Academics, studies of

, 35–36

humanities scholars

, 39–42

scientists

, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 36–38, 203

social scientists

, 14, 35, 38–39

Accessibility

, 35, 42–43, 47–49, 82–83, 91, 93, 154

of health websites. See also Websites

, 9, 82

of information sources

, 40, 43

Accessing

, 13, 39, 41

Acquiring

, 149, 237

Action theorists

, 31

Activity Theory

, 38, 76–77, 130, 136, 137, 157

Actor–Network Theory

, 40, 75

Administrative research traditions

, 124

Adolescents. See also Teens

, 80, 86

Advertising

, 10, 186, 207

Aerospace knowledge

, 13, 42

Affinity mapping

, 212

Age

, 55, 73, 195, 220

as demographic variable

, 16, 39, 72–73, 84, 87, 154

AIDS/HIV

, 83, 156

Alienation

, 206

Amazon

, 95

Analogy

, 33

Analysis and writing

, 40

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST)

, 25–26, 238–240, 244

Antecedents

, 24, 95, 219

Anthropology

, 129

Anxiety

, 27, 82, 85, 87, 204, 245

Architects

, 17, 34

Archives

, 35, 40, 42, 76, 87–88, 197, 252

Artifacts

, 9, 24, 122, 136, 182, 187–188, 193, 213

Artists

, 51–52, 86

Association of Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)

, 243–244

Assumptions about concepts and research

, 9, 30, 122–126, 128–129, 131, 133, 137, 140, 142, 151, 180–182, 186, 238, 242

Asylum

, 77, 96–98, 250

Attention

, 2, 7, 14–15, 24, 27, 29, 34, 36, 40–41, 45, 47, 72, 75, 79, 80, 82–83, 87–88, 94, 96, 143–144, 147, 155, 211, 238, 241, 244, 252

Attorneys

, 43–44

Audience research

, 9

Autism

, 213

Avoidance. See also Selective exposure

, 4, 8, 28, 204, 253

Axiology

, 122, 125

Backchannel communication

, 42

Barriers to seeking

, 87, 97–98

Beliefs

, 8, 10–11, 18, 31, 82–83, 86, 96–97, 122, 124, 128, 130, 131, 133, 181, 183, 191, 193, 202

Bibliometric studies

, 198

Big data

, 214, 251

Big Science

, 36

Blunting

, 133, 156

Books, as sources of information

, 2, 5, 9, 14, 24, 29, 35, 41–42, 45, 51, 53, 72, 94–96, 122, 124, 132–133, 142, 153, 183, 188, 193, 198, 210, 211, 213, 215, 237, 242, 246

Browsing

, 2–4, 15, 38–39, 51, 79, 95, 99, 210, 212, 241

Business owners and managers, studies of

, 2, 47–51

farmers and fishers

, 47–48

managers. See also Managers

, 48–51

Buying

, 5, 91, 95–96, 99, 252

Campaigns. See Information, campaigns

Cancer

, 81, 83–84, 138, 203, 213–214, 217–219

Card-sorting

, 212

Case studies

, 92, 183, 217

Categorization

, 16, 192, 212

Causation

, 186

Chaining

, 38–39

Children

, 12, 85, 88, 91, 96, 206, 210–212, 217, 248

Citizen groups

, 92

Citizens. See also Voters

, 15, 90, 92–94, 148, 202, 205, 251

Citizenship

, 90–94

Citizenship Information research project

, 205

Collaboration

, 4, 38, 48, 75–78, 90, 139, 241, 243

Collaborative information

, 42, 76–78, 85, 212, 214, 217–218

Collecting

, 38, 46, 52, 88–90, 95, 123, 128, 152, 183, 191, 196

Communication

, 7–8, 14, 25, 30, 35–38, 40, 42–43, 47, 53–54, 76, 82, 94, 129, 142, 144, 151, 153, 213, 216, 239, 243

