A. K. Sen’s capability approach

, 214

Aboriginal people

, 224–225

Aboriginal women

, 224–226

media’s agenda setting theory

, 226–227

method and results

, 228–229

Age dependency ratio

, 184

Agenda 21

, 248

Agenda setting

, 226–227

Air pollution

, 126

Air pollution, level of

, 128

Alkire–Foster methodology

, 102–103

Allocative efficiency (AE)

, 58

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

, 95, 97

Angry fighters

, 225

Anti-dowry Act

, 219

Australian history

, 225

Australian women

, 224

Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL model)

, 184

Awareness and willingness among women, lack of

, 84–85

Balika Samriddhi Yojana

, 20–21, 44

Bangaru Thali

, 44

Basic facility

, 93

Beijing Declaration

, 192, 194

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPA)

, 215–216

Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA)

, 194

Beijing Women’s Conference

, 216

Benessere Equo e Sostenibile (BES)

, 250–251

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana (BBBP Yojana)

, 88, 114–115, 220, 259–260

Bhagyalaksmi Scheme

, 44

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)

, 194–195

Binary logit model

, 104

Birth order

, 115, 117

Body Mass Index (BMI)

, 95, 97

Capability

, 214

Capability measure (CPM)

, 214

Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model (CCR model)

, 57–58

Child deprivation across indicators and level of deprivation between male child and female child

, 105

Child deprivation ratio (CDR)

, 103–104

among male child and female child in West Bengal

, 108

Child health

, 102

Child Marriage Restraint Act

, 219

Child sex ratio (CSR)

, 2, 12

data, data source, and research methods

, 15–16

econometric estimation

, 16–20

literature review

, 13–14

policy implication

, 20–21

research gap and scope of present study

, 14–15

trend of OSR and CSR in India

, 13

variable definitions, sample means, and range

, 17

Childhood marriage

, 155

Climate change

, 2, 7, 273–274

gender responsive climate policies

, 276–281

link to gender inequality and

, 274–276

Climate Change Budget Tagging (CBT)

, 278–279

Coefficient Effect (C)

, 24–25, 47

Cointegration analysis

, 35

Cointegration test

, 33, 35–36

and estimates of parameters

, 185–188

Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)

, 249

Communication networks

, 224

Condensed Course of Education for Adult Women

, 93–94

Constant returns to scale (CRS)

, 57–58

Convenience sampling technique

, 239

Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 219, 249–250

Convention on Biological Diversity

, 248

Correlation

coefficient

, 263

between PCNSDP and crime rate

, 266–270

Coverage Gap Index (CGI)

, 102–103

COVID-19

, 235–236

impact of COVID-19 on need of enhancing savings behavior level

, 242

Crime against women (CW)

, 259–260, 262

Crime rate

, 259–260

Cross-sectional dependence test (CD test)

, 63

Cross-sectional study

, 238

Curriculum practices

, 74–76

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

, 57–58

Data2x platform

, 194–195

Decision-making units (DMUs)

, 57–58

Decomposition

, 52

Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojana (DDU-GKY)

, 220

Degrees of freedom (d. f)

, 95

Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)

, 154

Descriptive statistics

, 184–185, 239–240

Developing countries

, 24

Development

, 91, 93, 142

Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)

, 93–94

Diagnostics tests

, 240–242

Dickey–Fuller Min-t test

, 35

Digital India

, 220

Digital media

, 225–226

Digital participation

, 229

Discrimination

, 13

Disparities

, 93

District Information System for Education (DISE)

, 61

Domestic science

, 75

Domestic violence

, 167

Double burden of malnutrition (DBM)

, 32

Dowry

, 143–144

Dropout

, 114–115, 117

birth order

, 117

findings from NSSO data

, 119–121

Dual-systems theory

, 73

Earth Summit

, 248

Econometric analysis of multidimensional child deprivation in West Bengal

, 108–110

Econometric estimation

, 16–20

Economic empowerment

, 167

Economic growth

, 127, 129

Education

, 1–2, 56–57, 69–70, 79–80, 91, 93, 113–114, 127–128, 178

Education expenditures

, 23–24, 44–45

Educational attainment

, 179

Educational level of male-female

, 96

Emerging market economies (EEs)

