Index

Citation

(2020), "Index", Paulsson, A. and Sørensen, C.H. (Ed.) Shaping Smart Mobility Futures: Governance and Policy Instruments in times of Sustainability Transitions, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-650-420201013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate footnotes.

Accessibility

, 3, 5, 39, 48, 50, 95, 97, 128, 162, 164, 187, 190, 192, 195, 205

Accidents

, 173

Accountability

, 21

barriers

, 31–32

scenarios used in interviews

, 26–27

Accountability regimes

, 22

current

, 28–30

future

, 30–31

Administrative instruments

, 6

Affordances

, 9–10

Australia

, 11, 92, 96, 106, 114–115, 195, 210

Australian transport agencies

, 113–114

Authority/authorities

, 2–3, 8, 10, 23, 32–33, 142, 149, 155, 156–158, 163

Automated vehicles

, 38

CLDs

, 40–41, 45–50

costs

, 39

driverless vehicles

, 38–39

effects

, 41–42

literature search

, 39–40

sustainability goals

, 39

Automation

, 11, 37–40, 49, 58, 158

Autonomous vehicles (AVs)

, 76, 92–93, 97, 149, 188, 190

pilot schemes to test

, 198

and public transport in rural areas

, 193–196

‘Backcasting’ techniques

, 95

Behaviour

, 6

Bemelmans-Videc

, 8

Betamax/VHS

, 112

Bird

, 170–171, 173

BMW

, 204

Breng flex

, 193

Capping of fleet sizes

, 178

Car-free zones

, 3

Carpooling

, 191–192

Car-sharing

, 2, 91, 192, 210

Carbon-free transport

, 187

Causal loop diagrams (CLDs)

, 38, 40–41, 45–46

analysis

, 47–48

as collaboration tool

, 50

components

, 40

reflections from sustainability perspective

, 49–50

reflections on needs for policies

, 48–49

Change

, 5, 20, 60, 63, 115, 140, 143–144, 146, 180, 188, 217

Charges and fees

, 179

Citizen

, 131

Citizen assembly

, 219

Citizen participation

, 203–213

Climate crisis

, 3–4, 214

Co-design of regulation

, 116

Co-production of regulation

, 116

Collaboration

, 130–131

necessity for

, 126–128

Combined Authorities

, 23–24, 30

Committee on Climate Change (CCC)

, 140

Competition

, 30, 32, 49, 58, 61, 105, 113, 116, 129, 159, 173–174, 177, 190, 210

Complex networks

, 38

Complexity

, 22, 31–34, 63, 76, 91, 95–96, 111, 122, 126, 197

Compulsory data sharing

, 179

Congestion

, 205

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs)

, 59

Contracts

, 30, 107, 110, 114, 126, 157, 178

Cost[s]

, 39

coverage

, 190

Customers

, 31, 91, 128, 209, 217, 220

Daimler

, 204

Danish model

, 196

Data

, 90–91

Data management

regulations

, 157, 163

rules for

, 160

Decision making

, 23, 60, 94, 128, 147, 207, 214

Degree of urbanisation classification (DEGURBA)

, 188

Delegation of MLG

, 63–64

Deliberation

, 205, 215

Demand Responsive Transport (DRT)

, 189, 190, 195

Democracy

, 131, 207, 218–219

Democratic processes

, 11, 113

Demography

, 91–92

Digital data

, 162

Digital technology

, 203–204

Digitalisation

, 219

Digitalised data

, 156

Dockless

, 20, 25, 28–29, 31, 64, 169–170, 176–178, 181

Drive Sweden

, 123, 125, 127

Driverless

taxi

, 41–42

technology

, 49

vehicles

, 38–39, 42

DRS

, 90, 92–93

Economic policy measure

, 188

Economic theory

, 48

Electric vehicle technologies (EV technologies)

, 90

ElectriCity

, 125

Electric scooter (E-scooters)

, 176–177, 210

policy instruments and regulatory tools

, 177–180

regulation

, 172–177

shared dockless

, 172

Elite

, 217–218

Employees and competencies

, 157–158, 161

Employees and skills

, 164

England, local transport governance in

, 22–25

Equity

, 67

Existing infrastructure

, 157–158, 161, 164

Experiments

, 120, 122, 124, 127–128, 130–131, 208

Experimental governance

, 120

collaboration

, 130–131

learning by ‘doing’

