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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1999

Michael Carano

While the interest in alternative metalization processes for the manufacturing of printed wiring boards is extremely keen, the long‐term reliability of plated through holes…

375

Abstract

While the interest in alternative metalization processes for the manufacturing of printed wiring boards is extremely keen, the long‐term reliability of plated through holes fabricated with these electroless copper alternatives remains in question. However, during the last three years, significant process improvements have been made in the direct metalization process based on a patented dispersion of graphite. This paper will describe the technology in detail and present data on the reliability and versatility of the graphite based direct metalization process.

Details

Circuit World, vol. 25 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Article
Publication date: 17 May 2011

Michael Carano

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) technology from a temporary anti‐tarnish to an approved process…

609

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) technology from a temporary anti‐tarnish to an approved process for the lead‐free assembly of high‐reliability printed circuit boards (PCBs).

Design/methodology/approach

As this is an informational paper, the main approach was to compare and contrast various types of OSP molecules and their fitness for use.

Findings

The active ingredient of an OSP is one of the most important ingredients that can help to improve the heat resistance, which becomes much more important in conjunction with lead‐free solder. The latest OSP shows excellent stability, even at more than the peak reflow temperatures used with lead‐free solders. The success of any OSP process is highly correlated to process control and maintenance and OSP formulations are not created equal. The thickness of the film is only one difference. However, the key differentiators for OSP coatings are the overall ability of the organic film to resist oxygen penetration and humidity; and withstand the higher temperatures of lead‐free assembly. The author suggests that original equipment manufacturer (OEMs), contract manufacturers and PCB fabricators perform testing and qualification of OSPs using industry‐accepted reliability and solderability testing methods.

Research limitations/implications

This work represents the author's extensive experience with OSP technology, as well as the results of a collective collaboration with Shikoku Chemical Corporation. The findings represent reliability and solderability testing carried out in various manufacturing sites including cooperation with certain OEMs that are users of circuits fabricated with OSP technology.

Originality/value

This paper details how critical advances in OSP technology have enabled improvements in solderability and reliability over earlier commercial generations and have further enhanced the solderability of lead‐free assemblies.

Details

Circuit World, vol. 37 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Available. Content available
Article
Publication date: 1 June 1999

46

Abstract

Details

Circuit World, vol. 25 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Available. Content available
Article
Publication date: 1 March 1999

32

Abstract

Details

Circuit World, vol. 25 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1987

Christine Muir

M & T Chemicals have announced the appointment of Mr David Smith as Director of PCB Systems and as a member of the company's Board of Management. Mr Smith, who was formerly Sales…

25

Abstract

M & T Chemicals have announced the appointment of Mr David Smith as Director of PCB Systems and as a member of the company's Board of Management. Mr Smith, who was formerly Sales and Marketing Director of Lea Ronal (UK) Ltd, has had more than seventeen years experience in the printed circuit industry.

Details

Circuit World, vol. 14 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

Available. Content available
Article
Publication date: 1 December 1999

40

Abstract

Details

Circuit World, vol. 25 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Available. Content available
Article
Publication date: 1 June 2003

60

Abstract

Details

Circuit World, vol. 29 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Publication date: 24 November 2022

Douglas Rasmussen

For much of its peak popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, women in action films were relegated to the damsel in distress and/or the romantic interest for the male lead. This was…

Abstract

For much of its peak popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, women in action films were relegated to the damsel in distress and/or the romantic interest for the male lead. This was particularly evident in action films where women were depicted as being petite and submissive, especially towards the heroic male. Rarely did women occupy the primary focus in action films. Nowadays women are more frequently occupying positions of creative power as producers and actors, and there are some notable examples of progressive female roles in modern film. Female action stars tended to occupy one of two roles, that of what Marc O'Day (2004) labelled ‘action babe’ cinema, using the colloquial and dismissive term ‘babe’ as an indication of the derogatory nature of the female action hero who was often just a supermodel with a gun. However, there has emerged another type of female action star, the tough, aggressive and physically capable female action star, such as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1992).

Yvonne Tasker coined the term ‘musculinity’ to define this new model of tough women; female action stars who appropriate what are considered traditionally masculine traits (developed muscles, aggression, confidence, leadership skills, bravery). The presence of athletic women in action films, especially when compared to their male counterparts, defies expectations for women, and as such provides a unique example to analyse in terms of gender dynamics. This is especially true of combat sports, where aggression is a feature of the sport and still considered a testosterone-oriented attribute. Indeed, in the 1970s and 1980s, the peak of the male action star, martial arts and associated combat sports provided opportunities for many former athletes to transition into action films. Using Tasker's framework of musculinity, I will examine Haywire (2011) as a notable progression in the representation of female action stars and musculinity. Focusing on a case study of Gina Carano's role in Haywire, and her subsequent career narrative, this chapter highlights how perceptions of masculinity and femininity in both combat sports and action films have previously limited roles for women and how much that has shifted in contemporary filmmaking.

Details

Gender and Action Films
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80117-514-2

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Article
Publication date: 10 July 2024

Jeffrey C. Eargle and Michael Mewborne

In this article, the authors – a social studies methods professor and geography research associate – make the case for considering the integration of Holocaust geographies into…

48

Abstract

Purpose

In this article, the authors – a social studies methods professor and geography research associate – make the case for considering the integration of Holocaust geographies into the middle and secondary curriculum, potential challenges that teachers may have in teaching Holocaust geographies are addressed.

Design/methodology/approach

Using an experience in delivering professional development on Holocaust geographies to teachers to frame the discourse within the article, the authors contend that a study of Holocaust geographies tests geography as a discipline, addresses current problems and supports student inquiry. Therefore, the inclusion of the Holocaust in the geography curriculum is both needed and valuable.

Findings

Examining the Holocaust spatially using geographical skills moves students away from the potential limits of studying the Holocaust temporally using only historical skills. Thus, the distance between past and present, although not ignored, is narrowed through the inquiry into spatial patterns and characteristics, providing the potential to bring greater focus on present-day antisemitism, persecution, genocide and authoritarianism.

Originality/value

Educators are encouraged to take up work that intersects the civic goals of both geography and Holocaust education, yet literature on these intersections is sparse. We call upon Holocaust education and geography education organizations to develop and provide support for teachers around Holocaust geographies.

Details

Social Studies Research and Practice, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1933-5415

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