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This study aims to synthesize new cyclodiphosph(V)azane derivatives, 2,2,4,4-tetrachloro-1,3-di-[o-nitriyl]-2,4-di-[N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide]-1,3,2,4- diazadiphosphetidine(H2L) ligand and their Fe(III) and Ag(I) metal complexes as insecticides for protective coatings.

The substitutes of cyclodiphosph(V)azane sulfonomide and their Fe(III), Ag(I) metal complexes were prepared and confirmed by a combination of elemental analyses, mass spectra, conductivity measurement-vis, FTIR, 1H,13C-NMR TGA, XRD and Docking investigation of the ligand and some complexes to verify their drug ability. The prepared compounds have been incorporated with a polyurethane (PU) coating formula. Gloss, scratch resistance, flexibility and adhesion are some of the coating attributes investigated; mechanical capabilities include impact resistance and shore hardness and physicochemical properties such as chemical resistance of coated PU samples are also investigated.

The results of the experiments revealed that all PU coatings based on the prepared compounds had good scratch resistance which varied from >1.8 to >2.2 kg. Gloss value varied from 85 to 95 and impact resistance from 1.4 to 2.0 (J), whereas the authors noticed that there was no effect of the prepared compounds in the flexibility and adhesion test. These PU coatings have excellent chemical resistance except the alkali resistance. Insecticide activities of the prepared compounds are promising for resistance to these insects. It was noticed that, metal complex > incorporated PU with Fe (III) metal complex > incorporated PU with ligand.

Insecticide paints based on cyclodiphosph(V)azane sulfonamide and their Fe(III), Ag(I) metal complexes as insecticide agents are novel.

Glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin mixture (GMA/MCT-β-CD) is grafted onto cotton fabric by an irradiation technique that uses linear electron beam radiation for initiating the grafting reaction. The obtained grafted fabric (cell-g-GMA/MCT-β-CD) is loaded with chlorohexidin diacetate (an antimicrobial agent) and subjected to several washing cycles. Grafted cotton fabrics (before and after loading with the antimicrobial agent) and control cotton fabrics are characterized for antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi by using the diffusion disk method.

Grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent show very good antimicrobial activity in comparison with control and grafted fabrics which are not loaded with an antimicrobial agent. The results in this study also demonstrate that GMA/MCT-β-CD grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent retain a good deal of their antimicrobial activity after five washings. Good retention of antimicrobial activity is due to the cavities that are present in the cyclodextrin moieties which are used to host and keep the antimicrobial agent.

This paper aims to study microwave pad dyeing process for wool fabric. Influences of various dyeing process conditions including galactomannan dosage, urea dosage, sodium bisulphite dosage, pH value, microwave irradiation power, treating time and cold batching time before microwave fixation on K/S values were analysed. The colour yield, fixation and levelness were compared between microwave fixation and cold batching fixation.

Colour yield (K/S values) was calculated using a Datacolor SF650 colour measuring and matching instrument (10° standard observer, CIE D65 light source Measuring; Datacolor, USA) and was used to determine the depth of the shade of dyed wool fabrics. Levelness of dyeing was evaluated also using the Datacolor SF650 colour measuring and matching instrument by measuring average deviation (S), range (P) of the maximum and the minimum for lightness (L), chroma (C) and hue (h), and balanced colour difference (ΔE) at 20 specified uniform locations on the wool fabrics. The colour difference was calculated as per the equation ΔE=(ΔL2+Δa2+Δb2)1/2 as appearing in the Experimental section. Fixation was determined using a Datacolor SF650 colour measuring and matching instrument by measuring ratio the of K/S for wool fabrics that were rinsed, washed, neutralised and then dried, and wool fabrics that were dried after fixation without washing. The pH of the padding solution was evaluated using a PHSJ-4A PH meter (Datacolor, USA). SEM analysis was done on JEOL JSM-5600LV machine (JEOL Ltd, Japan).

This study is based on application of microwave technology in the processing of silk.

It was found in laboratory experiments that uniform dyeing and deeper colour can be achieved throughout the microwave pad dyeing process for wool by using galactomannan. The novel process could reduce the dyeing time and the energy consumption of the traditional cold pad-batch dyeing process for wool fabric.

This paper aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of pigment printed fabric loaded with nano-sized silver and zinc.

