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This paper aims to report on the findings emerging from an international study focused on the COVID-19 pandemic impact on travel attitudes and behavioral intentions .

An online survey created with SurveyMonkey was distributed to a sample of 216 international travelers who were at least 18 years of age.

The findings suggest that attribution theory (locus of control) may account for international travel. Individuals attributing the spread of COVID-19 to their own countries (internal locus of control) are more likely to travel abroad. Statistically significant differences are observed between various generational cohorts concerning perceived travel risk, domestic and international travel.

The impact of a health crisis on domestic and international travels conceptualized in a single model is absent from the literature. The authors propose a model to account for the influence of pandemics on tourists’ attitudes and intentions to travel and whether attribution of blame influences travel destination choices (domestic or international).

本研究旨在报告一项国际研究的发现——该研究主要关注2019冠状病毒（COVID-19）疫情对出行态度和行为意图的影响。

通过向216名18岁以上的国际旅行者发放一份由Survey Monkey（“调查猴子”——美国知名网络调查公司）创建的在线调查问卷, 收集样本信息。

研究结果表明, 归因理论（控制点）可用于解释与国际旅行相关的行为。将2019冠状病毒（COVID-19）的传播归因于本国（内部控制点）的个体选择出国旅行的概率更高。不同世代的人群在旅行风险感知以及对国内和国际旅行的态度方面, 存在统计学上的显著性差异。

在现有文献中, 尚未观察到借助单一模型将新冠疫情所致健康危机对国内和国际旅行的影响概念化的研究。因此我们设计了一个模型, 用于阐释新冠疫情对游客出行态度和行为意向的影响, 并揭示归因差异是否影响（国内或国际）旅行目的地的选择。

En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de un estudio internacional centrado en el impacto de la pandemia de COVID 19 sobre las actitudes e intenciones de viaje.

Se diseñó una encuesta online mediante la aplicación SurveyMonkey que fue distribuida a una muestra de 216 viajeros internacionales mayores de 18 años.

Los resultados sugieren que la teoría de la atribución (locus de control) puede ser aplicada para explicar los viajes internacionales. Las personas que atribuyen la propagación de COVID 19 as sus propios países (locus de control interno) tienen más probabilidades de viajar al extranjero. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas cohortes generacionales en relación con la percepción de riesgo en los viajes, tanto nacionales como internacionales.

La conceptualización en un único modelo del impacto de una crisis sanitaria sobre los viajes tanto internacionales como nacionales está ausente de la literatura. Se propone un modelo que pretende explicar la influencia de las pandemias en las actitudes e intenciones de los turistas para viajar y si la atribución de culpas influye en la elección de destino, ya sea nacional o internacional.

This paper uses a supplemented health belief model (HBM) to explain the risk perception of COVID-19 coronavirus infection by potential and actual domestic and international travelers (from primarily European countries) in the early pre-vaccine phase of the pandemic and its influence on their travel intentions, decisions, and actions. With a health crisis of this magnitude, it is vital to understand the effect of COVID-19-associated containment measures and safety industry strategies in abating public fear and apprehension associated with non-essential travel.

The authors used a sequential transformative design consisting of a (QUAN + Qual) survey to explore the HBM dimensions. The questions in the quantitative part of the survey were disseminated online examine perceptions of the severity and susceptibility of the disease, travel risks and willingness to travel. The questions in the qualitative face-to-face survey examined, how international/cross-border travelers (from Spain and Germany) perceive the benefits and barriers of personal protective behavior and the potential influence of cues to action.

Results suggest that despite potential fear arousal and confusion associated with this infectious disease, people were willing to travel during periodic on-and-off travel restrictions and perceive the benefits of such travel as outweighing barriers like wearing masks, social distancing and other containment measures.

The conceptual model enabled the capture of real-time traveler's feelings about the benefits of traveling in the presence of the coronavirus and their perceptions of COVID-19 safety strategies used at destinations. This study adds to the lack of existing knowledge about potential psychological factors influencing travel decisions and behavior, including self-protective behavior. As borders reopen and we progress towards tourism and hospitality recovery, the results of this study can assist organizations, including health officials and governments, by reminding them of the likelihood of residual public fear when planning their COVID-19 safety strategies.

Given the scarcity of COVID-19 research on people's travel intentions and behavior following periods of social isolation due to lockdowns and border closures, this study captures sample public perceptions at two stages early in the pandemic. It is the first to apply all of the HBM dimensions with the addition of travel risk as a construct to investigate people's travel intentions and behaviors without vaccinations or treatments and to include cues to action in the investigation.

Drawing on the theories of social identity and realistic conflict theory, the purpose of this study is to enrich the literature by proposing and testing a model conceptualizing the relationships between animosity, an antecedent (tourists’ perception of a heritage site) and demand variables (e.g. length of stay).

