Index
Behavioral Economics in Healthcare
ISBN: 978-1-83662-081-5, eISBN: 978-1-83662-080-8
Publication date: 25 November 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Yıldırım, A. (2024), "Index", Behavioral Economics in Healthcare, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83662-080-820241009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2025 Ahmet Yıldırım. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Academic journals, 114
Academicians, researchers, 103, 111
Action bias, 58–59
Active promises, 96–97
Adaptations, 33–35
Affect, 29, 32, 76, 78, 94, 96
AIDS, 5
Alcohol, 93
Alcohol addiction, 5
American school, 7–8
Antibiotics, 15–16, 49–50, 107
Antidepressant, 25, 48–49
Asian Disease Problem, 17–18
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 60
Attention to detail, 85
Authority bias, 67–68, 84, 86
Automatic decision-making, 73, 93
Availability heuristic, 35–36, 74–75
Average, 44–45
Base rate fallacy, 42–43
Behavioral economics, 1, 7–9
in health, 1–2
Benefits of biases, 77
Biases, 41, 73, 81, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness, 74–78
Bounded rationality, 4
Cancer, 17, 35, 65–66, 122
Case studies, 113
Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI), 95
Certainty, 16–17
Chicago Lake Shore highway, 93
Classical economic models, 5
Cognitive mechanisms, 89
Cognitive shortcuts, 82
Commission bias, 17
Conditionality, 75–76
Confirmation bias, 50, 54, 85
Controlled experiments, 113
Convenience, 23–24
Convenience principle, 92–94
Correlations, problems in evaluating, 46–47
COVID-19, 21–22, 43, 112–113
Cultural effects in healthcare, 107–108
Culture, 107–108
Death, 5, 96
Decision making with heuristics, 81–82
Decision shortcuts, 12–13
Decision-making, 3–4, 41
Decoys, 21
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 60
Dialysis, 11, 22
Doctors, 121–125
Double-blind controlled experiments, 113
Ecological intelligence theory, 7–8
Economics, 1–3
historical roots, 3–5
myth of “rational man”, 5–6
Education, 82–83
Educational interventions, 82
Effectiveness of biases and heuristics, 74–78
Efficiency, 74
Efficient decision-making, 73–74
Ego depletion, 33
Emotions, 29–30, 76, 78, 94, 96
Empathy, 29–30
Endowment, 32
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 66
Epidemiological studies, 113
Epistemic arrogance, 57–58
Errors based on optimism, 54–58
Ethical, moral, 7, 27
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM), 77
Excessive confidence, 54–55, 84
Expectations, 24–27
Expected utility theory, 7
Expected value, 11
Failures
difficulty of avoiding, 81–82
education, 82–83
omitted variables, 48–49
paying attention, 85
practical suggestions, 85–87
problems in evaluating correlations, 46–47
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
resemblances, 50
reverse causality, 47–48
shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
single cause fallacy and jumping to conclusions, 49–50
in understanding causes and effects, 45–50
False positives, 42–43, 123
Fear, 29–30
Focusing, 27–29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 66
Framing, 17–20
Gambler’s fallacy, 45
Generalizability, problem of, 117–118
German school, 7–8
Gigerenzer, Gerd, 7–8, 15, 49
Goodhart’s Law, 104
Groundbreaking game theory, 4
Halo effect, 66–67
Health, behavioral economics in, 1–2
Healthcare, 9
adaptations, 33–35
affect, 29–32
availability, 35–36
certainty, 16–17
convenience, 23–24
decision shortcuts, 12–13
decision-making, 9–10
ego depletion, 33
endowment, 32
expectations and placebos, 24–27
focusing, 27–29
framing, 17–20
incentives in healthcare sector, 103–105
issue of relativity, 20–21
key concepts, 37–39
loss aversion and negative dominance, 13–15
prospect theory, 11–12
risk management problems, 15–16
social proof, 21–23
System 1 and System 2, 10
Heart, 25–26, 98
Heuristics, 41, 73, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness, 74–78
shortcut, 10
Hindsight bias, 61–62
Historians’ error, 61
Historians’ mistake, 61–62
History, past, 6
Homo economicus model, 4–5
Hospital, 5–6, 12–13, 107
Hyperbolic discounting, 64–65
Hypotension, 107–108
