic matchmaking services

, 199

Rowling, J. K.

, 367–369

Rudeness

, 379

Rumors

, 512–513

Sampling strategy

, 538

Samsung in design thinking

, 609

Satire

, 514–515

Satisfaction

, 289

Save Our Stages Act (2021)

, 592–593

Savvy marketers

, 399–400

Scaffolding concepts with industry partners

, 613–6145

Schools’ use of social media

cultural diversity

, 473

data and methodology

, 466–468

evidence of schools using social media

, 475–476

findings

, 468–473

infrastructures for engagement

, 468–470

literature review

, 463–466

multicultural social media

, 465–466

schools and social media community engagement

, 464

social media for building trust and valuing diverse voices

, 464–465

Sci-fi (television genre)

, 483

Scientific community

, 71

Screenomics

, 53–54

Search Engine Optimization

, 533

Search engines

, 535

Second death

, 125

Second loss

, 125

Second-screen consumption of sporting events

, 273–274

Second-screen fan engagement

, 271

Security of data

, 489–490

Self-(re)presentation, inquiry into

, 142–144

Self-branding

, 287–288

Self-categorization theory

, 105

Self-check

, 380

Self-identification

, 177

Self-portraits

, 143

Self-presentation

, 143

in online dating

, 161–163

Self-reflexivity

, 146

Self-reported texting behaviors

, 56

Semantic analysis

, 485

Semantic network analysis

, 574

Semi-structured interview guide

, 321

Semiotic theory

, 145–146

Senior citizens

, 451–452

Sensationalized content

, 515

Sensors

, 487

Sensory computer

, 483

Sentiment analysis

, 626

Sentimental analysis related to Tweets

, 94–95, 97

Service learning

approach

, 616

DT and active learner

, 618–620

and DT in active learning environment

, 616–618

project

, 619

tenets of

, 617–618

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

, 85

Sexuality, online performance of

, 181–182

Shaming

, 392

Sign languages

, 346

Signal

, 21

Significant other

, 392

Silenced virtual audiences

, 594–596

Silent generation

, 452–453

“Silver bullet”

, 611

Simulated sports

, 274

Siri (voice assistant)

, 484

“Sistas”

, 595–596

Slack

, 533

Smart cities

, 482

applications

, 482

Smart contracts

, 598–599

Smart devices

, 487

Smart grids

, 482–483

Smart homes

, 482–484

appliances & utilities

, 484

speakers

, 484

Smart meters

, 484

Smart wearables

, 485

Smartphones

, 487

communication

, 51

technology

, 415

Smartwatches

, 486, 489

Snapchat

, 21, 24, 30, 277–278, 378–379, 400, 436–437, 607

Soccer

, 271–272

Social bots

, 518

Social bots

, 549, 551, 558

Social capital and social media

, 22–24

Social Capital Theory

, 4, 22

Social communication

, 381–382

Social comparison (SC)

, 326–327

Social contagion of risky behaviors on social media

, 572–573

Social contagion theory

, 569–570, 573

Social contracts

, 592–594

of global pandemic

, 4–6

Social exchange theory (SET)

, 450

SET and social networks

, 450–451

Social factors

, 28

Social identity

, 26–27, 103

and COVID-19 pandemic

, 108–109

theory

, 105–106, 112

Social influence of risky behaviors on social media

, 572–573

Social learning

, 572

Social learning theory (SLT)

, 383, 392, 569–570, 572

Social media (SM)