discipline of

, 2, 8, 18, 27, 252

interpersonal

, 38, 43, 83

mass

, 128

Communicative Action, Theory of

, 140

Communities of practice theory

, 130, 135, 157

Competitive intelligence

, 50

Competitiveness

, 87

Complexity

, 2, 34, 39, 50, 71–72, 81, 94, 143, 204, 208

contexts, situations and emplacement

, 74–75

embedding context in information behavior studies

, 71–80

information creation. See also Information, creation

, 80

information sharing and collaboration

, 75–78

information use. See also Information, use

, 78–80

resources to roles

, 72–74

situational and contextual approaches to studying information behavior

, 81–98

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

, 78

Concluding

, 243–244

lessons learned of people’s experiences with information

, 245–248

whole person

, 244

Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS)

, 243

Conflict paradigm

, 124

Conscientiousness

, 87

Conspiracy theories

, 76, 91, 238

Constructionism

, 134

Constructivism

, 136–138

Constructivist grounded theory approach

, 127, 217

Constructivists

, 132

Consumers

, 42, 81–82, 85, 94–95, 204, 216, 250, 252

Consuming

, 94–96

Content analysis

, 15, 25, 95, 98, 183, 200, 213–217

Contexts

, 1–3, 5, 8–13, 15–18, 37–39, 44, 49–52, 54, 74–75, 77–78, 81, 99, 122, 126, 133, 142, 145–147, 151, 155, 157, 182, 188, 191–193, 196, 204–205, 211, 215, 220, 237, 244, 246–248, 250, 253

context-sensitive exploration

, 44, 90, 99, 145, 238, 244

studying people in

, 16–17

Cooking

, 11, 88–89, 212

Coping

, 94, 98, 133, 150, 154, 156, 218

COVID-19 pandemic

, 3, 81–83, 85, 91, 96, 99, 126, 135, 185, 202–204, 214, 238, 244, 248, 253

Creation. See Information, creation

Creativity

, 40, 51, 53, 218

Credibility

, 83, 86, 151, 190–191

Crime

, 12, 73, 191

Critical discourse analysis

, 216

Critical incident technique

, 46, 48, 54, 201, 206

Critical research traditions

, 124

Critical theory

, 125, 139–140

Criticism

, 12, 39, 181

call for action

, 240–241

history of

, 238–239

long history of negative reviews and calls for change

, 239–240

Critiquing

, 238–243

changes in methodology, theory and impact

, 241–243

history of criticism

, 238–240

Cultural capital

, 86, 130–131, 136, 140

Cultural theory

, 129, 131

Curiosity

, 4–5, 27–28, 86, 246–247

Customers. See Consumers

Data

, 7–8, 17, 29, 33, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 50, 87, 123, 127–128, 138, 155, 180, 182–185, 187–197, 200–203, 205–207, 209–214, 216–220, 239, 244, 247, 250–251

Databases, sources of information

, 33, 38, 41–43, 207, 241

Death/dying

, 82, 91, 214

Decision-making

, 1–2, 5, 8, 17–18, 44, 47–50, 79, 85, 96, 136–138, 144, 149, 151, 153–155, 180–181, 185, 195, 199–200, 211, 218, 247

Decisions. See Decision-making

Deductive approach

, 182–183

Deep fakes

, 3

Demands

, 29, 78, 148, 241

Demographic groups

, 73, 238

Denial. See Avoidance

Dentists

, 45, 47

Dependability

, 190–191

Describing research

, 124, 185–186

Descriptive studies

, 185

Design. See Research design

Desire lines

, 97

Diaries

, 87–88, 93, 146, 183, 184, 201–202, 204, 208–210, 217

Dichotomies

, 123

Differentiating

, 38–39

Diffusion of innovations

, 133

Diffusion Theory

, 40

Digital divide

, 53, 246, 248

Digital multi-media maps

, 39

Disciplines

, 1–3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 18, 26, 31, 35–38, 41, 74, 82, 87, 99, 124–125, 127–129, 131–132, 134, 142, 144, 153, 155, 198–199, 207, 219, 237, 239, 241–243, 252