Iatrogenic, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare, 107–108
Illusion of control, 68–69
Incentives, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector, 103–105
Industry, 125–126
Information bias, 63–64, 84
Intelligence, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs), 106–107
Journals, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Academic journals
, 114
Academicians, researchers
, 103, 111
Action bias
, 58–59
Active promises
, 96–97
Adaptations
, 33–35
Affect
, 29, 32, 76, 78, 94, 96
AIDS
, 5
Alcohol
, 93
Alcohol addiction
, 5
American school
, 7–8
Antibiotics
, 15–16, 49–50, 107
Antidepressant
, 25, 48–49
Asian Disease Problem
, 17–18
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
, 60
Attention to detail
, 85
Authority bias
, 67–68, 84, 86
Automatic decision-making
, 73, 93
Availability heuristic
, 35–36, 74–75
Average
, 44–45
Base rate fallacy
, 42–43
Behavioral economics
, 1, 7–9
in health
, 1–2
Benefits of biases
, 77
Biases
, 41, 73, 81, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness
, 74–78
Bounded rationality
, 4
Cancer, 17, 35, 65–66, 122
Case studies, 113
Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI), 95
Certainty, 16–17
Chicago Lake Shore highway, 93
Classical economic models, 5
Cognitive mechanisms, 89
Cognitive shortcuts, 82
Commission bias, 17
Conditionality, 75–76
Confirmation bias, 50, 54, 85
Controlled experiments, 113
Convenience, 23–24
Convenience principle, 92–94
Correlations, problems in evaluating, 46–47
COVID-19, 21–22, 43, 112–113
Cultural effects in healthcare, 107–108
Culture, 107–108
Death, 5, 96
Decision making with heuristics, 81–82
Decision shortcuts, 12–13
Decision-making, 3–4, 41
Decoys, 21
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 60
Dialysis, 11, 22
Doctors, 121–125
Double-blind controlled experiments, 113
Ecological intelligence theory, 7–8
Economics, 1–3
historical roots, 3–5
myth of “rational man”, 5–6
Education, 82–83
Educational interventions, 82
Effectiveness of biases and heuristics, 74–78
Efficiency, 74
Efficient decision-making, 73–74
Ego depletion, 33
Emotions, 29–30, 76, 78, 94, 96
Empathy, 29–30
Endowment, 32
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 66
Epidemiological studies, 113
Epistemic arrogance, 57–58
Errors based on optimism, 54–58
Ethical, moral, 7, 27
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM), 77
Excessive confidence, 54–55, 84
Expectations, 24–27
Expected utility theory, 7
Expected value, 11
Failures
difficulty of avoiding, 81–82
education, 82–83
omitted variables, 48–49
paying attention, 85
practical suggestions, 85–87
problems in evaluating correlations, 46–47
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
resemblances, 50
reverse causality, 47–48
shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
single cause fallacy and jumping to conclusions, 49–50
in understanding causes and effects, 45–50
False positives, 42–43, 123
Fear, 29–30
Focusing, 27–29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 66
Framing, 17–20
Gambler’s fallacy, 45
Generalizability, problem of, 117–118
German school, 7–8
Gigerenzer, Gerd, 7–8, 15, 49
Goodhart’s Law, 104
Groundbreaking game theory, 4
Halo effect, 66–67
Health, behavioral economics in, 1–2
Healthcare, 9
adaptations, 33–35
affect, 29–32
availability, 35–36
certainty, 16–17
convenience, 23–24
decision shortcuts, 12–13
decision-making, 9–10
ego depletion, 33
endowment, 32
expectations and placebos, 24–27
focusing, 27–29
framing, 17–20
incentives in healthcare sector, 103–105
issue of relativity, 20–21
key concepts, 37–39
loss aversion and negative dominance, 13–15
prospect theory, 11–12
risk management problems, 15–16
social proof, 21–23
System 1 and System 2, 10
Heart, 25–26, 98
Heuristics, 41, 73, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness, 74–78
shortcut, 10
Hindsight bias, 61–62
Historians’ error, 61
Historians’ mistake, 61–62
History, past, 6
Homo economicus model, 4–5
Hospital, 5–6, 12–13, 107
Hyperbolic discounting, 64–65
Hypotension, 107–108
