Academic journals

, 114

Academicians, researchers

, 103, 111

Action bias

, 58–59

Active promises

, 96–97

Adaptations

, 33–35

Affect

, 29, 32, 76, 78, 94, 96

AIDS

, 5

Alcohol

, 93

Alcohol addiction

, 5

American school

, 7–8

Antibiotics

, 15–16, 49–50, 107

Antidepressant

, 25, 48–49

Asian Disease Problem

, 17–18

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

, 60

Attention to detail

, 85

Authority bias

, 67–68, 84, 86

Automatic decision-making

, 73, 93

Availability heuristic

, 35–36, 74–75

Average

, 44–45

Base rate fallacy

, 42–43

Behavioral economics

, 1, 7–9

in health

, 1–2

Benefits of biases

, 77

Biases

, 41, 73, 81, 89, 101

examples illustrating effectiveness

, 74–78

Bounded rationality

, 4

Cancer

, 17, 35, 65–66, 122

Case studies

, 113

Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI)

, 95

Certainty

, 16–17

Chicago Lake Shore highway

, 93

Classical economic models

, 5

Cognitive mechanisms

, 89

Cognitive shortcuts

, 82

Commission bias

, 17

Conditionality

, 75–76

Confirmation bias

, 50, 54, 85

Controlled experiments

, 113

Convenience

, 23–24

Convenience principle

, 92–94

Correlations, problems in evaluating

, 46–47

COVID-19

, 21–22, 43, 112–113

Cultural effects in healthcare

, 107–108

Culture

, 107–108

Death

, 5, 96

Decision making with heuristics

, 81–82

Decision shortcuts

, 12–13

Decision-making

, 3–4, 41

Decoys

, 21

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

, 60

Dialysis

, 11, 22

Doctors

, 121–125

Double-blind controlled experiments

, 113

Ecological intelligence theory

, 7–8

Economics

, 1–3

historical roots

, 3–5

myth of “rational man”

, 5–6

Education

, 82–83

Educational interventions

, 82

Effectiveness of biases and heuristics

, 74–78

Efficiency

, 74

Efficient decision-making

, 73–74

Ego depletion

, 33

Emotions

, 29–30, 76, 78, 94, 96

Empathy

, 29–30

Endowment

, 32

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

, 66

Epidemiological studies

, 113

Epistemic arrogance

, 57–58

Errors based on optimism

, 54–58

Ethical, moral

, 7, 27

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)

, 77

Excessive confidence

, 54–55, 84

Expectations

, 24–27

Expected utility theory

, 7

Expected value

, 11

Failures

difficulty of avoiding

, 81–82

education

, 82–83

omitted variables

, 48–49

paying attention

, 85

practical suggestions

, 85–87

problems in evaluating correlations

, 46–47

“Regression to the Mean” concept

, 45–46

resemblances

, 50

reverse causality

, 47–48

shortcuts against mistakes

, 83–84

single cause fallacy and jumping to conclusions

, 49–50

in understanding causes and effects

, 45–50

False positives

, 42–43, 123

Fear

, 29–30

Focusing

, 27–29

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

, 66

Framing

, 17–20

Gambler’s fallacy

, 45

Generalizability, problem of

, 117–118

German school

, 7–8

Gigerenzer, Gerd

, 7–8, 15, 49

Goodhart’s Law

, 104

Groundbreaking game theory

, 4

Halo effect

, 66–67

Health, behavioral economics in

, 1–2

Healthcare

, 9

adaptations

, 33–35

affect

, 29–32

availability

, 35–36

certainty

, 16–17

convenience

, 23–24

decision shortcuts

, 12–13

decision-making

, 9–10

ego depletion

, 33

endowment

, 32

expectations and placebos

, 24–27

focusing

, 27–29

framing

, 17–20

incentives in healthcare sector

, 103–105

issue of relativity

, 20–21

key concepts

, 37–39

loss aversion and negative dominance

, 13–15

prospect theory

, 11–12

risk management problems

, 15–16

social proof

, 21–23

System 1 and System 2

, 10

Heart

, 25–26, 98

Heuristics

, 41, 73, 89, 101

examples illustrating effectiveness

, 74–78

shortcut

, 10

Hindsight bias

, 61–62

Historians’ error

, 61

Historians’ mistake

, 61–62

History, past

, 6

Homo economicus model

, 4–5

Hospital

, 5–6, 12–13, 107

Hyperbolic discounting

, 64–65

Hypotension

, 107–108

Iatrogenic

, 60–61

Ideological effects in healthcare

, 107–108

Illusion of control

, 68–69

Incentives

, 102–103, 111

in healthcare sector

, 103–105

Industry

, 125–126

Information bias

, 63–64, 84

Intelligence

, 82

Intensive care units (ICUs)