Discourse analysis

, 15, 128, 130, 134–136, 201, 213–216

Discursive Action

, 130

Discursive positioning

, 128

Disinformation

, 3, 76–77, 83, 91, 252–253

Dissemination

, 10, 24, 36, 40, 43, 76, 84, 200, 214

Distributed cognition

, 78

Doctors. See Physicians

Domain analysis

, 207

Door-to-door interviews. See Interviews

Doorstep interviews See Interviews

Drives

, 29

instinctual

, 31

reduction

, 30, 199

Drugs

, 27, 28, 45, 96, 214

Echo chambers

, 83

Ecological constructionist’ discourse analysis

, 136

Economics, discipline of

, 98, 125

Economists

, 39, 125

Education

, 4, 12, 14, 35, 43–44, 73, 78, 81, 85–87, 90, 92, 97, 99, 127, 129, 136, 148, 150, 154, 157, 199, 203, 205, 220, 242–243, 248–249, 252

Elaboration

, 40, 80

Elderly

, 73, 205

Ellis’ model

, 37–39

Email

, 37, 40, 50, 76, 92–93, 188, 196, 201–203, 209, 241

Emplacement

, 74–75

Encountering information

, 4, 15, 24, 54, 211

Engineering

, 14, 25, 37–38, 42–44, 199

Engineers

, 9, 13–14, 36, 38, 42–43, 50–51, 54, 72, 138, 203, 209, 238–239

Enjoyment. See Entertainment

Entertainment

, 31, 87–90, 92, 247

Environmental scanning

, 49–50

Epidemiology

, 45

Epistemological belief

, 86

Epistemology

, 122, 140, 180, 216

Ethics

, 125, 188, 193–197

Ethnicity

, 16, 73, 87, 150

Ethnography

, 200–201, 205, 216–217

Ethnomethodology

, 43, 139

Everyday information behavior

, 15, 155, 206, 209, 216

Everyday Information Practices (EIP)

, 87, 136, 148–149, 155, 206, 209, 216

Everyday life

, 15, 72, 86–87, 91, 126, 134, 138–140, 148, 154, 203, 205, 215

Everyday Life Information Seeking framework (ELIS framework)

, 87, 140, 148, 154, 198, 215

Everyday Practice (theory)

, 130, 149

Exchange paradigm

, 124

Experiments

, 28, 94, 183, 200

Explaining research

, 31, 125–126, 185–186, 195

Exploring research

, 185–186

Exposition

, 28

Expressing

, 30, 149, 239

Extracting

, 38–39

Extraversion

, 87

Face theory

, 134, 139–141

Fake news

, 3, 96, 190, 238, 252–253

Familiarity

, 43, 51, 96

Family members, as sources of information

, 85, 93, 214

Farmers

, 47–48

Feedback

, 92, 144, 154

Fiction

, 16, 90, 144

Fields of information sources

, 35, 129, 205, 252

Filtering of information

, 50, 245

Fishers

, 47–48

Flickr

, 89

Flow

, 33, 95, 133, 145, 152, 252

Focus groups

, 37, 92, 94, 96, 201–202, 207–208, 216

Formal information systems

, 9–10, 13, 45, 155, 241, 246

Formal theory

, 125, 127, 137

Foster’s model

, 40, 51, 86, 143, 155, 252

Friends, as sources of information

, 3, 12–13, 45, 81, 91, 93, 94, 85, 91, 93, 124, 126–127, 133, 186, 188, 202, 204, 245