Iatrogenic, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare, 107–108
Illusion of control, 68–69
Incentives, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector, 103–105
Industry, 125–126
Information bias, 63–64, 84
Intelligence, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs), 106–107
Journals, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Cancer
, 17, 35, 65–66, 122
Case studies
, 113
Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI)
, 95
Certainty
, 16–17
Chicago Lake Shore highway
, 93
Classical economic models
, 5
Cognitive mechanisms
, 89
Cognitive shortcuts
, 82
Commission bias
, 17
Conditionality
, 75–76
Confirmation bias
, 50, 54, 85
Controlled experiments
, 113
Convenience
, 23–24
Convenience principle
, 92–94
Correlations, problems in evaluating
, 46–47
COVID-19
, 21–22, 43, 112–113
Cultural effects in healthcare
, 107–108
Culture
, 107–108
Death
, 5, 96
Decision making with heuristics
, 81–82
Decision shortcuts
, 12–13
Decision-making
, 3–4, 41
Decoys
, 21
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
, 60
Dialysis
, 11, 22
Doctors
, 121–125
Double-blind controlled experiments
, 113
Ecological intelligence theory, 7–8
Economics, 1–3
historical roots, 3–5
myth of “rational man”, 5–6
Education, 82–83
Educational interventions, 82
Effectiveness of biases and heuristics, 74–78
Efficiency, 74
Efficient decision-making, 73–74
Ego depletion, 33
Emotions, 29–30, 76, 78, 94, 96
Empathy, 29–30
Endowment, 32
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 66
Epidemiological studies, 113
Epistemic arrogance, 57–58
Errors based on optimism, 54–58
Ethical, moral, 7, 27
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM), 77
Excessive confidence, 54–55, 84
Expectations, 24–27
Expected utility theory, 7
Expected value, 11
Failures
difficulty of avoiding, 81–82
education, 82–83
omitted variables, 48–49
paying attention, 85
practical suggestions, 85–87
problems in evaluating correlations, 46–47
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
resemblances, 50
reverse causality, 47–48
shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
single cause fallacy and jumping to conclusions, 49–50
in understanding causes and effects, 45–50
False positives, 42–43, 123
Fear, 29–30
Focusing, 27–29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 66
Framing, 17–20
Gambler’s fallacy, 45
Generalizability, problem of, 117–118
German school, 7–8
Gigerenzer, Gerd, 7–8, 15, 49
Goodhart’s Law, 104
Groundbreaking game theory, 4
Halo effect, 66–67
Health, behavioral economics in, 1–2
Healthcare, 9
adaptations, 33–35
affect, 29–32
availability, 35–36
certainty, 16–17
convenience, 23–24
decision shortcuts, 12–13
decision-making, 9–10
ego depletion, 33
endowment, 32
expectations and placebos, 24–27
focusing, 27–29
framing, 17–20
incentives in healthcare sector, 103–105
issue of relativity, 20–21
key concepts, 37–39
loss aversion and negative dominance, 13–15
prospect theory, 11–12
risk management problems, 15–16
social proof, 21–23
System 1 and System 2, 10
Heart, 25–26, 98
Heuristics, 41, 73, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness, 74–78
shortcut, 10
Hindsight bias, 61–62
Historians’ error, 61
Historians’ mistake, 61–62
History, past, 6
Homo economicus model, 4–5
Hospital, 5–6, 12–13, 107
Hyperbolic discounting, 64–65
Hypotension, 107–108
Iatrogenic, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare, 107–108
Illusion of control, 68–69
Incentives, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector, 103–105
Industry, 125–126
Information bias, 63–64, 84
Intelligence, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs), 106–107
Journals, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Ecological intelligence theory
, 7–8
Economics
, 1–3
historical roots
, 3–5
myth of “rational man”
, 5–6
Education
, 82–83
Educational interventions
, 82
Effectiveness of biases and heuristics
, 74–78
Efficiency
, 74
Efficient decision-making
, 73–74
Ego depletion
, 33
Emotions
, 29–30, 76, 78, 94, 96
Empathy
, 29–30
Endowment
, 32
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
