Prelims
The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa
ISBN: 978-1-80071-303-1, eISBN: 978-1-80071-302-4
Publication date: 21 January 2022
Citation
Madichie, N.O. and Hinson, R.E. (2022), "Prelims", The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xix. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-302-420211010
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited
Half Title Page
The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa
Title Page
The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa
BY
NNAMDI O. MADICHIE
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria and Bloomsbury Institute, UK
AND
ROBERT EBO HINSON
University of Ghana, Ghana and Lincoln International Business School, UK
United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China
Copyright Page
Emerald Publishing Limited
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First edition 2022
Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-80071-303-1 (Print)
ISBN: 978-1-80071-302-4 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-80071-304-8 (Epub)
Dedication Page
I would like to dedicate this book to my lovely family. My son Obinna who spurred the need for another book after taking to a previous one on digital entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. To the women in my life – Lynda, my dear wife and Nnenna my daughter, keep being you and remain the creative sparks in our home. To my mum, sister and rest of the Madichie family, thanks for your support.
Nnamdi O. Madichie
I would like to dedicate this book to the beautiful female pillars in my life. From my nuclear family, my wife Duchess and daughter Faith. From my extended family, my mother Frederica, sisters, Isabella and Shirley-Ann; and grandmother Eudora. I love you all. God bless and keep you all!
Robert Ebo Hinson
Contents
List of Tables and Figures | xi |
About the Authors | xiii |
Foreword | xv |
Preface | xvii |
Part I. The Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa | |
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa | 3 |
1.1: Introduction | 3 |
1.2: The Creative Industries | 4 |
1.3: International Business | 5 |
1.4: Synopsis of Competing Books | 6 |
1.5: Organisation of the Book | 8 |
1.6: Summary and Conclusions | 9 |
Chapter 2: Challenges and Opportunities of Africa’s Creative Industries | 13 |
2.1: Introduction | 13 |
2.2: Challenges of the Creative Industries in Africa | 14 |
2.2.1: Vulnerability and Resilience | 16 |
2.3: Opportunities for Africa’s Creative Industries | 18 |
2.3.1: Canal+ and MultiChoice | 21 |
2.4: Creative Economy Outlook and Country Profiles | 21 |
2.5: Summary and Conclusions | 24 |
Part II. Strategies for Developing Africa’s Creative Industries | |
Chapter 3: The African Creative Industry in a Free Trade Area | 29 |
3.1: Introduction | 29 |
3.2: Creative Industries in the AfCFTA | 30 |
3.2.1: The AfCFTA and the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) | 34 |
3.2.2: The Africa Regional Integration Index (ARII 2019) | 34 |
3.3: AfCFTA Lockdown Webinars | 36 |
3.4: AfCFTA and the Nigerian Creative Industries | 38 |
3.4.1: Trade of Goods/Services | 39 |
3.4.2: AfCFTA and IPRs | 39 |
3.5: Summary and Conclusions | 40 |
Chapter 4: Re-engaging with Europe and the Commonwealth in a post-Brexit Era | 43 |
4.1: Introduction | 43 |
4.2: Europe and the West – African Art Investments and Challenges | 43 |
4.3: Creative Industries and the Commonwealth Advantage | 46 |
4.3.1: The CBWN | 47 |
4.3.2: Commonwealth and Diasporic Engagement | 47 |
4.3.3: Universal Music Group (UMG) – Partnering with Small Business | 48 |
4.4: African Creative Industries: The Sleeping Giant | 51 |
4.5: Fashionomics Africa and the African Development Bank (AfDB) | 52 |
4.6: Summary and Conclusions | 52 |
Part III. Digitalisation and African Creative industries | |
Chapter 5: Africa in the Age of Digitalisation | 57 |
5.1: Introduction | 57 |
5.2: Overview of the Creative Industries and Digitisation in Africa | 59 |
5.3: Advertising and Digitisation | 59 |
5.4: Forced Digitisation of the Creative Industries | 61 |
5.4.1: The Case of Nigeria | 61 |
5.4.2: The Case of Ghana | 63 |
5.5: Brand and Rebranding of the Creative Economy | 63 |
5.6: Africa’s Creative Industries and the Global Value Chain | 64 |
5.7: Summary and Conclusions | 68 |
Chapter 6: The Legal Landscape and Challenges | 71 |