Further writing and dissemination

, 40

Futuring

, 248–249

global trends

, 249–252

interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral research

, 252–253

Games

, 41, 87–88, 90, 206, 211

Gatekeepers

, 54, 238

Gatekeeping

, 33

Gender

, 2, 16, 73, 81

Genealogy

, 88

Generalizations

, 35, 73–74, 83, 125, 127, 137, 239

Google

, 3, 84, 202, 214, 245

Grounded theory

, 39, 50, 127, 180, 182, 184, 201, 217

Habits

, 3, 9, 15, 24, 37–38, 73, 82, 88, 189, 210, 248, 252

Habitus

, 148

Harm avoidance

, 28

Health

, 9, 15, 27, 44–47, 49, 77–78, 81–87, 88, 91, 98–99, 132–133, 143, 153, 156, 199, 202–203, 212, 214–216, 218–219, 242–243, 249–250, 252–253

Healthcare providers

, 45–47, 250

Hermeneutics

, 139

Historians

, 14, 38, 40–41, 88, 124

History, discipline of

, 1, 238

Hobbies. See also Collecting; Genealogy

, 15, 72–73, 87–88, 92, 99, 143, 148

Hobbyists

, 89–90, 140, 211, 238

Holism

, 75, 126, 238

Holistic

, 2, 3, 10–12, 15, 17, 24, 26, 40, 54, 72, 73, 79, 99, 152, 238, 244, 247

House buying

, 95

Human error, common sources of

, 50, 180–181

Humanities

, 14, 26, 35, 39–42, 76, 199, 212, 242

Humanities scholars

, 39–42

collaborative information seeking

, 42

Hypotheses

, 125, 141–142, 157, 181–182, 186–187

Idea generation

, 40, 206

Ignorance

, 76

Ignoring. See also Avoidance; Selective exposure

, 4, 146, 245

Image as information structure

, 6, 34, 51, 76, 87, 212

Immigrants

, 96–98, 138

Immigration

, 96–99, 214

Impact, social

, 14–15, 37, 41, 85, 93, 99, 198–200, 240–241, 243–244, 249, 252–253

In-depth interviews. See Interviews

Inductive approach

, 182

Infavoidance

, 28

Informal communication

, 40

Informal contacts

, 38

Information

, 1–3, 5–8

definitions of

, 6

behavior, definition of

, 6

campaigns

, 10

creation

, 4, 17–18, 52, 80, 142, 149, 181–182, 203, 210, 248

experience

, 1–2, 4, 9, 11, 47, 52, 71–72, 82, 94, 237–238, 241–242, 244, 248–249

functions

, 40, 79

grounds

, 92, 97

horizon maps

, 40, 207

information-resource problems

, 41

literacy

, 132–136, 216, 240

managing

, 39, 41, 44, 91

needs. See Information needs

overload

, 50, 89, 96

practice

, 1, 74, 79–80, 89, 97, 136, 148–149, 211–212, 214–215

quality

, 6, 82, 94

seeking. See Information seeking

sharing

, 4, 17, 37, 41–42, 45, 52, 75–78, 88–89, 144, 149, 185, 187, 217

sources

, 2–3, 9, 12–13, 17, 29, 40–41, 43, 50, 54, 87–88, 92–95, 98, 132–133, 151, 154, 156, 183, 185–186, 202, 207, 210, 211, 215, 219–220, 241

use

, 2, 4, 8, 12, 14–15, 31, 33, 35, 46, 71–72, 78–80, 82, 93, 127, 146, 149, 214

Information needs

, 8–9, 12, 14, 26–33

historic approaches to studying

, 33–54

trouble with

, 30–32

and uses research

, 9, 25, 201

Information Search Process model (ISP model)

, 86, 147

Information seeking

, 1, 4, 5, 9, 10–12, 14–15, 24, 26–33

historic approaches to studying

, 33–54

motivations for

, 27, 30

Information Seeking and Communication Model (ISCM)

, 151

Information Seeking in Context (ISIC)

