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The purpose of this paper is to investigate in situ production of aroma‐active esters in dairy foods so as to improve flavour and to produce fruity flavour concentrate.

Lipase, ethanol or bacterial cultures are added to dairy media (milk, cream or cheese) and incubated for a period of time (from hours to months). Samples are then taken and analysed for aroma‐active esters using gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).

Analyses of samples show that significant levels of ethyl esters of fatty acids are produced in milk, cream, enzyme‐modified cheese and natural cheese. All the dairy foods possess an intense pleasant fruity aroma.

This is a natural way to generate fruity flavours in dairy foods to enhance flavour and thus, consumer acceptance. The fruity flavour concentrate can also be used as a flavouring ingredient in dairy and non‐dairy food applications. Natural pure esters may also be extracted, separated and concentrated for wider flavour and fragrance applications. This approach may provide a cost‐effective solution to the increasing surplus of milk fat.

Geography is an exciting discipline involving the interrogation of place, space, and mobility. Film is too powerful and assessable tool that engages audiences. Therefore, this article builds a rationale for utilizing film in the teaching of geography. Particularly geographic mobility, which is the study of spatial patterns of movement and viewing them with positive or negative social meaning and as embedded within structures of power.

This is not a research paper so there is no methodology to detail.

This is not a research paper so there are no findings to detail.

The article introduces three films (Selma, Hidden Figures, and The Green Book) and describes how they can be used to enrich the teaching of geographic mobility.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiences of a significant group of retail employees, specifically the African‐American operations and service workers that worked behind the scenes in department stores during the Jim Crow era, defined here as 1890‐1965.

Department stores have rightly occupied a prominent place in business historiography. This wealth of scholarship can be explained partly by substantial archival resources, but especially by department stores' significance to US business, cultural, and social history. Yet, despite this rich historiography, a significant number of department store employees have been overlooked, and this omission has distorted the picture of the work culture and marketing strategies of these massive and influential retail institutions. Department stores employ a large number of operations and service staff, such as delivery people, housekeeping and maintenance workers, elevator operators, stock workers, packers, and warehouse workers. These positions make up roughly one‐fifth of all department store work. This paper presents a close study of the two most prominent department stores of early and mid‐twentieth century Richmond, Virginia – Thalhimers and Miller & Rhoads – to offer insight into the work culture and workplace experiences of these employees.

Ultimately, this paper shows that African‐American employees played an important role in the maintenance and image of Richmond department stores. Store managers place high demands for “loyalty” and “faithfulness” on their black staff to demonstrate their lavish services to the buying public. For black employees, this means that the work environment can be highly stressful, as they seek to meet competing demands from customers and co‐workers. However, department store work offers opportunities, in particular, steady employment among a close network of African‐American coworkers. Finally, the presence of segregated black employees undermines managements' attempts to convey their workforce as one “happy family.”

The research is entirely based on two high‐end department stores, Miller & Rhoads and Thalhimers, both based in Richmond, Virginia. Two store archives – available at the Valentine Richmond History Center and the Virginia Historical Society – are the primary resources for this project. Because, the papers in these archives are donated by store managers, a limitation to this study is the dearth of unmediated voices of the employees themselves.

This research adds to the historiography of department stores by shedding light on employees who are expected by employers to remain nearly invisible in their jobs, and unfortunately, have been fairly invisible in the historical record as well.