, 141–142

cultural factors

, 143–144

data and methodology

, 144–146

economic factors

, 142–143

literature review

, 142–144

research gap and objective of study

, 144

results and findings

, 146–148

Employment inequality

, 80

Empowerment (see also Women empowerment (WE))

, 1

Endogenous growth models

, 56–57

Endowment Effect (E)

, 47

Engle–Granger Cointegration test

, 35–36

Environment

, 6

Environmentalists

, 225

Equal Remuneration Act

, 219

Error correction models

, 35

European Commission

, 214

Evidence and Data for Gender Equality Project (EDGE)

, 194–195

F-statistic

, 185

F-test

, 239, 242

Family Act

, 255

Female as head of the household (FHH)

, 128–129

Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP)

, 5, 142

Female labor force participation rate (FLFPR)

, 4–5, 126, 217

factors affecting

, 128–129

result of estimation of FLFPR equation

, 133

Female life expectancy (FLE)

, 4–5, 127

factors affecting

, 127–128

results of FLE equation

, 130–133

Female literacy rate (FLR)

, 2, 12–13

effect of female literacy rate on variation of CSR

, 14

Female work force participation rate (FWFPR)

, 2, 15

effect of female work force participation rate on variation of CSR

, 14

Feminist theories

, 70–74

liberal feminists

, 70–71

Marxist feminists

, 71–72

psychoanalytic feminists

, 72–73

radical feminists

, 72

socialist feminists

, 73–74

Feminization of poverty

, 204

Feminization-U hypothesis

, 142–143

First-differentiated GMM estimator

, 145–146

Fiscal instruments, assessment on basis of

, 276–281

Fondo per l’impresa femminile

, 255

Forest Principles

, 248

Gender

, 12, 69–70, 102, 177–178, 192, 214, 224

conferences for women’s emancipation and outcome

, 215–217

feminist theories

, 70–74

India story of position and status of women

, 217–218

integration of gender in global goals

, 195–199

objective of study

, 215

school practices and representation in textbooks

, 74–77

Gender analysis

, 214

Gender bias

, 14, 44–45, 102

data base

, 103

literature review

, 102–103

methodology

, 103–104

results

, 105–110

Gender budgeting

, 188

Gender data

, 6, 193–194

Gender Development Index (GDI)

, 12, 91, 93, 194

Gender differences

, 255

Gender disaggregated data for policy action

, 193–195

Gender disparity in education

, 80

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

, 12, 214–215

Gender equality

, 1, 177–178, 192, 215

analysis

, 2

examples

, 1–2

implications

, 2–5

and implications to other SDGs

, 5–8

recommendations for enhancing environment and urbanization policies to support

, 206–209

Gender Equality and Women’s empowerment (GEWE)

, 215–216

Gender Equality Index (2010)

, 194

Gender gap in employment

, 85–87

Gender inequality

, 24, 31–32, 56–57, 79–80, 93, 102, 142, 154, 178, 215, 223

analysis of policy measures taken by government to reduce

, 87–88

causes of gender inequality inhibiting global SD and achievement of SDGs

, 154–155

data analysis and interpretation

, 82–88

data and methodology

, 25–26

data source and methodology

, 82

descriptive statistics

, 26

in India

, 218–220

link to climate change and

, 274–276

literature review

, 24–25, 80–81

principle

, 159

research gap and objective

, 81–82

results

, 26–28

Gender Inequality Index (2010)

, 194

Gender inequality index (GII)

, 25–26, 32, 130

analysis of GII and OW using time series modeling

, 36

trend in GII and population of overweight women

, 34

Gender norm

, 142

Gender parity

, 178–179

Gender practices

, 69–70

Gender responsive budgeting (GRB)

, 273–274

Gender responsive climate budgeting (GRCB)

, 7, 273–274, 278

challenges and solutions

, 280–281

country examples

, 278–279

Gender responsive climate policies

, 276–281

Gender statistics

, 194

Gender studies

, 69–70

Gender Sub Plan

, 93–94

Gender Sustainable Development Index (GSDI)