, 75, 243

Insiders

, 133

Instrumental utility

, 31

Intention

, 6–7, 12, 76, 133, 139, 151, 186, 195, 219–220

Interdisciplinarity

, 25, 41, 252–253

Internet

, 2–3, 5, 16, 28, 37, 41, 45, 48, 50, 53–54, 73, 82–84, 88, 91–94–95, 97–98, 141, 143, 152, 185–186, 196, 214–215, 248

Interpersonal communication

, 38, 43, 83

Interpersonal information seeking

, 43, 76

Interpretivist theories

, 133–141

constructivism. See also Constructivism

, 136–138

phenomenology. See also Phenomenology

, 138–139

social constructionism. See also Social constructionism

, 134–136

structuration, face theory, critical theory, reader response

, 139–141

Interviews

, 15, 24, 34, 37, 39–41, 43–44, 46, 50, 51–54, 87, 89, 91–94–95, 139, 148, 184, 189, 191, 194, 200–201, 204–208, 211–212, 215–218, 220

Intrinsic utility

, 31

Investing

, 89

Janitors

, 34, 206

Journal of the Association of Information Science and Technology (JASIS&T)

, 129, 137, 243–244

Journalism

, 52–53, 243

Journalists

, 52–54

Judges

, 29, 44, 125, 203

Knowledge

, 4, 7, 200

data

, 8

epistemology

, 122

formal knowledge

, 6

healthcare

, 77

local

, 48

management

, 18, 77

scientific

, 136

wisdom

, 7

Kuhlthau’s model

, 86, 127, 145, 147–148, 154, 198

Lawyers

, 13, 43–44, 51, 215

Learning

, 4, 27–28, 46, 48, 85–88, 91, 94, 99, 127–128, 131, 135, 138, 145, 147, 155, 180, 202, 237, 244, 248

Least Effort, principle of

, 133, 245

Leisure

, 12, 15, 28, 76, 82, 87–90, 99, 205, 209, 243

LGBTQ+

, 212, 218

Librarians, as sources of information

, 49, 53–54, 83, 88, 136, 214, 245

Libraries, as sources of information

, 9, 13, 24, 29, 33, 41, 43, 49, 72, 85, 90, 92, 98, 128, 140, 205, 210, 238, 241, 252

Life world

, 73, 93, 130, 138–139, 149

Literary scholarship

, 40

Longitudinal studies

, 188

Magazine, as sources of information

, 5, 24, 51, 53, 93

Mail survey. See Survey methods

Management

, 42, 50, 85, 133, 156, 197, 252

Market research

, 207

Marketing researchers

, 94

Masks

, 83, 91, 202

Mass media

, 9, 84, 90, 93, 141, 143

Material information

, 14

Materiality

, 211

Mathematicians

, 37

Medicine discipline of

, 81

Memorial designs, coproduction of

, 41

Mental model of legal reasoning

, 44

Meta-analyses

, 46, 184, 218–219

Metadisciplines

, 14, 35–36

Metatheory

, 122–123, 137–138, 180

Methodology

, 122, 137, 156, 180, 182–184, 187–188, 200, 219, 239, 241–243

Methods

, 15, 17, 26, 34, 37, 46–47, 52–54, 82, 95, 123, 126, 133, 183–184

mixed methods

, 15, 17, 34, 47, 184, 189, 216, 218

Meyer model

, 152–153

Middle-range theories

, 126–127

Misinformation

, 3, 8, 76–77, 82–83, 98, 202, 214, 238, 253

Mixed methods study design

, 47

Mixed research designs

, 182–183

Models

, 122, 132, 141–142, 155–156

information behavior models

, 141–142

modelling information behavior

, 142–156

reviewing

, 154–155

Monitoring

, 2, 4, 15, 38–39, 54, 91, 133, 149, 156, 197, 215

Motivated information management theory

, 156

Motivation

, 9, 26–27, 29–32, 38, 50, 75, 88–89, 134, 155, 193, 207, 215

Motives for seeking information

, 12, 16, 186

Motorsports clubs

, 90

Multi-methods approach

, 216

Multiple methods to enrich research designs

, 216–218

Multiple sclerosis

, 83

Music recordings

, 89

Music scholars

, 40

Myths about information behavior

, 10, 245

Narratives

, 46, 122, 123, 128, 193, 201, 204

Necessity

, 27

Needs. See also Information needs

, 4, 8, 10, 11, 14

administrative

, 73

for cognition

, 28

defined

, 26–29

demands vs.