, 3–4, 21, 103, 251–252, 269–271, 273, 275, 323–324, 361, 419–420, 455, 569–570, 573, 607–608, 653, 686

acted as “super-spreaders” of malignant information

, 103

addiction

, 329

aging adults and

, 452–453

algorithms and

, 109–110

another task

, 414–415

anxiety

, 329–330

athlete brand

, 275

audience data conversion with call and response

, 596–603

betting, fantasy mania and rise of esports

, 274

bridging industry and academia for social media pedagogy

, 689–690

for building trust and valuing diverse voices

, 464–465

bullies

, 385–387

bullying/cyberbullying

, 379

communication, diversity and

, 7–9

in communication, news agencies and organizations

, 233

concerts

, 589

conspiracy theories and

, 76

conversations about edibles

, 571–572

during COVID-19 pandemic

, 105–109

cyberbullying

, 381–383

deaf people use

, 349

department manager

, 417

disability and

, 341–342

disinformation and

, 74

and eWOM

, 39–45

examiner

, 419

fan everything

, 273–274

fatigue

, 206

future of

, 418–419

by government secondary schools

, 463

healthcare and

, 453–455

homophily and framing in social media networks

, 254–255

integrated technology adoption paradigm

, 27–30

in Kuwait

, 234

limitations and future studies

, 335

listening

, 608

literature review

, 324, 330, 378, 390

management

, 397, 413

manager

, 415

managerial and policy implications

, 334

measurement

, 331, 402

and mental health

, 387, 389, 687–688

method

, 330–332

misinformation and

, 68–71

and monitoring, management

, 397

nature of

, 277, 573

parasocial interaction

, 328–329

participants

, 330

performance platforms

, 596

persuasion theories and social media

, 325

platforms

, 413–414, 418, 535, 589

podcasting and

, 433–435

professionals

, 419

public relations and social media data economy

, 628–630

recommended measures to maintain currency as

, 419–423

research

, 685

research in sport communication context

, 270, 276–277

research questions for future

, 690

results

, 331–332

role in disseminating health crisis information

, 5

scholarship

, 276

self-check

, 380

self-efficacy

, 29

sites

, 180–181

social capital and

, 22–24

social comparison

, 326–327

social identity, COVID-19 pandemic and

, 108–109

social influence and social contagion of risky behaviors on

, 572–573

social media generalist

, 415–416

social support

, 24–25

socioeconomic and sonic divides

, 591–596

source characteristics

, 327–328

specialists, team of

, 416–418

in sport industry

, 271–275

state of sports industry

, 271–272

study design and procedure

, 330

team

, 416–418

theories

, 3–4

theory of reasoned action and social norms

, 325–326

today

, 419

tools

, 16, 607

as tools

, 277

types of bullying

, 380–381

ubiquitous in digital environment

, 69

uses and gratifications from social media

, 25–27

variety of sports-related content

, 272–273

and viral disinformation spread

, 103–105

Social media influencers (SMIs)

, 270–271, 287, 290–291, 300, 359–360

entrepreneurial nature of

, 294

power of

, 288

prevalence of

, 288–289

Social media mourning (SMM)

, 118

CMC and

, 119–120

disenfranchised grief and

, 127–128

grief policing and offline mourning rules influencing

, 125–130

one-way SMM communication

, 119

two-way SMM communication

, 120–123

Social Network Analysis (SNA)

, 265

Social networking sites (SNS)

, 6, 117, 270–271, 378–379, 607

digital remains on SNS

, 133

legacy contacts and memorials

, 133–134

responded to social media mourners

, 132–134

Social networks

, 4, 21

SET and

, 450–451

Social norms

, 569–570, 572

theory of reasoned action and

, 325–326

Social Research Agenda in Sport Comm

, 281–282

Social shopping

, 420–421

Social studio (digital analytics platforms)

, 608–609

Social support constructs

, 4, 22, 24–25

Social Voyeurism

, 26

Socialization

cultural

, 382–383

Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)