, 66
Epidemiological studies
, 113
Epistemic arrogance
, 57–58
Errors based on optimism
, 54–58
Ethical, moral
, 7, 27
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)
, 77
Excessive confidence
, 54–55, 84
Expectations
, 24–27
Expected utility theory
, 7
Expected value
, 11
Failures
difficulty of avoiding
, 81–82
education
, 82–83
omitted variables
, 48–49
paying attention
, 85
practical suggestions
, 85–87
problems in evaluating correlations
, 46–47
“Regression to the Mean” concept
, 45–46
resemblances
, 50
reverse causality
, 47–48
shortcuts against mistakes
, 83–84
single cause fallacy and jumping to conclusions
, 49–50
in understanding causes and effects
, 45–50
False positives
, 42–43, 123
Fear
, 29–30
Focusing
, 27–29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
, 66
Framing
, 17–20
Gambler’s fallacy, 45
Generalizability, problem of, 117–118
German school, 7–8
Gigerenzer, Gerd, 7–8, 15, 49
Goodhart’s Law, 104
Groundbreaking game theory, 4
Halo effect, 66–67
Health, behavioral economics in, 1–2
Healthcare, 9
adaptations, 33–35
affect, 29–32
availability, 35–36
certainty, 16–17
convenience, 23–24
decision shortcuts, 12–13
decision-making, 9–10
ego depletion, 33
endowment, 32
expectations and placebos, 24–27
focusing, 27–29
framing, 17–20
incentives in healthcare sector, 103–105
issue of relativity, 20–21
key concepts, 37–39
loss aversion and negative dominance, 13–15
prospect theory, 11–12
risk management problems, 15–16
social proof, 21–23
System 1 and System 2, 10
Heart, 25–26, 98
Heuristics, 41, 73, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness, 74–78
shortcut, 10
Hindsight bias, 61–62
Historians’ error, 61
Historians’ mistake, 61–62
History, past, 6
Homo economicus model, 4–5
Hospital, 5–6, 12–13, 107
Hyperbolic discounting, 64–65
Hypotension, 107–108
Iatrogenic, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare, 107–108
Illusion of control, 68–69
Incentives, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector, 103–105
Industry, 125–126
Information bias, 63–64, 84
Intelligence, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs), 106–107
Journals, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Gambler’s fallacy
, 45
Generalizability, problem of
, 117–118
German school
, 7–8
Gigerenzer, Gerd
, 7–8, 15, 49
Goodhart’s Law
, 104
Groundbreaking game theory
, 4
Halo effect
, 66–67
Health, behavioral economics in
, 1–2
Healthcare
, 9
adaptations
, 33–35
affect
, 29–32
availability
, 35–36
certainty
, 16–17
convenience
, 23–24
decision shortcuts
, 12–13
decision-making
, 9–10
ego depletion
, 33
endowment
, 32
expectations and placebos
, 24–27
focusing
, 27–29
framing
, 17–20
incentives in healthcare sector
, 103–105
issue of relativity
, 20–21
key concepts
, 37–39
loss aversion and negative dominance
, 13–15
prospect theory
, 11–12
risk management problems
, 15–16
social proof
, 21–23
System 1 and System 2
, 10
Heart
, 25–26, 98
Heuristics
, 41, 73, 89, 101
examples illustrating effectiveness
, 74–78
shortcut
, 10
Hindsight bias
, 61–62
Historians’ error
, 61
Historians’ mistake
, 61–62
History, past
, 6
Homo economicus model
, 4–5
Hospital
, 5–6, 12–13, 107
Hyperbolic discounting
, 64–65
Hypotension
, 107–108
Iatrogenic, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare, 107–108
Illusion of control, 68–69
Incentives, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector, 103–105
Industry, 125–126
Information bias, 63–64, 84
Intelligence, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs), 106–107
Journals, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Iatrogenic
, 60–61
Ideological effects in healthcare
, 107–108
Illusion of control
, 68–69
Incentives
, 102–103, 111
in healthcare sector
, 103–105
Industry
, 125–126
Information bias
, 63–64, 84
Intelligence
, 82
Intensive care units (ICUs)
, 106–107
Journals
, 119–120
Kahneman, Daniel, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers, 43–44
Loss aversion, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Kahneman, Daniel
, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44