, 29

instrumental

, 27

seeking and

, 33–54

sound research design

, 180–182

Networking. See also Social networks

, 39, 44, 216

Neuroticism

, 87

Newcomers

, 73, 96, 99

Newspapers

, 9, 40, 53, 189, 213

Nurses

, 45–47

Nursing, discipline of

, 46

Objective information

, 9, 11

Objectivist

, 123, 131–133, 139

Observable behavior

, 28, 122

Observations

, 33, 39, 48, 52, 86, 133, 141, 181, 205, 210–211

Occupations

, 13–14, 34, 54, 87

Online questionnaires. See Questionnaires

Ontology

, 122, 123

Openness to experience

, 87

Operationalization

, 187

Optimal foraging theory

, 133

Organizational culture

, 12

Outcomes (of information)

, 36, 78, 85, 148, 240–241

Outsiders

, 77, 133, 139

Pandemic. See also COVID-19 pandemic

, 83, 91, 202, 204

Paradigms

, 123, 124, 129, 131, 156, 180, 217

conflict

, 124

definition of

, 124

exchange

, 124

interpretivist

, 132, 133

physical

, 9

qualitative

, 218

sensemaking

, 124

theory

, 126

Paramedics

, 47

Participant observation

, 135, 204, 205, 211, 216, 217

Participant-generated visuals

, 212

Passive monitoring of everyday events

, 91

Patients

, 15–17, 45, 46, 73, 77, 84, 133, 199, 211

Personal construct theory

, 136–138

Personal digital assistant

, 209

Perspectives

, 124–125

Phenomenology

, 52, 130, 138–139, 157, 201

Philosophical realism

, 122

Philosophy

, 122–125

Photo categorization

, 212

Photo-elicitation conversation

, 212

Photovoice

, 184, 208, 212

Physicians

, 45–47, 216, 219

PixStories

, 212

Planned Risk Information Seeking Model (PRISM)

, 145, 156

Policymakers

, 16, 33

Political engagement

, 90–94, 99

Political information

, 9, 92, 94

Positioning theory

, 128, 130, 134–136, 157

Positivist theories

, 132–133

Practice theory

, 126, 130, 131, 134

communities of

, 135

Pregnant women

, 2, 215

Preparation

, 36, 40, 73

Presentation of self

, 140

Preteens

, 138

Principle of least effort

, 133

Privacy paradox

, 197

Problem-solving

, 32, 44, 45, 91, 156, 203, 247

Process of information

, 80

Professionals, studies of

, 42–47

economists

, 39, 125

managers

, 13, 17, 34, 47–51, 72, 154, 216, 238

psychiatrists

, 47

psychologists

, 28, 31, 35, 39, 45, 128, 129, 131

scientists

, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 36–38, 203

sociologists

, 94, 126, 128, 131, 132

Propaganda

, 76

Prototype image-browsing technique

, 212

Psychology

, 28, 86, 128, 129, 132, 136, 142, 153

Public, The

, 16, 33, 89, 217

Public library literacy programmes

, 97

Purchases

, 95, 96, 197

Purchasing

, 5, 17, 94–96, 202

Qualitative approaches

, 39, 43, 46, 185, 201, 204

Qualitative research

, 26, 184, 190, 199, 204, 218, 219

techniques

, 43

Qualitative studies of COVID-19

, 204

Quantitative research designs

, 123

Question and answer boards (Q&A boards)