, 673–674

Socio-technological approaches

, 625

Solidarity

, 86

Sonic interaction through digital signal processing

, 599–600

Sonic parameters

, 599

Sonification

, 601

maps data

, 599

Sonified social media audience interaction

, 602–603

Sorting mechanism

, 533

Sound

, 596

real-time social media audience responses turned into

, 600–602

SoundCloud

, 21

Source similarity

, 328

Speakers

, 484

Spearman’s correlation

, 56–57

Sponsors

, 598

Sports

, 269

communication

, 270, 274

communication literature

, 270

communication literature

, 278

industry

, 281

industry, state of

, 271–272

law

, 270

marketing

, 270

organizations

, 271

sector

, 269–270

social media trends in sport industry

, 271–275

variety of sports-related content

, 272–273

Spotify

, 202, 420

Sprout social (digital analytics platforms)

, 608–609

StageIt (web-based performance platforms)

, 591

Starbucks’ social media

, 416–417

“Start Concert”

, 603

State censorship of social media

, 28

State Education Research Applications Process (SERAP)

, 467

Stimuli

, 539–540

“Stop Concert”

, 603

Storytelling

, 493–494, 496

in digital media

, 494

Structuration Theory (ST)

, 15, 551–552

Student-athletes

, 278

“Subjectification”

, 143

Subjective assessment

, 29

Subjectivity

, 95–97

sentiment analysis

, 96

“SubReddits”

, 7, 10

Superlike

, 202–203

Support

, 86

Surveillance

, 26

Swiping

, 202

Symbolic annihilation

, 179–181

System factors

, 28

Systematic analysis

, 341–342

T-Shaped approach

, 419

Tangible/material bullying

, 392

Technology

factors

, 29

fluidity

, 29

in relationships

, 51

‘Tele-everything’

, 486

Telegram

, 21

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

, 570

Text message-based conflict

, 58

Text-messages

, 270

Text-mining process

, 91–92

Texting’s editability

, 52–53

Textual analysis

, 345

#TheBarriersWeFace

, 342

Thematic analysis

, 346, 436

Theory of Content Consistency (ToCC)

, 14, 511–512, 520–521

Theory of reasoned action and social norms

, 325–326

Threats

, 380

to audiences

, 71

TikTok (video-sharing app)

, 4–6, 16, 30, 277, 323–324, 341, 378–379, 400, 420–422, 607

building brand on

, 350–351

building identity on

, 351–352

and Deaf Creators

, 343

language modalities and TikTok features

, 348

navigating identities and communities on

, 349–350

Timbre

, 596

analysis and classification toolkit for pure data

, 601–602

Timeliness

, 539

Tinder (mobile-first online dating application)

, 168, 197–198, 200, 203

Tinder effect

, 7, 197–198

conceptualizing

, 203–205

Tinder fatigue

, 7, 197–198

conceptualizing

, 205–206

Tobacco

, 571

Topic modeling

, 92

Tracking applications

, 483

Traditional linear storytelling

, 494

Traditional matchmaking

, 159–160

Traditional media

, 119

on Twitter

, 234–235

Traditional mourning

, 126

Traditional WOM

, 37–38

Trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF)

, 368

Transaction per-second (TPS)

, 599

TranscribeMe

, 310

Transformational technology

, 275–276

Transgender women

, 368

Transnationalism

, 141

Transparency. See Explicability

Trickery

, 392

Trolling

, 392

Trolls

, 550–551

ST view of

, 553–556

True Biz Deaf

#DeafTok

, 349–350

building brand on TikTok

, 350–351

building identity on TikTok

, 351–352

content themes

, 348–349

creator identity

, 347

data analysis

, 346–347

DeafCrit

, 343–344

disability and social media

, 341–342

findings

, 347–349

genre of content

, 348

language modalities and TikTok features

, 348

limitations and future research

, 352–353

methodology

, 343–344

role of researchers

, 346–347

sample

, 345–346

textual analysis and data collection

, 345

TikTok

, 342–343

TikTok and Deaf Creators

, 343

Trust

, 289

erosion

, 512–515

social media for building

, 464–465

Trustworthiness

, 327–328

Twitch

, 279, 436–437, 443

streamers

, 404

Twitter

, 4–6, 10, 16, 21, 28, 39–40, 85, 104, 233, 252, 254, 270–271, 277, 280–281, 343, 378–379, 420, 432, 434–437, 532, 535, 569, 607