, 7, 252

from birth of commission on status of women to goal 5 of 2030 agenda

, 249–250

material and methods

, 250–252

results

, 252–253

sustainable development

, 247–249

Gender violence (GV)

, 165–166

Gender-based violence

literature review

, 165–167

methodology and data source

, 168–169

research gap and objectives

, 167–168

result analysis

, 169–172

Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

, 214–215

Gender-sensitive public policies

, 273–274

Gendered discourses

, 224

General Category States (GCS)

, 56–57

Generalized method of moments (GMM)

, 145–146

GINI coefficient

, 260–262

Global Gender Gap Index (2006)

, 194

Globalization

, 80

Good governance (GG)

, 262

Governance

, 2

Government budgets

, 280

Government expenditures

, 26

Government of India

, 13, 259–260

Gross fixed-capital formation (GFCF)

, 129

Hashtag

, 226

Head count ratio (HCR)

, 15

Health

, 2, 91, 93, 97–98, 178

Health expenditures

, 23–24

Helpless victims

, 225

Higher secondary (H.S.)

, 56–57

Home science

, 75

Household expenditure during lockdown

, 238

influence

, 240–242

Household size

, 129

Human capital development

, 185

Human development

, 91–93

Human Development Index (HDI)

, 91, 93, 214

Human development report (HDR)

, 12

Human flourishing

, 214

Human poverty index (HPI)

, 214

Hunar Se Rozgar Tak

, 220

Income disparity

, 262

Income inequality (IE)

, 7, 259–260, 262

Index

, 251

India

, 33, 44–45, 56–57, 79–80, 102, 126, 166–167, 195, 236

employment trend

, 217–218

gender inequality, social justice, and public action

, 218–220

need for universal social protection

, 218

story of position and status of women

, 217–218

Indian states

, 259–260

brief literature review

, 260–262

data and empirical methodology

, 263–264

objectives and hypotheses

, 262

results and analysis

, 264–270

theoretical underpinning

, 262–263

Indian Succession Act

, 219

Industries and politics

, 156–157

Industry

, 2

Integrated Child Development Services program (ICDS program)

, 88

Intensity of child deprivation (ICD)

, 103–104

among male child and female child in West Bengal

, 108

Interaction effect (I)

, 47

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

, 155

Intersectional approach

, 193–194

Intersectionality

, 193–194

Italian Regions

, 253

Johansen Cointegration test

, 35–36

Judicial structure (JS)

, 262

Kanya Jagriti Jyoti Scheme

, 44

Kanyashree Prakalpa

, 44

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)

, 87–88

Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY)

, 2, 13, 17

descriptive statistics

, 16

effect

, 16–20

Kitakyushu City Basic Plan for Gender Equality

, 209

Labor market

, 217–218

Labor participation rate (LFR)

, 85

Ladli Scheme

, 44

Least developed countries

, 24

Liberal feminists

, 70–71

Life expectancy

, 127

Literacy rate

, 95–96

Little Data Book on Gender

, 194–195

Long-run relationship

, 35–37

Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)

, 32

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)

, 220

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee Act (MNREGA)

, 88

Mahila E-Haat

, 220

Mahila Shakti Kendra

, 220

Male literacy rate (MLR)

, 15

Marginal effect (ME)

, 130–133

Marx and Engels’ theory

, 71

Marxist feminists

, 71–72

Maternal education

, 14

Mean square (MS)

, 95

Media (M)

, 224, 262

agenda setting theory

, 226–227

Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region)

, 156, 179, 181

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 166–167, 195–196

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW)

, 168

Ministry of Human Resource Development

, 166–167

Ministry of Women and Child Development

, 259–260

Mixed-method approach

, 228

Mortality inequality

, 93

MUDRA

, 220

Multicollinearity

, 240

test

, 48

Multidimensional Child Deprivation Index (MCDI)