The pigment printing paste was mixed with nano-sized silver/zinc particles and applied to the cotton fabrics by the hand screen-printing technique. The nano-sized particles, distribution on the fabric surface, were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ASTM E2149-01 test method was used to determine the bacteriodynamic activity of the treated fabrics. The wash and light fastness properties of the treated fabrics were investigated.

The experimental results of the study showed that antibacterial properties could be obtained by loading with nano-size silver/zinc particles on pigment printed cotton fabrics. There is no negative or positive effect of the addition of nano silver/zinc particles to the printing paste on fastness properties.

The nano-sized metal particles and pigment printing paste should be well mixed to achieve uniform distribution on the printed surface.

The described process marks the introduction of a nano-technological aspect to pigment printing by its application to cotton fabrics.

The novelty/originality of the study lies in the new application process of nano-size silver/zinc particles to the textile pigment printing for antibacterial properties.

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using some polymers at different concentrations in the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts.

New vegetable-tanned leather samples were prepared. The consolidants used were polyacrylamide (PAM) and polymethyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (MMA-HEMA). Accelerated heat aging was applied to the untreated and treated samples. Analytical techniques used were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), change of color and mechanical properties.

The characteristic FTIR bands showed the effect of accelerated heat aging on the molecular structure of the studied samples, but treated and aged treated samples used were better than aged untreated samples. Microscopic investigations (digital and SEM), and mechanical properties proved that 2% was the best concentration for polymers used. The change in the total color difference of the treated and aged treated samples was limited.

This study presents the important results obtained from PAM and poly(MMA-HEMA) used for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. The best results of the studied polymers can be applied directly to protect historical vegetable-tanned leathers.

This paper aims to systematically demonstrate a methodology to determine the relative and absolute encapsulation efficiencies (α_Re and α_Ab) for thermally- and chemically-robust inorganic pigments, typically like ZrSiO₄-based pigments, thereby enhancing their coloring performance.

The authors designed a route, surplus alkali-decomposition and subsequently strong-acid dissolution (SAD2) to completely decompose three classic zircon pigments (Pr–ZrSiO₄, Fe₂O₃@ZrSiO₄ and CdS@ZrSiO₄) into clear solutions and preferably used inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine the concentrations of host elements and chromophores, thereby deriving the numeric data and interrelation of α_Re and α_Ab.

Zircon pigments can be thoroughly decomposed into some dissoluble zirconate–silicate resultants by SAD2 at a ratio of the fluxing agent to pigment over 6. ICP-OES is proved more suitable than some other quantification techniques in deriving the compositional concentrations, thereby the values of α_Re and α_Ab, and their transformation coefficient K_RA, which maintains stably within 0.8–0.9 in Fe₂O₃@ZrSiO₄ and CdS@ZrSiO₄ and is slightly reduced to 0.67–0.85 in Pr–ZrSiO₄.

The SAD2 method and encapsulation efficiencies are well applicable for both zircon pigments and the other pigmental or non-pigmental inhomogeneous systems in characterizing their accurate composition.

The authors herein first proposed strict definitions for the relative and absolute encapsulation efficiencies for inorganic pigments, developed a relatively stringent methodology to determine their accurate values and interrelation.

The purpose of this paper was to test the extract of barley as an environmentally friendly inhibitor for the acid corrosion of steel due to its wide availability as a popular major crop and its richness with different chemical constituents reported in literature (40) like alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, leucine, valine, tyrosine and isoleucine with various number of functional groups that are able to chelate metal cations and to discuss the effect of temperature on its inhibition efficiency.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements were carried out using frequency response analyzer Gill AC instrument. The frequency range for EIS measurements was 0.1 ≤ f ≤ 1 × 103 with an applied potential signal amplitude of 10 mV around the rest potential. Polarization measurements were carried out at a scan rate of 30 mV/min, utilizing a three-electrode cell. A platinum sheet and saturated calomel electrode were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The working electrode was constructed with steel specimens that have the following composition (weight per cent): C, 0.21; S, 0.04; Mn, 2.5; P, 0.04; Si, 0.35; and balance Fe.

Barley extract could act as an effective corrosion inhibitor for the acid corrosion of steel. The inhibiting action of the barley extract was attributed to its adsorption over the metal surface that blocks the available cathodic and anodic sites. Adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorbed extract molecules cover one active center over the metal surface.

The research included the first use of an important world crop as an effective corrosion inhibitor that can reduce the corrosion of steel to an extent of 94 per cent.