Rajeev Nayan Gupta and Harsha A.P.
The present work aims to formulate nanolubricants and improve antiwear, antifriction and extreme pressure (EP) performances of castor oil (CO) with surface-modified CuO…
Abstract
Purpose
The present work aims to formulate nanolubricants and improve antiwear, antifriction and extreme pressure (EP) performances of castor oil (CO) with surface-modified CuO nanoparticles as an additive in the boundary lubrication regime.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, CuO nanoparticles are modified with a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by means of a chemical method. These modified nanoparticles with varying concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%w/v were used to formulate the nanolubricants. The tribological properties of non-formulated and formulated CO were examined using a four-ball tester. The tribological test results were compared with paraffin oil (PO) for similar compositions.
Findings
The nanoparticle concentrations in base oils were optimized by wear scar diameter (WSD) and load carrying capacity during antiwear and EP tests, respectively. In the antiwear test, the maximum reductions in WSD were 28.3 and 22.2 per cent; however, the coefficient of friction was reduced by 34.6 and 17.3 per cent at optimum nanoparticle concentrations in CO and PO, respectively. A significant improvement in the weld load was observed for both nanolubricants.
Originality/value
This work indicates that nanoparticle-based CO in industrial applications provides on par or better results than mineral oil. Also, it has a negligible hazardous impact on our eco-system.
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Anand Y. Joshi, Satish C. Sharma and S.P. Harsha
The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of chiral single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as mass sensors. Analysis of SWCNT with chiralities is performed using an…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of chiral single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as mass sensors. Analysis of SWCNT with chiralities is performed using an atomistic finite element model based on a molecular structural mechanics approach.
Design/methodology/approach
The cantilever carbon nanotube (CNT) is modeled by considering it as a space frame structure similar to three‐dimensional beams and point masses. The elastic properties of the beam element are calculated by considering mechanical characteristics of covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the hexagonal lattice. The mass of each beam element is assumed as point mass at nodes coinciding with carbon atoms. An atomistic simulation approach is used to find the natural frequencies and to study the effects of defect like atomic vacancies in CNTs on the resonant frequency. The migration of the atomic vacancies along the length is observed for different chiralities.
Findings
A reduction in the simulated natural frequency is observed with the maximum value occurring, when the vacancy is found nearer to the fixed end. It is quite evident from the simulation results that the effect of vacancies is significant, and the effect diminishes at 10−2 femtograms mass. Using the higher modes of vibration of SWCNT‐based mass sensors, the amount and the position of the mass on the nanotube can be identified.
Originality/value
CNT have been used as mass sensors extensively. The present approach is focused to explore the use of chiral SWCNT as sensing device with vacancy defect in it. The variation of the atomic vacancies in CNT along the length has been taken and is analyzed for different chiralities. The effects of defect like atomic vacancies in CNTs on the resonant frequency have been analyzed and observed that the maximum reduction in natural frequency occurs when the vacancy is found nearer to the fixed end due to large stiffness variation.
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Thomas Ølholm Larsen, Tom Løgstrup Andersen, Bent Thorning and Martin E. Vigild
The purpose of this paper is to describe the construction of a custom‐built pin‐on‐disk (POD) apparatus based on a simple design and on important guidelines.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe the construction of a custom‐built pin‐on‐disk (POD) apparatus based on a simple design and on important guidelines.
Design/methodology/approach
The POD apparatus is built as a part of the main author's PhD project. The apparatus is built at a low cost and is suited for testing polymeric materials under dry‐sliding conditions. The different main parts of the apparatus are described in a way which partly explains the choice of construction and partly makes it possible to produce a similar apparatus. Furthermore, a limited amount of tribological data is presented mainly to exemplify the usefulness of the machine.
Findings
The POD apparatus is successfully applied to measure coefficients of friction, wear rates and disk temperatures at an acceptable level of precision and accuracy. Tribological data obtained with this equipment show the effect of reinforcing an epoxy resin with a plain glass fiber weave.
Research limitations/implications
The data presented in this paper are limited since the main objective is to describe the construction of a POD apparatus.
Practical implications
The paper is intended to be a source of inspiration for industrial or academic laboratories who want to establish their own tailor‐suited tribological test‐equipment, instead of investing in a probably more expensive commercial machine.
Originality/value
The POD apparatus is custom‐built and described in an easily understandable way, which makes this a helpful paper for those who wish to produce a similar apparatus.
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C. Subramanian and S. Senthilvelan
The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of reinforced fiber length over material‐plastic energy of deformation, clogging, crystallinity, and correlates with the…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of reinforced fiber length over material‐plastic energy of deformation, clogging, crystallinity, and correlates with the friction and wear behavior of polypropylene (PP) composites under multi‐pass abrasive condition. Also to identify wear mechanisms of glass fiber reinforced PP materials under various abrasive grit sizes and normal loads.