Law of large numbers
, 43–44
Loss aversion
, 13, 15, 76
Malpractice, issue of, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 47
Media, 86, 120–121
Medical research, 111
Medical science, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome, 28
Meta-analyses, 113
Methodological problems, 116–117
Methodological risks, 117
Myopia, 75–76
Negative dominance, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs, 65–66
Neoclassical economics, 5
Neuroscience, neurology, 76
Nobel, 82
Nocebos, 27
Normative model, 3
Nudge theory, 89–90
active promises, 96–97
affect and emotions, 94–96
controversies, 98–99
convenience principle, 92–94
increasing attractiveness, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges, 97
social proof, 91–92
suggestions, 97–98
Nudging, 90
Nurse, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Malpractice, issue of
, 106–107
Man with a hammer syndrome
, 29
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
, 47
Media
, 86, 120–121
Medical research
, 111
Medical science
, 111, 114
Medical student syndrome
, 28
Meta-analyses
, 113
Methodological problems
, 116–117
Methodological risks
, 117
Myopia
, 75–76
Negative dominance
, 13, 15, 97
Negligence of opportunity costs
, 65–66
Neoclassical economics
, 5
Neuroscience, neurology
, 76
Nobel
, 82
Nocebos
, 27
Normative model
, 3
Nudge theory
, 89–90
active promises
, 96–97
affect and emotions
, 94–96
controversies
, 98–99
convenience principle
, 92–94
increasing attractiveness
, 90–91
negative dominance in nudges
, 97
social proof
, 91–92
suggestions
, 97–98
Nudging
, 90
Nurse
, 68
Obesity, weight, 5
Omitted variables, 48–49
Optimism, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance, 57–58
errors based on, 54–58
excessive confidence, 54–55
self-favoritism, 56–57
Overconfidence, 85
Overdiagnosis bias, 59–61
P-hacking, 123
Pain, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence, 50–54
Patient, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”, 32
Penicillin, 115
Performance management systems, 104
Persuasion, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM), 94–95
Placebos, 24–27
Policy, 102
Polluting factors in medical research, 115–126
incidental wrong findings, 116
methodological problems, 116–117
problem of generalizability, 117–118
proxy measurements, 118–119
stakeholder incentives, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 60
Pricing healthcare, 105–106
Primacy effect, 62–63
Prospect theory, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements, 118–119
Psychiatry, 58
Public health, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Obesity, weight
, 5
Omitted variables
, 48–49
Optimism
, 29–30, 78
epistemic arrogance
, 57–58
errors based on
, 54–58
excessive confidence
, 54–55
self-favoritism
, 56–57
Overconfidence
, 85
Overdiagnosis bias
, 59–61
P-hacking
, 123
Pain
, 13–15, 32
Paradigm dependence
, 50–54
Patient
, 9, 11, 18, 103
“Peak-end rule”
, 32
Penicillin
, 115
Performance management systems
, 104
Persuasion
, 30, 87
Philip Morris (PM)
, 94–95
Placebos
, 24–27
Policy
, 102
Polluting factors in medical research
, 115–126
incidental wrong findings
, 116
methodological problems
, 116–117
problem of generalizability
, 117–118
proxy measurements
, 118–119
stakeholder incentives
, 119–126
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 60
Pricing healthcare
, 105–106
Primacy effect
, 62–63
Prospect theory
, 4–5, 11–12
Proxy measurements
, 118–119
Psychiatry
, 58
Public health
, 89
Qualitative analysis, 114
Quantitative analysis, 114
Rational approach, 3–4
Rational decision-making, 3
Rational man, 6–7
model, 4
myth of, 5–6
Rationality in health, 5
Real Madrid, 74–75
Reciprocity principle, 98
Reference dependence, 11
Reference point, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept, 45–46
Relativity, issue of, 20–21
Replication studies, 119–120
Resemblances, 50
Reverse causality, 47–48
Risk compensation, 16
Risk management problems, 15–16
Risk perception, 36
Rorschach test, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Qualitative analysis
, 114