, 103–104

among male child and female child in West Bengal

, 108

Multidimensional deprivation

, 102

Multiple regression analysis

, 241

Multistakeholder

, 281

Natality inequality

, 80, 93

National Apprenticeship Promotion

, 220

National Commission for Women

, 166–167

National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB)

, 263

National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

, 94–95, 116

unit level data

, 102–103

National Family Health Survey 2019–20, fifth (NFHS-5)

, 167–168

National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW)

, 93–94

National Perspective Plan (NTP)

, 219

National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level

, 93–94

National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education

, 93–94

National Rural Livelihood Mission

, 220

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

, 3, 45, 236

data

, 113–115

dataset

, 44–45

findings from

, 119–121

National Skills Mission

, 220

National Urban Livelihood Mission

, 220

Native women

, 224

Neoliberal globalization

, 214

Neoliberalism

, 227

Net state domestic product (NSDP)

, 263

Nigeria

, 178

empirical literature

, 183

literature review

, 179–183

method of study

, 184

policy recommendations

, 188

results

, 184–188

stylized facts

, 179–182

theoretical framework

, 182–183

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 274

North Bengal Region

area of study

, 94

data source and methodology

, 94–95

education and health in

, 94

health and nutrition

, 97–98

objectives of study

, 94

results

, 95–97

Nutrition

, 32, 97–98

database and methodology

, 33

policy recommendation

, 38

results

, 33–37

Nutrition Landscape Information Systems (NLiS)

, 33

Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis

, 3, 44–45, 47

data

, 45

factors influencing expenditure decisions in primary schools in rural India

, 47–48

literature review and research hypothesis

, 44–45

results

, 48–52

Oedipus complex

, 72–73

One-digit level occupations

, 82

Output-oriented technical efficiency (OUTTE)

, 58, 62

determinants

, 60–61

factors determining OUTTE

, 63

methodology for finding output-oriented TE score

, 59–60

result of OUTTE estimation

, 61–63

variables

, 64

Overall sex ratio (OSR)

, 12

Overweight (OW)

, 32

analysis of GII and OW using time series modeling

, 36

trend in GII and population of overweight women

, 34

Ownership inequality

, 80

Pairwise correlation matrix

, 240

Parental education

, 48

Patriarchal society

, 84

Patriarchy

, 179–181

Patrilineality

, 143–144

Patrilocality

, 143–144

Per capita net state domestic product (PCNSDP)

, 2, 15, 262

Periodic Labor Force Surveys (PLFS)

, 217–218

Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR)

, 254–255

Piano per il Sud 2030

, 254

Platform for Action (PfA)

, 192

Police administration (PA)

, 262

Pooling regression model

, 16

Poverty (POV)

, 83–84, 126–127, 129, 143–144, 214

conferences for women’s emancipation and outcome

, 215–217

India story of position and status of women

, 217–218

objective of study

, 215

trap

, 215

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

, 220

Pre-Natal Diagnostic Test Act (PNDT Act)

, 20–21

Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)

, 220

Psychoanalytic feminists

, 72–73

Public action in India

, 218–220

Public expenditures

, 5–6

Radical feminists

, 72

Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)

, 2, 15, 17

descriptive statistics

, 16

effect

, 16–20

Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (RLPR)

, 144–146, 148

Regression equation

, 25–26, 46, 241–242

Regression model

, 26–27

Religious groups

, 44–45

Representation

, 74–77

Reproduction Theory

, 73–74

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

, 15, 263

Right to Education Act (RTE)

, 114–116

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

, 248

Royal Commission of Aboriginal people

, 225

Rural Development and Self-employment Training Institute (RUDSETI)

, 220

Rural India

, 126

data sources

, 129–130

estimation methodology

, 130

factors influencing expenditure decisions in primary schools in

, 47–48

literature review

, 127–129

results

, 130–133

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

, 87, 114–115

Save the Girl Child

, 20–21

Savings

, 236–237

Scheduled Caste (SC)

, 15, 60–61

Scheduled Tribe (ST)

, 15, 60–61

School enrollment

, 56–57

data set and sources

, 61

determinants of technical efficiency

, 60–61

empirical findings

, 61–63

methodology of TE estimation

, 58–60

School practices

, 74–77

Schools

, 113–114

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)