6.1: Introduction | 71 |
6.2: Intellectual Property in Africa | 72 |
6.2.1: IPRs in Kenya | 73 |
6.2.2: IPRs in Rwanda | 74 |
6.2.3: IPRs in Ghana | 75 |
6.2.4: IPRs in Tanzania | 77 |
6.2.5: IPRs in Botswana | 80 |
6.2.6: IPRs in Nigeria | 82 |
6.3: Summary and Conclusions | 85 |
Part IV. Best Practice Case Studies | |
Chapter 7: Value Co-creation of Places and Spaces in Africa’s Creative Hubs | 91 |
7.1: Introduction | 91 |
7.2: Creative Hubs | 92 |
7.3: African Tech Hubs Building a Budding Culture of Innovation | 93 |
7.3.1: CcHub Nigeria | 95 |
7.3.2: South African Cultural Observatory | 97 |
7.3.3: Starplace Hub | 98 |
7.3.4: Playable City Lagos | 99 |
7.4: Other Places and Spaces: A Sectoral Journey | 100 |
7.4.1: African Literature Sub-sector | 100 |
7.4.2: Music Sub-sector | 101 |
7.4.3: The Fashion Sub-sector | 102 |
7.4.4: Design Spaces – Design Indaba South Africa | 103 |
7.4.5: Art Galleries and Cultural Centres | 104 |
7.5: Conclusions | 107 |
Chapter 8: Country Level Case Studies | 109 |
8.1: Introduction | 109 |
8.2: Sectoral Mapping of the African Creative Industries | 109 |
8.2.1: Film Festival in Burkina Faso | 109 |
8.2.2: Art Fairs, Galleries and Museums – The AGMs | 110 |
8.2.3: Photography in Mali | 111 |
8.2.4: Somalia photography – Changing Perceptions and Narratives | 115 |
8.3: Animation in Africa | 117 |
8.3.1: Animation in Ghana | 117 |
8.3.2: Animation in Nigeria | 117 |
8.3.3: Animation in Djibouti | 118 |
8.4: Forging Partnerships in Africa | 118 |
8.4.1: Partnerships in Zimbabwe | 118 |
8.4.2: Partnerships in Mozambique | 119 |
8.4.3: Partnerships in Zambia | 120 |
8.5: Streaming Services | 123 |
8.5.1: Netflix in Africa | 123 |
8.5.2: Amazon Prime and African Animation Projects | 124 |
8.5.3: Spotify in Africa | 126 |
8.5.4: Twitter and Jack Dorsey | 127 |
8.6: Digital Publishing | 128 |
8.7: Mobile/Video Games in Africa | 129 |
8.8: Summary and Conclusions | 129 |
Part V. Back to the Future | |
Chapter 9: The Future of Africa’s Creative Industries | 135 |
9.1: Introduction | 135 |
9.2: The Changing Landscape of the Creative Economy | 136 |
9.2.1: Towards More Collaborative Cultural Governance | 136 |
9.2.2: Changing the Focus from Urban to Rural | 137 |
9.2.3: MyAfCFTA Nodes: Localising Creative Business Support in Africa | 138 |
9.3: Creative Industries and the Sustainable Development Goals | 140 |
9.4: Getting Animated – African Creative Industries144 | 144 |
9.5: Playing to the Gallery. | 145 |
9.6: Confronting ‘Wicked’ Problems through WikiAfrica | 146 |
9.7: Conclusions | 147 |
Appendix | 153 |
Index | 163 |
List of Tables and Figures
Tables | ||
Table 2.1 | Country Export Destinations (Creative Goods). | 23 |
Table 3.1 | Getting to Grips with the ARII. | 35 |
Table 4.1 | Restitution and Europe. | 44 |
Table 5.1 | Jacon Osinachi Crypto Artist. | 66 |
Table 6.1 | ORG IP Classification. | 75 |
Table 6.2 | Factors for Partial Copyright Industries in Tanzania. | 80 |
Table 6.3 | IP Legal Frameworks and Institutions. | 84 |
Table 7.1 | Animation Research: Callus Chronicles. | 94 |
Table 7.2 | Fisayo Longe – Nigerian Fashion Designer. | 103 |
Table 8.1 | Pan African Heritage World Museum Ghana. | 112 |
Table 8.2 | The Javett Art Centre at the University of Pretoria (Javett–UP). | 113 |
Table 8.3 | Meeting Mdundo. | 125 |
Table 9.1 | Categorisations of the Creative Industries. | 136 |
Table 9.2 | The Andela Story – A Remote Pan-African Model. | 139 |
Table 9.3 | Boomplay – Not a Plaything. | 140 |
Table 9.4 | SDG Scenarios. | 143 |
Table A-1 | A Decade of The Callus Chronicles on African Animation (2010–2019) | 158 |
Table A-2 | Goge Africa Worldwide | 160 |
Figure | ||
Figure 6.1 | Contribution of Copyright Industries in Botswana (African Comparison). | 81 |
About the Authors
Nnamdi O. Madichie is a Professor of Marketing at the Unizik Business School, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria; Research Fellow at the Bloomsbury Institute in London; and Graduate Research Fellow at the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Robert Ebo Hinson is a Professor at the Department of Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana, and a Visiting Professor at the Department of Marketing and Tourism, Lincoln International Business School, Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom. He holds a DPhil in Marketing from the University of Ghana and a PhD in International Business from the Aalborg University Business School in Denmark.