aging adults on

, 460

at English-and Spanish-language television stations

, 214

features as public salience variable

, 240–243

networks

, 262

as news source

, 234–236

QAnon social networks on

, 251

risk communication through Twitter and response

, 90

ties

, 256

traditional media on

, 234

used by most journalists

, 213

Twitter Town Square

, 439–441

Two-step flow in communication

, 307

Two-way communication

, 119

Two-way SMM communication. See also One-way SMM communication

, 120–123

community sharing

, 121

relationship formation

, 121–122

right to remember and privacy concerns

, 122–123

“Tyrune”

, 595–596

Ubiquity of energy drink marketing

, 406–407

Unacknowledged relationships

, 128–129

Unconscious biases

, 641

Understandability. See Explicability

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 142, 145

United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 488

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

, 381

Unobtrusive observational approaches

, 5

case study of couples’ interpersonal conflict

, 57–60

correspondence of self-reports and mobile data

, 56–57

impact and future research

, 60–62

mediated interpersonal conflict

, 52–53

mobile data donation of couples’ text messages

, 53–56

Unrecognized losses

, 128–129

Upward comparison

, 326

Urban digital analytics fellowship program

, 608–609

US Senate Judiciary Committee

, 550

Use factors

, 29–30

User well-being

, 324

User-friendly content

, 504

User-generated content

, 343

emergence of

, 495

Uses and Gratifications theory (U&G theory)

, 25, 30, 308, 519

from social media

, 25–27

Value of relationship

, 450–451

Valuing diverse voices, social media for

, 464–465

Vaxxers

, 111

Venting theme

, 187–188

Verbal abuse

, 393

“Victim”

, 379

Video recordings

, 159–160

Video surveillance

, 483

Viral content

, 9

Viral cues

, 324

Viral disinformation spread, social media and

, 103–105

Virality Oracle

, 533

Virtual communities

, 3–4

Virtual funerals

, 117

Virtual reality (VR)

, 271–272, 275

Virtual reality spectatorship (VRS)

, 27

Virtual worlds

, 117

Visibility game

, 307

Visual art

, 598–599

“Visual atmosphere”

, 591

Visual cues

, 162

Visual inquiry

, 141, 146, 151

Visually-oriented platforms

, 30

Vygotsky, Lev

, 393

War against unknown virus

, 93

Washington Post

, 105, 217, 533

Wattpad

, 21

Wearable IoT

, 485–486

Wearable manufacturers act

, 486

Wearables

, 485–487

Web 2. 0 platforms

, 276, 393

Web 3. 0

, 597

Web pages

, 270

Web3

, 687

Website/blog

, 280–281

Weibo

, 278

Welch’s ANOVA

, 296

Well-being

, 327

consumers’ well-being

, 332

individual’s subjective

, 324

user

, 324

Western-style democracies

, 114

WhatsApp

, 21, 88, 277

‘White-collar hobbyists’

, 592

Wi-Fi

, 485–486

“Wicked problems”

, 610

Wine’d Up podcast

, 437–438

Withholding

, 380

Word-of-mouth (WOM)

, 37–38

WordIJ software

, 574

Work

, 310, 312–313

strategies and tactics of

, 315–316

World Economic Forum

, 511

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 5, 67, 85, 87–88, 103–104, 511, 642

Yelp

, 38–39

YouTube

, 4–5, 9, 16, 37, 39, 104, 270–271, 280–281, 400, 436–437, 571, 591–592, 607

TV

, 273

videos

, 397

videos and influencers

, 308

YouTube eWOM (vWOM)

, 9, 41

Zero-order correlations

, 580–582

Zika outbreaks

, 75

Zoom app

, 310, 612–613