, 124–126, 129–130

necessity for collaboration

, 126–128

need for exceptional solutions

, 128–129

need for extraordinary solutions

, 122–124

as policy instrument

, 122

policy instrumentation perspective on

, 121–122

Expert knowledge

, 11, 218

External costs of transport

, 173

Externalities

, 173

argument

, 115

Extraordinary problem

, 128

Extraordinary solutions

, 131–132

need for

, 122–124

Feedback loop

, 190

Financial instruments

, 6

First- and last-mile problem

, 192

5G technology

, 49

FlexDanmark

, 196

Freight transport

, 42

Fungibility

, 142

Future accountability

positions

, 30

regimes

, 30–31

Gaming and tactics of policy making

, 63–64

Generalised travel costs

, 39

Geofencing

, 177–178

Geographic variation

, 92

Goals

, 2–3, 5, 7, 20–21, 34, 39, 43, 48, 51, 63, 66, 124, 128–129, 141, 149, 175, 205–206

Gothenburg

, 109, 125, 195

Governable

, 217, 220

Governance (see also Multi-level governance (MLG))

, 153–154, 217–220

demand for

, 154

local transport governance in England

, 22–25

need for

, 2–3

and policies

, 49

Governance powers

, 23–24, 69

Governance structures

, 11, 62, 147

Governing capacity

, 154–155, 209

analytical approach

, 155–156

categorisations of current policy instruments

, 156–158

operationalisation of four NATO resources

, 158

of regulations for traffic, drivers and vehicles

, 160

in smart mobility futures

, 158–164

Government activity

, 142

Greater London Authority

, 23n1

Greater Manchester Combined Authority

, 24

Group Model Building

, 40–41

Hands-off approach

, 176–177

Hierarchy

, 63

Hood and Margetts

, 142–143, 155–156

Howlett

, 4, 8, 141–145, 149, 204

Inclusion

, 67

Individualism

, 155, 158–159

Induced demand

, 93–94

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 188, 190, 195

and public transport in rural areas

, 192–193

Information asymmetries

, 67

Informative instruments

, 6

Infrastructure investments

, 157, 160, 163

Innovation

, 219

Innovation journey

, 218

Innovation policy

, 149, 208, 218

Inputs

, 90–91

Institutions

, 23, 58–63, 65–67, 154, 218–219

Integration

, 31, 34, 62, 147–148, 178, 192–193, 197, 208

Intelligent transport systems (ITS)

, 156

International academic collaborations

, 116

International Transport Forum (ITF)

, 2, 177–178, 190

Interoperability

, 197

Interviews

, 24–25

Knowledge technology

, 97

KOMPIS

, 127

Laissez-faire approach

, 180

Land use and planning

, 160

Land-use policy

, 7

Lascoumes, P

, 8–10, 120–121, 131

Le Galés, P

, 8–10, 120–121, 131

Learning

, 29, 120, 124, 126, 130, 149, 180, 210

Learning by ‘doing’

, 124–126, 129–130

Legislation in Norway

, 171

Legitimacy

, 8, 11, 60, 62–63, 70, 76, 121, 179, 206–207, 219

Littering

, 175

Living labs

, 124

Local accountability arrangements

, 21–22

Local transport governance in England

, 22–25

Location

, 93–94

Low carbon mobility

, 140

‘Map mash-up’ workshops

, 95

Marginal cost

, 39

of cars and road freight vehicles

, 47

of road transport

, 50–51

Market

, 159

Market failure

, 173–175

Meta-instrument

, 9

Metropolitan Strategic Authorities

, 147–148

Micromobility

, 169–170

E-scooter regulation

, 172–177

policy instruments and regulatory tools

, 177–180

Milton Keynes Council (MKC)

, 29

Minimising regulatory barriers

, 177

Mobike

, 28

Mobility as a Service (MaaS)

, 2, 20, 59, 64, 106, 126, 129, 140, 146, 148, 217

MaaS Global

, 28

MaaS-solution

, 130

Mobility Data Specification (MDS)

, 179

Mobility management

, 6

Mobility service

, 91, 120, 162, 209–210

Modal shares

, 93

Model design

, 90–91

Modelling

, 2, 40, 76–78, 90–91, 94–96, 193, 195, 207

Monopolies

, 19, 106–107, 109, 114–116

Multi-level governance (MLG) (see also Governance)