, 214

Questionnaires

, 37, 42, 48, 188, 190, 195

interviews and. See also Interviews

, 54

online

, 202, 203

pretask and posttask

, 50

quantitative

, 189

Situation, Complexity and Information Activity (SICIA)

, 39

survey methods

, 201–204

tried-and-true methods of

, 201

Twitter archives and

, 76

Race

, 16, 73

Radio

, 2, 9, 24, 53, 93

Reader response

, 139–141

Receiver, in information theory

, 77

Recordings (audio and video)

, 43, 208, 210

Reference group theory

, 127, 133

Referential judgements

, 127

Reflexivity

, 191

Refugees

, 96, 97, 248

Asia

, 98

North Korea

, 215

Syria

, 77

Relevance

, 42, 89, 93, 94, 132, 139, 189

Reliability

, 42, 49, 51, 189, 190, 205, 239

Remote work

, 47

Research design

academic and societal impact of research

, 198–200

analyzing and interpreting data

, 192

conceptualization and problem development

, 185–187

designing study

, 187

ethical practice

, 193–198

general considerations in

, 184–200

information behavior research

, 200–219

methodologies and methods

, 183–184

planning and implementing data collection

, 188–192

qualitative, quantitative and mixed research designs

, 182–183

relating theory to

, 180–184

sound research design

, 180–182

writing up and sharing results

, 192–193

Research questions

, 10, 11, 17, 72, 82, 141, 186–187

Research spectrum

, 123

Respondent-controlled diaries

, 208

Response rates

, 202, 203

Review methods

, 218–219

Reviewing

, 26, 154–155, 237–238

Rigor

, 189

Rigorous quantitative designs

, 189–190

Robson and Robinson model

, 143, 150–151

Rural residents

, 12

Safety

, 11, 44, 206

Sampling

, 24, 37, 188, 202, 209, 220

Savolainen and Thomson model

, 149

Scanning

, 49, 50, 78, 215

Scholars

, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 27, 30, 40, 41, 76, 78, 83, 135, 140, 141, 181, 212

Science

, 14, 25, 26, 35

Scientific journals

, 12

Scientists

, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 36–38, 203

Seating sweeps method

, 209, 210

Seekers

, 75, 148, 154

Seeking. See also Information seeking

, 4, 5, 8, 32–54, 78, 93, 132, 136, 144, 152, 156, 215

Selective dissemination of information

, 10

Selective exposure

, 96

Self-concept

, 86, 95, 132

Self-efficacy

, 41, 85, 86, 128, 130, 132, 150, 156, 242

Sense making

, 8, 10, 30, 32, 95, 136–138

paradigm

, 124

Serendipity

, 53, 86

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

, 82

Sex workers

, 33

Sharing

, 4, 76, 77, 80, 146, 152, 192–193

Shopping

, 91, 144, 148

Signal, in information theory

, 141

Simulations

, 142

Situation, Complexity and Information Activity (SICIA)

, 39

Situational relevance

, 85, 189

Situational variables

, 95

Situations

, 5, 11, 12, 31, 32, 74, 90, 239

Six-stage model of music research

, 40

Small worlds

, 93

Smartphones

, 203, 208, 210, 220

Social capital

, 97, 130–132

Social cognitive theory

, 128, 132, 242

Social construction

, 36, 131, 136

Social constructionism

, 134–136

Social groups

, 12, 72, 76, 126, 205

Social media

, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 77, 80, 82, 84, 87, 92, 94, 140, 152, 182, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192–194, 196, 197, 201–203, 208, 213, 214, 220, 241, 244, 251