Data collected for the study is based on a combination of qualitative (20 interviews) and quantitative research (n = 330) methods.

The study demonstrates that animosity should be integrated into tourism research. The study provides relevant insights indicating that animosity harbored toward locals is crucial to the understanding of tourists’ behavior.

The study provides relevant insights indicating that animosity harbored toward locals is crucial to the understanding of tourists’ behavior.

Managerial implications for those entrusted with the promotion of tourism and site management are suggested in areas at the heart of a conflict.

The study of animosity challenges the common view in heritage tourism which focus on positive emotions harbored by tourists. In the present study, the authors focus on the consequences of negative emotions.

摘要

采用社会认同和现实冲突等理论来尝试充实文献, 具体做法为：提出并测试模型以确立憎恶、先行条件（游客对遗产地的感知）、需求变量（例如停留时间）之间的关系。

结合定性（20次访谈）和定量（n = 330）两种研究方法, 为本项研究收集数据。

研究表明：应将憎恶纳入旅游业研究中。本次研究提供的相关见解表明：游客对当地人怀有的敌意, 对于理解游客行为至关重要。

遗产旅游业的普遍观点侧重于研究游客所怀有的积极情绪, 对其敌意情感的研究对这一普遍观点提出了挑战。在本项研究中, 我们侧重于负面情绪产生的后果。

憎恶、遗产地、西岸、行为意图、犹太定居者、巴勒斯坦人

研究论文

Basándonos en las teorías de la identidad social y la teoría realista del conflicto, intentamos enriquecer la literatura proponiendo y probando un modelo que conceptualice las relaciones entre la animosidad, un antecedente (percepción que tienen los turistas de un sitio patrimonial) y las variables de demanda (por ejemplo, la duración de la estadía).

Los datos recopilados para el estudio se basan en una combinación de métodos de investigación cualitativa (20 entrevistas) y cuantitativa (n = 330).

El estudio demuestra que la animosidad debe integrarse en la investigación turística. El estudio proporciona información relevante que indica que la animosidad contra los lugareños es crucial para comprender el comportamiento de los turistas.

El estudio de la animosidad desafía la visión común en el turismo patrimonial que se enfoca en las emociones positivas que albergan los turistas. En este estudio nos centramos en las consecuencias de las emociones negativas.

Animosidad, sitios patrimoniales, cisjordania, intenciones de comportamiento, colonos judíos, palestinos.

Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of consumer animosity on conspicuous consumption in two research settings: Israel and Russia. The study also examines: the relationship between susceptibility to norm influence (SNI) and consumer animosity, whether SNI affects consumers’ willingness to buy (WTB) products from a country toward which they harbor animosity, and the relationship between consumer animosity and WTB in contexts differing in the level of animosity harbored toward a target country.

To probe generalizability, the hypothesized model was tested in two different contexts: Study 1 was conducted in Israel using the context of the Holocaust and Study 2 was conducted in Russia using the context of the recent political discord with the USA. A convenience sample of Israeli-Jewish (n=264) and Russian (n=259) consumers yielded a total of 523 questionnaires.

In both contexts, the results from the SPSS and AMOS analyses indicated a negative and significant relationship between consumer animosity and conspicuous consumption. Moreover, SNI was positively associated with consumer animosity. Finally, the study findings point to a negative association between consumer animosity and WTB, regardless of the level of animosity.

The research findings suggest that consumer animosity may be a stronger predictor for the consumption of conspicuous products than for the consumption of necessity goods.

Risk perception and ethnocentrism are recognized as significant psychological factors influencing tourism behaviors. However, the impact of tourist ethnocentrism (TE) on tourism and hospitality-related behaviors has mainly been overlooked in previous research. Hence, the objective of the present study is to propose a comprehensive TE model by exploring the influence of TE and risk perception on the domestic hospitality and tourism industry in Israel.

A convenience sample of 204 Israeli respondents 18 years of age or older took part in the study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to assess hypothesized relationships in the proposed model.

The data confirmed five out of the eight hypotheses tested. The study findings suggest that TE is unrelated to willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for local travel or dine in local restaurants. Similarly, the authors found no association between risk perception and willingness to dine in local restaurants.

The current investigation contributes to the literature by proposing a model conceptualizing the influence of both TE and risk perception on hospitality (i.e. dine in a local restaurant) and tourism (i.e. domestic travel). The present research findings contribute to the tourism ethnocentrism literature and shed new light on social identity theory (SIT) by pointing to the importance of considering value for money in future conceptualizations and suggest monetary considerations may overshadow other in-group considerations as conceptualized in SIT.