Quantitative analysis
, 114
Rational approach
, 3–4
Rational decision-making
, 3
Rational man
, 6–7
model
, 4
myth of
, 5–6
Rationality in health
, 5
Real Madrid
, 74–75
Reciprocity principle
, 98
Reference dependence
, 11
Reference point
, 12
“Regression to the Mean” concept
, 45–46
Relativity, issue of
, 20–21
Replication studies
, 119–120
Resemblances
, 50
Reverse causality
, 47–48
Risk compensation
, 16
Risk management problems
, 15–16
Risk perception
, 36
Rorschach test
, 50
Sadness, 29–30
Sample selection, 117
Science, 111–113
in medicine, 113–115
Scientific misconduct, 124–125
Scientists, 121–125
Screening, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence, 78
Self-favoritism, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 69
Shortcuts against mistakes, 83–84
Simon’s model, 4
Simplification, 93
Single cause fallacy, 49–50
Smoking, 35, 96
Social hysteresis, 22
Social media, 102
Social proof, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality, 7
Spurious correlation, 47
Stakeholder incentives, 119–126
industry, 125–126
journals, 119–120
media, 120–121
scientists and doctors, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors, 42–45
average vs. variance, 44–45
base rate fallacy, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy, 45
law of large numbers, 43–44
Statistics, statistical, 18–19, 30
Stories, 75
Strategic adjustments, 93
Stress, 29–30
Suicide, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy, 64
Surgery, 17, 69
Survival, 13, 73
System 1, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2, 10, 73–74
TGN1412, 118
Thaler, Richard, 13–14
Thinking errors, 41
Thinking mechanisms, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule, 22
Time myopia, 64–65
Tobacco use, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation, 23–24
Trauma, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998), 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Sadness
, 29–30
Sample selection
, 117
Science
, 111–113
in medicine
, 113–115
Scientific misconduct
, 124–125
Scientists
, 121–125
Screening
, 18, 42–43
Self-confidence
, 78
Self-favoritism
, 56–57
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
, 69
Shortcuts against mistakes
, 83–84
Simon’s model
, 4
Simplification
, 93
Single cause fallacy
, 49–50
Smoking
, 35, 96
Social hysteresis
, 22
Social media
, 102
Social proof
, 21, 23, 91–92
Social rationality
, 7
Spurious correlation
, 47
Stakeholder incentives
, 119–126
industry
, 125–126
journals
, 119–120
media
, 120–121
scientists and doctors
, 121–125
Statistical evaluation errors
, 42–45
average vs. variance
, 44–45
base rate fallacy
, 42–43
gambler’s fallacy
, 45
law of large numbers
, 43–44
Statistics, statistical
, 18–19, 30
Stories
, 75
Strategic adjustments
, 93
Stress
, 29–30
Suicide
, 23, 48–49
Sunk cost fallacy
, 64
Surgery
, 17, 69
Survival
, 13, 73
System 1
, 10, 41, 73–74
System 2
, 10, 73–74
TGN1412
, 118
Thaler, Richard
, 13–14
Thinking errors
, 41
Thinking mechanisms
, 101
Three Degrees of Influence rule
, 22
Time myopia
, 64–65
Tobacco use
, 5
“Tragedy of the commons” scenario
, 103–104
Transplant, organ donation
, 23–24
Trauma
, 60
“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998)
, 94–95
Uncertainty, 6, 57
Vaccination, 15–16, 79
Variance, 44–45
Violence, 60
Virtue of heuristics, 78–80
Voodoo death, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Uncertainty
, 6, 57
Vaccination
, 15–16, 79
Variance
, 44–45
Violence
, 60
Virtue of heuristics
, 78–80
Voodoo death
, 27
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk, 15–16
Wealth of Nations, The
, 3
Zero risk
, 15–16
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to Economics and Behavioral Economics
- Chapter 2 General Principles of Behavioral Economics in the Context of Healthcare
- Chapter 3 Some Heuristics, Biases, and Thinking Mistakes
- Chapter 4 The Upside of Heuristics and Biases
- Chapter 5 Overcoming Thinking Failures
- Chapter 6 Nudges in Health
- Chapter 7 Incentives in the Healthcare Industry
- Chapter 8 Incentives in the Health Science
- References
- Index