, 106–107

Journals

, 119–120

Kahneman, Daniel

, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 27, 44

Law of large numbers

, 43–44

Loss aversion

, 13, 15, 76

Malpractice, issue of

, 106–107

Man with a hammer syndrome

, 29

Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine

, 47

Media

, 86, 120–121

Medical research

, 111

Medical science

, 111, 114

Medical student syndrome

, 28

Meta-analyses

, 113

Methodological problems

, 116–117

Methodological risks

, 117

Myopia

, 75–76

Negative dominance

, 13, 15, 97

Negligence of opportunity costs

, 65–66

Neoclassical economics

, 5

Neuroscience, neurology

, 76

Nobel

, 82

Nocebos

, 27

Normative model

, 3

Nudge theory

, 89–90

active promises

, 96–97

affect and emotions

, 94–96

controversies

, 98–99

convenience principle

, 92–94

increasing attractiveness

, 90–91

negative dominance in nudges

, 97

social proof

, 91–92

suggestions

, 97–98

Nudging

, 90

Nurse

, 68

Obesity, weight

, 5

Omitted variables

, 48–49

Optimism

, 29–30, 78

epistemic arrogance

, 57–58

errors based on

, 54–58

excessive confidence

, 54–55

self-favoritism

, 56–57

Overconfidence

, 85

Overdiagnosis bias

, 59–61

P-hacking

, 123

Pain

, 13–15, 32

Paradigm dependence

, 50–54

Patient

, 9, 11, 18, 103

“Peak-end rule”

, 32

Penicillin

, 115

Performance management systems

, 104

Persuasion

, 30, 87

Philip Morris (PM)

, 94–95

Placebos

, 24–27

Policy

, 102

Polluting factors in medical research

, 115–126

incidental wrong findings

, 116

methodological problems

, 116–117

problem of generalizability

, 117–118

proxy measurements

, 118–119

stakeholder incentives

, 119–126

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 60

Pricing healthcare

, 105–106

Primacy effect

, 62–63

Prospect theory

, 4–5, 11–12

Proxy measurements

, 118–119

Psychiatry

, 58

Public health

, 89

Qualitative analysis

, 114

Quantitative analysis

, 114

Rational approach

, 3–4

Rational decision-making

, 3

Rational man

, 6–7

model

, 4

myth of

, 5–6

Rationality in health

, 5

Real Madrid

, 74–75

Reciprocity principle

, 98

Reference dependence

, 11

Reference point

, 12

“Regression to the Mean” concept

, 45–46

Relativity, issue of

, 20–21

Replication studies

, 119–120

Resemblances

, 50

Reverse causality

, 47–48

Risk compensation

, 16

Risk management problems

, 15–16

Risk perception

, 36

Rorschach test

, 50

Sadness

, 29–30

Sample selection

, 117

Science

, 111–113

in medicine

, 113–115

Scientific misconduct

, 124–125

Scientists

, 121–125

Screening

, 18, 42–43

Self-confidence

, 78

Self-favoritism

, 56–57

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

, 69

Shortcuts against mistakes

, 83–84

Simon’s model

, 4

Simplification

, 93

Single cause fallacy

, 49–50

Smoking

, 35, 96

Social hysteresis

, 22

Social media

, 102

Social proof

, 21, 23, 91–92

Social rationality

, 7

Spurious correlation

, 47

Stakeholder incentives

, 119–126

industry

, 125–126

journals

, 119–120

media

, 120–121

scientists and doctors

, 121–125

Statistical evaluation errors

, 42–45

average vs. variance

, 44–45

base rate fallacy

, 42–43

gambler’s fallacy

, 45

law of large numbers

, 43–44

Statistics, statistical

, 18–19, 30

Stories

, 75

Strategic adjustments

, 93

Stress

, 29–30

Suicide

, 23, 48–49

Sunk cost fallacy

, 64

Surgery

, 17, 69

Survival

, 13, 73

System 1

, 10, 41, 73–74

System 2

, 10, 73–74

TGN1412

, 118

Thaler, Richard

, 13–14

Thinking errors

, 41

Thinking mechanisms

, 101

Three Degrees of Influence rule

, 22

Time myopia

, 64–65

Tobacco use

, 5

“Tragedy of the commons” scenario

, 103–104

Transplant, organ donation

, 23–24

Trauma

, 60

“Truth”, The Smoking Campaign (1998)

, 94–95

Uncertainty

, 6, 57

Vaccination

, 15–16, 79

Variance

, 44–45

Violence

, 60

Virtue of heuristics

, 78–80

Voodoo death

, 27

Wealth of Nations, The

, 3

Zero risk

, 15–16