, 58–62

(dis)advantages

, 62

case study policy instruments

, 67–70

delegation, gaming and tactics of policy making

, 63–64

new policy instruments ‘test’ MLG arrangements

, 64–67

Multi-purpose institutions

, 61

Multi-stakeholder context

, 11

Municipality

, 130

Mutual dialogue in social networks

, 156, 162

‘National’ policy responsibility

, 61

Network

capacity assumptions

, 92–93

management

, 64

New public policy instruments

, 120

Nimble government

, 113

Nimble private sector

, 106

Nodality

, 142, 155–156, 158, 162

competition for

, 159

Nodality, Authority, Treasure and Organisation (NATO)

, 142, 156–158

Objectives

, 2–4, 76, 95, 107, 113, 124, 149, 173, 177, 181, 205

Open Mobility Foundation

, 182

‘Open-minded’ governance structures

, 147

Organization/organisation

, 142, 155, 157–158

Organisational change

, 196–197

Oslo

, 114, 170, 172–173, 181

Parlance policy instruments

, 142

Participant selection

, 24–25

Participatory workshops

, 95

Partnership(s)

, 30, 32, 110, 112–114, 127, 181

Passenger transport

, 41–42

Passenger Transport Authority (PTA)

, 172

Pedestrianisation

, 3

Penalties

, 179

Person-kilometres travelled (PKT)

, 41

‘Physical’ policy instrument

, 5

Pilot schemes

, 180

to test AVs

, 198

Planning

, 75–102

Planning support tools (PSTs)

, 76

approach

, 77–78

data, inputs, and model design

, 90–91

geographic variation

, 92

limitations of PSTs to policy-makers

, 90

mobility type definitions

, 72

modal shares and impact on public transport

, 93

network capacity assumptions

, 92–93

publications reviewed by geography and mode

, 73–89

roles in shaping ‘smart’ urban futures

, 94–96

smart mobility ‘knowledge’

, 90

smart mobility knowledge and limitations of modelling analyses

, 72, 90

transport demand, location, and induced demand

, 93–94

trip purpose and demography

, 91–92

typical organisation of transport planning project

, 77

Planning system

, 112

Policy

, 141–143, 207

alignment

, 58, 207

capacity

, 154

instrumentation perspective on experimental governance

, 121–122

policy making, gaming and tactics of

, 63–64

taxonomy

, 141

Policy acceptance

, 206–207

Policy action

, 61

Policy change

, 140

catalysts for

, 143–144

Policy instruments

, 3–5, 141–143, 208–211

background literature on impacts and needs

, 41–43, 45

case study

, 67–70

cost-effectiveness

, 8

development

, 206–208

experimental governance as

, 122–131

knowledge production

, 8–9

limits of

, 9–10

need for

, 205–206

new policy instruments ‘test’ MLG arrangements

, 64–67

research on

, 7–8

smart mobility as

, 146–149

transport sector goals

, 43–44

used to govern transport

, 5–7

Policy-makers, limitations of PSTs to

, 90

Policymaking

, 60, 207

Policy moment

, 63, 66–67, 207

Policy package

, 10

Pragmatic approach

, 8–9

Pragmatism

, 111

Political institution

, 219

Pricing

, 67–69

Private actors

, 116

Private Hire Vehicles (PHVs)

, 28

Private sector perspectives

, 109–114

Proactive governance

, 146

Process values

, 121

Proportionality principle

, 177

Public

actors

, 116, 120

good

, 106, 112

policy principles

, 20

sector perspectives

, 108–109

space

, 174

Public transport, PSTs impact on

, 93

Public Transport Authority (PTA)

, 193

Public transport in rural areas (see also Urban transport systems)

AVs and

, 193–196

challenges and solutions

, 190–192

ICT and

, 192–193

need for

, 189–190

organisational changes and removal of regulatory barriers

, 196–197

pilot schemes to test AVs

, 198

policy suggestions for new solutions

, 196

user-centred design

, 197–198

Public values

, 4, 120–121, 128–130, 207, 209

R&D efforts

, 6–7, 160, 163

Reactive organisation with decreased capacity

, 161

Real life environment

, 132

Realitylab Göteborg

, 125

Reflexive governance

, 149

Reflexivity

, 149–150, 209

Regulation

, 109, 170, 172–177, 181

Regulations for land use and planning

, 157

Regulations for traffic

, 157

Regulatory impact assessment (RIA)

, 177

Regulatory barrier

, 177, 181, 196–198

Regulatory sandboxes

, 180–181

Research

, 6, 8, 91, 108, 126

Ride-hailing

, 114–115, 210–211

Ridesharing

, 64, 66, 69–70, 91, 93, 210–211

Rist, Ray C.