COVID-19 misinformation

, 83

hashtags

, 33

health conditions

, 83

information seeking

, 203

personal information on

, 194

postings on

, 18

Social network theory

, 130–132, 157, 242

Social networks

, 54, 87, 88, 97, 131

Social roles

, 13, 73, 74, 154, 238

Social science

, 14, 26, 35, 38, 39, 41, 252

Social scientists

, 14, 35, 38–39

Social utility

, 31

Sociological theory

, 131, 133

Sociologists

, 94, 126, 128, 131, 132

Sociology

, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 239

Sports

, 87, 88, 90, 92, 99, 148

Starting

, 39

Strength of weak ties

, 131, 132, 157

Stress and coping theory

, 133, 154

Structuration

, 84, 130, 131, 139–141

Students

, 15, 24, 72, 86, 87, 132, 209, 215

Substantive theory

, 124, 127, 137

Survey methods

, 46, 51, 180, 200, 201

diaries

, 208–210

focus groups

, 207–208

interviews

, 204–207

questionnaires

, 201–204

Symbolic violence

, 130

Syrian resettlement

, 97

System-oriented search practices

, 9

Systematic reviews

, 218–219

Tasks

, 5, 6, 10, 11–13, 15, 43, 44, 50, 72–79, 86, 89, 95, 126, 137, 138, 139, 143–145, 148, 149, 152, 155, 156, 187, 209–211

Taste

, 95, 96, 140

Tattooing

, 52

Teens

, 80, 197, 210, 212, 248

Telephone

, 2, 53, 84, 92, 93, 205, 215

Television

, 9, 91, 93, 202, 209

for news

, 24

Textual methods

, 213

content analysis

, 213–215

discourse analysis

, 215–216

Theories

, 25, 122

defined

, 125

in information behavior

, 128–132

interpretivist theories

, 133–141

levels

, 126–128

metatheory

, 122–123

perspectives and paradigms

, 124–125

positivist theories

, 132–133

research spectrum and dichotomies

, 123

theoretical influences on authors

, 129–132

Theorists

, 31, 125, 126, 128–130, 132, 134, 136, 140, 156, 242

Theory of Communicative Action

, 138–140

Theory of distinction

, 140, 157

Theory-guided investigations

, 38

Think-aloud observations

, 211

Think-aloud technique

, 207

Time-sampling methods

, 209

Tourism

, 88, 89

Translators

, 33

Transparency

, 191

Traveling

, 2, 88, 89, 92, 99, 217, 248

difficulty of

, 93

Trustworthiness

, 3, 191

qualitative designs

, 190–192

rigor and

, 189

Truth

, 6, 28, 76, 77, 123

Twitter archives

, 42

questionnaires and

, 76

Uncertainty reduction

, 30

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 249

University library managers

, 49

Unobtrusive observation

, 210

Urban residents

, 92

Use

, 2–4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 26, 31, 34, 38, 42, 48, 52, 53, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 85, 122, 124, 131, 142, 180, 183, 187, 190, 197, 210, 211, 214–217, 219, 220

User studies

, 9, 24, 25

Uses and gratifications

, 133

Vaccines. See also COVID-19 pandemic

, 3, 83, 91, 199

Validity

, 51, 91, 129, 189, 190, 219, 239

Venues

, 9, 13, 24, 92, 187, 192

Verifying

, 39

Vetted institutions

, 12

Victims

, 12, 34, 73

Videoconferencing

, 3, 205, 207, 241

Vignettes

, 46

Visual analysis

, 210–213

Visual methods

, 200, 210

observation

, 210–211

visual analysis

, 212–213

Voters

, 15, 17, 90, 92

Websites

, 2, 3, 14, 47, 93, 95–97, 141, 186, 196, 197, 200, 210–212, 216

health

, 9, 82

photo-sharing

, 89

public

, 196

Well-being

, 73, 81–85, 94, 245, 249

Wilson model

, 143, 153–154

Wisdom

, 7

Women’s studies, discipline of

, 41

Worker studies, in creative industries

artists

, 51–52

journalists

, 52–54

Youth

, 140