Design/methodology/approach
Multi‐pass abrasive wear tests were performed for unreinforced, short, and long glass fiber reinforced PP (LFPP) on a pin on disc machine under three different normal loads and two different abrasive grit sizes for a constant sliding velocity. Measured wear volume was correlated with the plastic energy of deformation by carrying out a constant load indentation test using servo hydraulic fatigue test system. Clogging behavior of test materials was examined with the aid of online wear measurement and wear morphology. Test materials crystallinity was estimated with the aid of X‐ray diffraction investigation and correlated with abrasive wear performance.
Findings
Fiber reinforcement in a PP material is found to improve the plastic deformation energy and crystallinity which results in improved abrasive resistance of the material. Increase in reinforced fiber length is found to improve the material cohesive energy and hence the wear resistance. Reinforcement is found to alter the material clogging behavior under multi‐pass condition. Fiber reinforcement is found to reduce the material coefficient of friction, and increase in reinforced fiber length further reduces the frictional coefficient.
Research limitations/implications
Friction wear tests using pin on disc equipment is carried out in the present investigation. However, in practice, part geometry may not be always equivalent to simple pin on disc configuration.
Practical implications
The paper's investigation results could help to improve the utilization of LFPP material in many structural applications.
Originality/value
Influence of reinforced fiber length over multi‐pass abrasive wear performance of thermoplastic material, and online wear measurement to substantiate clogging behavior is unique in the present multi‐pass abrasive investigation.
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Constantin Georgescu, Lorena Deleanu and Mihail Botan
This research aims to characterize the tribological behavior of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and PBT composites with micro glass beads (MGB) on steel, in dry conditions and on…
Abstract
Purpose
This research aims to characterize the tribological behavior of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and PBT composites with micro glass beads (MGB) on steel, in dry conditions and on a block-on-ring tester, pointing out the influence of sliding distance and speed. The tribology of PBT and its composites is still in an early stage because this thermoplastic polyester requires accurate technological and thermal treatment.
Design/methodology/approach
The composites were produced by ICEFS Savinesti Romania and contain PBT grade Crastin6130NC010 (as supplied by Du Pont), 0.5 […] 1.0 per cent (weight) Relamyd B-2Nf (polyamide grade produced by ICEFS, for a better dispersion of MGB), 1 per cent (weight) black carbon for technological and tribological reasons and different micro glass beads (MGB) concentrations (10.0 and 20.0 per cent weight). Tests were done for different sliding distances (2,500, 5,000 and 7,500 m) and speeds (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) and a normal load of 5 N.
Findings
The friction coefficient and the wear parameter (as mass loss of polymeric blocks) pointed out a good tribological behavior for these composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed particular aspects of PBT local transfer on steel. Also, 10 per cent MGB in PBT reduces wear, especially for longer distances (75,000 m) and higher speeds (0.5 and 0.75 m/s); the friction coefficient is only slightly increased up to 0.23, being less influenced by the speed and the sliding distance as compared to neat polymer.
Originality/value
PBT and PBT composites could become challengers for replacing materials in applications similar to tested ones. Even the neat polymer exhibits a good tribological behavior. The composites have a lower sensibility to higher speeds and sliding distances for the applied load.
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Anoop Pratap Singh, Ravi Kumar Dwivedi, Amit Suhane, K. Sudha Madhuri and Vikas Shende
This study aims to evaluate the influence of oleic acid (OA)-capped Al2O3 nanoparticles on the tribological performance of conventional lube oil. The goal is to determine the…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to evaluate the influence of oleic acid (OA)-capped Al2O3 nanoparticles on the tribological performance of conventional lube oil. The goal is to determine the optimal nanoparticle concentration that enhances lubricant efficiency by reducing friction and wear.
Design/methodology/approach
The research involved preparing nanolubricants with four different concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles: 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt.%. Tribological performance was assessed using a four-ball tribotester, which measured the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) under standardized testing conditions.
Findings
The experimental results revealed that the nanolubricant containing 0.1 wt.% OA-Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibited the most significant improvement in tribological performance. This formulation achieved a 38.84% reduction in COF and a 23.87% reduction in WSD compared to the base lubricant. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating OA-capped Al2O3 nanoparticles in reducing friction and wear, thereby enhancing the overall performance of conventional lubricants.
Originality/value
This study demonstrates the benefits of OA-capped Al2O3 nanoparticles in lubricants, including a 38.84% reduction in COF and a 23.87% reduction in WSD. By systematically analyzing different nanoparticle concentrations, it identified that 0.1% by weight of nanoparticles is the most effective formulation for reducing friction and wear.
Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-06-2024-0236/
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Ragab K. Abdel-Magied, Mohamed F. Aly and Heba I. Elkhouly
The fiber orientation is considered one of the important parameters that have an effect on the characteristics of composites. This paper aims to investigate the effect of fiber…
Abstract
Purpose
The fiber orientation is considered one of the important parameters that have an effect on the characteristics of composites. This paper aims to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the abrasive wear of the glass-epoxy (G-E) composites with different silicon carbide (SiC) filler weights (Wt.%).
Design/methodology/approach
The wear rate of glass fiber reinforced with angle-ply 0º, ±45º and 90º is discussed. The G-E composites with different weights of SiC filler at angle ±45º are considered. Hand lay-up technique was adopted for specimen preparation. The influence of effective parameters such as filler Wt. %, normal load, abrasive size and abrading distance on the wear rate was presented and discussed.
Findings
Experimental tests including pin on disk, micro-hardness and scanning electron microscope were carried out to investigate the composite characteristics.
Originality/value
The experimental results showed that the resistance wear was superior in case of ±45º fiber orientations. A validation of the experimental results using Taguchi approach to verify the optimal wear rate parameters was presented.
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Nurul Farhanah Azman, Syahrullail Samion, Muhammad Amirrul Amin Moen, Mohd Kameil Abdul Hamid and Mohamad Nor Musa
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) performances of CuO and graphite nanoparticles as a palm oil additive.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) performances of CuO and graphite nanoparticles as a palm oil additive.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the AW and EP performances of CuO and graphite nanoparticles as additives in palm oil were evaluated using four ball tribotester in accordance to ASTM D4172 and ASTM D2783, respectively. The wear worn surfaces of the steel balls were analysed using high resolution microscope.
Findings
The results obtained demonstrate that CuO and graphite nanoparticles improved the AW and EP performances of the palm oil up to 2.77 and 12 per cent, respectively. The graphite nanoparticles provide better AW and EP performance than that of CuO nanoparticles.
Originality/value
This demonstrates the potential of CuO and graphite nanoparticles for improving AW and EP performances of palm oil base lubricant. Different morphology of nanoparticles will affect the AW and EP performances of nanolubricants.
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Pramod S. Kathamore and Bhanudas D. Bachchhav
The screening of lube oil performance prior to field trials is the most significant for the formulation of novel lubricants. This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of…
Abstract
Purpose
The screening of lube oil performance prior to field trials is the most significant for the formulation of novel lubricants. This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of trimethylolpropane trioleate oil (TMPTO) based lubricants with different additives.
Design/methodology/approach
In this endeavor, initially five lubricating blends along-with TMPTO based oil with variable additives were evaluated for their tribological performances using ASTM standards. Out of these, the top three best-performing oils were further investigated for possible physical or chemical synergies among lube oils, additives and ball surface using SEM. The molecule structures of TMPTO based lube oils were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Findings
The wear preventive and extreme pressure characteristics of different TMPTO based samples were evaluated and compared for compatibility and synergy of additives. Morphological analysis of SEM images was used to understand the wear behavior of the worn surfaces.
Practical implications
Further investigation of TMPTO oil on its oxidation stability at high temperature and pressure to make it technologically competitive and commercially viable metal-working lubricant is suggested.
Originality/value
This paper highlights the tribo-effects of TMPTO to be rendered as a suitable lubricant for metal-cutting operations. The surface morphology of the worn-out surface significantly demonstrates the effect of loading conditions.
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Gitesh Kumar, Hem Chander Garg and Ajay Gijawara
This paper aims to report the friction and wear characteristics of refined soybean oil (RSBO) blended with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to report the friction and wear characteristics of refined soybean oil (RSBO) blended with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) as additives.
Design/methodology/approach
Four different concentrations 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 Wt.% of CuO nanoparticles were added with ZDDP in RSBO. The friction and wear characteristics of lubricants have been investigated on a pin-on-disc tribotester under loads of 120 and 180 N, with rotating speeds of 1,200 and 1,500 rpm in half hour of operating time. The dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles has been analyzed using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The wearout surface of pins has been examined by using a scanning electron microscope.
Findings
The results revealed that there is a reduction in the friction and wear by the addition of CuO nanoparticles and ZDDP in RSBO. Coefficient of friction increases at a high sliding speed for RSBO with ZDDP. From UV-Vis spectroscopy, it is observed that 100 ml of oleic acid surfactant per gram of CuO nanoparticles has stable dispersion in RSBO.
Originality/value
The addition of ZDDP and CuO nanoparticles in RSBO is more efficient to reduce the friction and wear in comparison to base oil. The optimum concentration of CuO nanoparticles in RSBO is 0.05 Wt.%.