, 8

Ruled

, 210–214

Rulers

, 210–214

Rural areas

, 187–198

Road investments, need for

, 160

Roadspace allocation

, 69–70

Scope and structure of state

, 157–158, 161, 164

Shared mobility

breakthrough of

, 161–164

solutions

, 1–2

Sharing economy

, 155, 161–164

Smart mobility

, 2, 57–58, 119–120, 140, 153, 208–211

accountability barriers

, 31–32

benefits and risks

, 20–21

current accountability regimes

, 28–30

developments in England

, 25, 28

as exogenous shock

, 144–146

future accountability regimes

, 30–31

implementation

, 64

knowledge

, 90

knowledge and limitations of modelling analyses

, 72, 89

and local accountability arrangements

, 21–22

local transport governance in England

, 22–25

participant selection and interviews

, 24–25

policies need to be aligned

, 69–70

as policy instrument(s) for endogenous change

, 146–149

prevalence

, 59

for taxation

, 68

transition

, 21, 59, 65, 68

uncertainty

, 28–30

Smart mobility providers

, 21–22, 24, 29–34, 210–211

Smart movement

, 131

Snowballing

, 39–40

Societal goals

, 175–176

Subsidies

, 157, 161, 163, 174

Substantive values

, 121

Supra-national regulation

, 59

Stockholm

, 125, 195

Sustainability

, 129

Sustainability goals

, 39

Sustainability transition

, 12, 218

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 3, 38

Sustainable mobility

, 4–5, 10, 20, 126, 128

Sustainable society

, 12, 218, 220

Sweden

, 40, 48, 120–131, 155, 187–191, 206

Swedish Transport Administration

, 43, 43n2, 48

Symbolic

, 131, 156, 210

System Dynamics and Causal Loop Diagram

, 11, 38

System dynamics

, 38, 40

Target group

, 5, 8–10, 206–207, 209, 217–218

Taxes and fees

, 157

Testbed(s)

, 123–125, 210–211

Testing in real life situations

, 130

Tomelilla innovation week

, 127

Traffic congestion

, 128

Transparency

, 11, 121, 128–130, 132

Transport (see also Urban transport systems)

, 58

demand

, 93–94

demand models

, 94

freight

, 42

functions

, 23

passenger

, 41–42

policy objectives

, 157

system

, 158–159

taxation

, 67–69

transport planning project, typical organisation of

, 77

Transport governance, England

, 22–24

Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM)

, 24, 28, 30, 32

Transport for London (TfL)

, 149

Transport for West Midlands (TfWM)

, 24, 28, 30

Treasure

, 142, 155, 157–158

Trip purpose

, 91–92

Trust

, 42, 48, 181, 206–207

Uncertainty

, 28–30

Ungovernability

, 154

Unilateral state communication

, 162, 162

Urban Living Labs (ULLs)

, 124

Urban transport systems (see also Public transport in rural areas)

, 106–107

market forces

, 115–116

platform technologies

, 114–115

private sector perspectives

, 109–114

public sector perspectives

, 108–109

research approach

, 108

User groups

, 41, 48, 70

User-centred design

, 197–198

Value of Travel Time (VTT)

, 41, 47, 49–50, 91

Vehicle-kilometre travelled (VKT)

, 39, 41, 50, 205

Vehicles and drivers

, 157

Viable Cities

, 127

Volunteer-based transport

, 192

Vinnova

, 123

West Midlands Combined Authority

, 24

West Midlands

, 32

West Yorkshire Combined Authority (WYCA)

, 24

‘Wicked’ problems in policy documents

, 122–123, 128

Window of opportunity

, 2, 33, 182, 205

Yellow vests

, 188, 192, 206

Zuboff

, 203, 208, 215