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This study aims to comprehensively analyse the implementation and effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies within the context of the Indian coal mining sector. Furthermore, it investigates the alignment between CSR initiatives and the unique challenges faced by the coal mining sector and examines the outcomes and impacts of these initiatives on the employees of the sector and their perspective on the situation.

This study adopts a comprehensive qualitative research method, including a review of the literature, case studies and stakeholder interviews. This study seeks to deconstruct the application of CSR policies.

The analysis developed a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding CSR policies in the Indian coal mining sector, offering insights into strategies for enhancing the effectiveness and relevance of these initiatives while fostering sustainable development.

This study reveals a rich tapestry of theoretical implications and how they connect to important organisational and societal paradigms. The results of this qualitative analysis can work as a foundation for creating scales to measure the level of efficiency of CSR policies implemented by different companies. Furthermore, this study goes beyond theoretical knowledge and gives companies, regulators and communities information they can use. By looking at how CSR policies work in the real world, a road map for responsible resource extraction and community growth can be made.

The findings are unique in exploring the CSR initiatives and the unique challenges faced by the coal mining sector. This study offers insight on the employees of the sector and their perspectives on the situation and delves into the multifaceted dimensions of CSR practices.

The agricultural sector in any country plays an important contributor to national output along with its high absorbability of the working population. In the agricultural sector, paddy production holds a major share in the total output in countries like India. The growth and stability of the paddy production at the national level depends on the same factors at the sub-national levels such as the provincial and district levels. The present study focuses first on the stability analysis of the quantity of food production and irrigation facilities in the top 10 rice-producing states in India and then on the stability of yield rates in three varieties of paddy production, Aus, Aman, and Boro, and irrigation facilities across the blocks in the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, as a special reference. The analyses involves the evaluation of the growth and stability using Coppock’s method and trend analysis. It is found that Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh have a positive significant correlation between irrigation facilities and paddy production. From this study, it is also found that the correlation between changes in the yield rate of Aus, Aman, and Boro production and changes in irrigation is positive and significantly related to each other for Garbeta 1, Garbeta 3, Keshiary, Kharagpur 2, Chandrakona 1, and Chandrakona 2 blocks in Paschim Medinipur district under West Bengal. Therefore, the results recommend that the government should focus on irrigation facilities in those areas where the benefits of irrigation facilities are fully realized.

With the growth of income at the global level, the World Bank data show that there are rising levels of income disparity across countries, groups, regions and within the countries. This fact otherwise hints at the inter-country divergence in incomes, particularly between the developed and developing countries of the world. This chapter, therefore, attempts to examine the convergence or divergence in credit, GDP and HDI across the 10 selected countries for the period of 1990–2019 applying the neoclassical growth approach and the time series approach. The results of the exercise in line with the neoclassical theories on absolute convergence and sigma convergence show that the countries are unquestionably converging in GDP and HDI with mixed results in case of credit. The results of convergence in GDP and HDI in all the countries and their developed and developing counterparts provide a possible explanation as to why the cross countries’ income inequalities as well as world inequality in income and development are reducing over time. On the other hand, the results of the time series approach display that credit and HDI are converging in both absolute and conditional terms but the countries are converging in conditional terms only for GDP. Thus, the claims of the World Bank are not valid for the selected countries in the chapter, rather, they can be verified by taking other countries and groups into consideration.

With the rise in the global population size there has been a parallel increase in the food demand. The agricultural sector in most of the countries has now come up with the uses in the modern technologies resulting into high yield rates besides environmental damage. The new agricultural practices of today have thus both economic positivity and environmental negativity. The present book intends to investigate the growth of agricultural sector and its implications to national output and environmental sustainability. It covers up economic and environmental implications of the agricultural practices in the modern world across the nations and groups of nations. The summary output of the coverage of the entire book shows that modern agricultural practices have led to high growth of the agricultural sector but environment has lost its in situ feature leading to sustainability problems. The recommendations are offered in terms of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices which can mitigate the challenges of climate change.

From the history of economic development for all types of economies of the world, agriculture has been a major source of income growth, food security and development. It applies traditional as well as modern tools and technologies to maintain rising growth trends, although in some cases it makes the environment polluted. The developing countries of today, those who were suffering from poverty and food insecurity, have now been able to grow several crops and feed their growing population. Productivity has been rising in the sector with the support of institutional interventions, such as credit and financing facilities, crop insurance facilities, irrigation facilities, fertilizer provisions, among others, leading to more production with the same level of two traditional inputs such as labour and capital. The world has been facing, on the other hand, the fluctuations and instabilities in the trends of different types of agricultural productions and yield rates. The present book, with the background, aims to cover up studies on the poverty increase and food security aspects of agriculture in several countries and populations. The summary of the studies shows that there has been growth in agricultural production and productivities and in maintaining more food security in the covered countries with institutional support but with rising fluctuations. The governments of these countries are recommended to intervene and make appropriate institutional support in an equitable manner across their regions so that rising growth could be maintained in a steady path in the agricultural sector.