, 83

Self Help Group (SHG)

, 2, 13, 17, 88

descriptive statistics

, 16

effect

, 16–20

Sex disaggregated data

, 193

Sex ratio (SR) (see also Child sex ratio (CSR))

, 96–97, 128–129, 142

Simultaneous dependence

, 126

Simultaneous panel model

, 126–127

Skill India

, 220

Social customs, beliefs, and practices

, 84

Social empowerment

, 167

Social expenditures

, 179

Social Institutions and Gender Index (2010)

, 194

Social justice

, 2, 214

conferences for women’s emancipation and outcome

, 215–217

in India

, 218–220

India story of position and status of women

, 217–218

objective of study

, 215

Social media

, 224

Socialist feminists

, 73–74

Solow model

, 56–57

Special Category States

, 56–57

Special opportunity inequality

, 93

Spousal violence (SV)

, 168

Stacking method

, 251–252

Standard deviation (SD)

, 263

Startup India

, 220

Stationarity test

, 33

STEP

, 220

Structural break test

, 33

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

, 88, 114–115

Sum of squares (SS)

, 95

Sustainability

, 154

Sustainable development (SD)

, 154, 247, 249

causes of gender inequality inhibiting global SD and achievement of SDGs

, 154–155

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 1, 154, 193, 204, 248–249

causes of gender inequality inhibiting global SD and achievement of SDGs

, 154–155

gender disaggregated data for policy action

, 193–195

gender equality and implications to other

, 5–8

integration of gender in global goals

, 195–199

methodology and data

, 193

recommendations for enhancing WE to support achievement of SDGs

, 155–159

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)

, 248–249

Sustainable environment

, 204–206

SWADHAR Greh

, 220

System GMM technique

, 145–146

t-test

, 239

Technical Efficiency (TE)

, 3, 56–57

determinants of technical efficiency

, 60–61

methodology of TE estimation

, 58–60

Territorial gap

, 251

Textbooks

, 74–77

Thematic Budget Tagging System

, 278–279

Tolerance

, 48

Trend analysis

, 264–266

Twitter

, 229

Unified-systems theory

, 73

Union territory (UT)

, 167

Unit root test

, 184–185

United Nations (UN)

, 154, 204

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 12, 32, 93–94, 214

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 248

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)

, 194

Universal social protection, India’s need for

, 218

Unorganized sector

, 235–236

data

, 239

literature review and hypotheses development

, 237–238

methodology

, 238–239

policy recommendations

, 244

questionnaire design

, 238

results

, 239–242

sampling design

, 239

statistical tool

, 239

study design

, 238

Urbanisation of poverty

, 204

Urbanization (URB)

, 2, 15, 129, 204

importance of and need for sustainable environment

, 204–206

policies

, 6, 207–208

Variable returns to scale (VRS)

, 57–58

Variance inflationary factor (VIF)

, 240

Vector error correction model (VECM)

, 33, 36–37

Violence against women

, 259–260

Wald test

, 169

Well-being

, 214

West Bengal

distribution of male child and female child by level of deprivation in

, 105–108

econometric analysis of multidimensional child deprivation in

, 108–110

MCDI, CDR, and ICD among male child and female child in

, 108

Within-household gender bias

, 44

Women agency

, 16

Women Component Plan

, 93–94

Women empowerment (WE)

, 5, 154, 166–167, 192

causes of gender inequality inhibiting global SD and achievement of SDGs

, 154–155

importance of and need for sustainable environment

, 204–206

literature review

, 165–167

methodology and data source

, 168–169

recommendations for enhancing environment and urbanization policies to support

, 206–209

recommendations for enhancing WE to support achievement of SDGs

, 155–159

research gap and objectives

, 167–168

result analysis

, 169–172

Women Helpline

, 220

Women’s Economic Opportunities Index (2010)

, 194

Women’s health

, 31–32

Women’s political power (WP)

, 127–129

Work participation rates (WPRs)

, 85

World Bank

, 194–195

World Earth Day

, 248

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 217

Youth unemployment (YU)

, 262