Foreword
My sincere gratitude to the authors for the privilege and opportunity afforded me to write the foreword on this pioneering book project. The book, Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa, is clearly a pioneering project that showcases the ‘beatitudes’, and ‘pain points’, of a sector at the forefront of African development both economically and socially.
From an economic standpoint, the book highlights how decent work especially among the burgeoning youth population and other vulnerable groups have harnessed their pent up talent to make themselves relevant beyond seeking the so-called ‘white collar’ jobs behind desks in multinational corporations. It provides a call to getting hands dirty by monetizing raw talent from arts and crafts to everything digital – animation and games, photography, film, music and streaming.
On the social front, these talents have been able to bring about the much needed change aligning with the slogan of ‘The Africa We Want’. Across the book, there are clear examples of the African story told from the eyes of Africa cutting across the continent and with some strong messages for custodians of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, as well as investors aligned with the initiatives of the African Development Bank (especially in the area of fashion), and Commonwealth – whether through the British Council and its Playable Cities project.
Although the book provides a broad coverage of the sector from intellectual property rights to digital pivoting of film, music and photography, it is Chapter 8 that particularly does it for me. The reason is simple, as an actor myself, it was heart-warming to see the documentation of a series of global streaming services such as Amazon Prime, Canal+, Disney and especially Netflix where I have a catalogue of movies, including some in production, and post-production stages, for example, ’76, The Therapist and Pillars of Africa.
It was also interesting to see the fashion sub-sector of the creative industry being afforded its space alongside animation and games as well as digital photography. Indeed, as a fashion designer and retailer myself, I also like the spotlight on Fisayo Longe, a Nigerian Fashion Designer.
Overall, this book opens minds and provides grounds for further deliberation on a sector that has been ignored for far too long in the African context.
His works are:
Chidi Mokeme, renowned Nigerian Movie (Nollywood) Actor, TV Personality, Fashion Designer and Motivational Speaker.
Preface
The international business environment has undergone a major turbulence in the past year following the onset of lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing all prompted by COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic in March 2020. These restrictions have limited the revenue generation capacity of both countries and businesses – large and small.
In terms of sector impact, some have been more adversely affected than others. While the winners have been mostly those with a digital footprint, for example, streaming services and video-conferencing platforms, the creative industries have felt a much harder blow.
Broadly speaking this book takes an unorthodox approach to showcasing the trends and challenges of the contemporary creative economy with a view to positioning the sector for a global audience. Drawing upon the categorisations of the Creative Industries Federation, the book interrogates, and highlights, the challenges and opportunities of the creative industries in Africa with a view to aggregating how the sector has coped with a myriad of challenges even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns.
Discussions across the chapters document the changing landscape of the sector, capturing insights from the global value chain to everything digital – from arts to publishing, fashion, film and music production and distribution. Further insights are discussed around recent events such as the take-off of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the exit of Britain from the European Union (i.e. Brexit) – with the latter event reinvigorating the Commonwealth Agenda and renewed, albeit piecemeal East and West interest in Africa’s creative industries.
Book Rationale
Indeed, a 2015 World Economic Forum article entitled ‘How can Africa profit from its creative industries?’1 argued that Africa’s presence in global markets for creative goods and services has been hindered by a variety of factors including limited supply capacity and obsolete policies and regulations. This book takes its ethos from the belief that Africa can greatly boost its international business fortunes by better strategizing to reap the full dividend of its creative sector.
The creative industry in this book encompasses critical sectors like advertising, architecture, arts and antique markets, crafts, design, film, interactive leisure software, music, television and radio, hospitality, and tourism, performing arts, publishing, and software. We seek to demonstrate pathways for the creative sector in Africa as the take their rightful place as socioeconomic contributors to the region, especially in the light of AfCFTA.
Like in other parts world, this sector relies mainly on audiences to survive and in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disconnect in physical space only increased the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of the sector in its bid to be recognised and harnessed. In the light of the foregoing, therefore, the book covers a range of themes:
The landscape of creative industries in Africa.
Challenges and opportunities of Africa’s creative industries.
The African Creative Industry in a Free Trade Area (exploring the promise of AfCFTA).
Re-engaging with Europe and the Commonwealth in a post-Brexit era.
Africa in the Age of Digitalisation.
The legal landscape for the creative industries.
Value co-creation of places and spaces in Africa’s creative hubs.
Without laying any claims to a grand coverage, the book takes it readership on a journey across the continent, and cutting across sub-sectors with case illustrations from film festivals in Burkina Faso; heritage and tourism in Ghana; photography in Mali and Somalia; animation and video game projects in selected African countries; digital publishing; museums and art galleries; as well as the influx of big Tech streamlining services such as Amazon Prime, Disney+, Netflix, Spotify and Twitter. Indeed, as if to respond to the question posed by Elberse and Cody (2019) in a Harvard Business School article, Disney (with Disney+) seems to be catching up with Netflix in Africa. This is in the fight for dominance in video streaming – content, storytelling, iconic franchises and cutting edge technology.
Readership
The book is positioned in a manner that would be accessible to undergraduate and postgraduate courses in marketing, international business, international relations, creative industries, hospitality and tourism – both within and outside of Africa. At the undergraduate levels, professors can choose parts of the book that they find most relevant. At the graduate or postgraduate levels, professors can use the whole book. Graduate and postgraduate students will find specific topics useful for a broad understanding of their topics and formulating the focus of their research. The book provides a fundamental reference point for knowledge and discussions when writing theses or articles on the creative sector in Africa. It can also be used for executive training. For practising managers, the book is a reference for applicable concepts, models and cases of creative industry activity in Africa, that will inform and motivate their strategy-formulation and decision-making. Executives of government and private sector institutions, as well as non-governmental organisations will gain new insights around creative sector management that will motivate them to improve their performance.
Why Read this Book?
This book is a pioneering effort at unpacking knowledge of the creative industries in Africa and to those interested in gaining a better understanding of the sector as it pertains to international business development and investment opportunities. It avails readers insights into:
Historical and contemporary discourse on the creative industries in Africa.
Negotiating partnerships and navigating the hoops of intellectual property.
A space to develop relevant competitive and collaborative strategies for sustainable development.
Avenues for improved performance of the sector through curriculum development and redesign.
- Prelims
- Part I. The Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa
- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa
- Chapter 2: Challenges and Opportunities of Africa’s Creative Industries
- Part II. Strategies for Developing Africa’s Creative Industries
- Chapter 3: The African Creative Industry in a Free Trade Area
- Chapter 4: Re-engaging with Europe and the Commonwealth in a Post-Brexit Era
- Part III. Digitalisation and African Creative industries
- Chapter 5: Africa in the Age of Digitalisation
- Chapter 6: The Legal Landscape and Challenges
- Part IV. Best Practice Case Studies
- Chapter 7: Value Co-creation of Places and Spaces in Africa’s Creative Hubs
- Chapter 8: Country Level Case Studies
- Part V. Back to the Future
- Chapter 9: The Future of Africa’s Creative Industries
- Appendix
- Index