Prelims

Half Title Page

Growth, Poverty and Developmental Aspects of Agriculture

Title Page

Growth, Poverty and Developmental Aspects of Agriculture: Countries' Perspectives

Edited by

Ramesh Chandra Das

Vidyasagar University, India

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

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First edition 2025

Editorial matter and selection © 2025 Ramesh Chandra Das.

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ISBN: 978-1-83608-077-0 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83608-076-3 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83608-078-7 (Epub)

Dedication

In memory of my colleagues

Dr Kamal Ray and Sanat Kumar Chakraborty

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1

ARDL

Auto Regressive Distributed Lag

DEA

Data Envelopment Analysis

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

ICU

India, China and United States of America

NGO

Non-Government Organization

TMEC

Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá

USCM

United States-Canada-Mexico

Chapter 2

ATMA

National Mission on Agriculture Extension

DAM

Digital Agriculture Mission

DEA

Data Envelopment Analysis

DMU

Decision Making Unit

EMDE

Emerging Market and Developing Economy

FPO

Farmer Producer Organizations

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

MSP

Minimum Support Price

NABARD

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

PMFBY

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

PMKISAN

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi

RWBCIS

Restructure Weather Based Crop Insurance Schemes

SFA

Stochastic Frontier Analysis

TE

Technical Efficiency

WTO

World Trade Organization

Chapter 3

ABP

Anchor Borrowers' Programme

ACGSF

Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund

AGDP

Agricultural Gross Domestic Product

ALAB

Agricultural Labour

ALAN

Agricultural Land Area

AMACH

Agricultural Machinery

ARDL

Auto Regressive Distributed Lag

BF

Bank Financing

CACS

Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme

CBA

Commercial Bank's loan to the Agricultural sector

ECM

Error Correction Term

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FMARD

Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

FSD

Financial Sector Development

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

INT

Interest Rate

NIPC

Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission

Chapter 4

ARDL

Auto Regressive Distributed Lag

BP

British Petroleum

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CO2E

Carbon Dioxide Emission

CUSUM

Cumulative Sum

ECM

Error Correction Model

EKC

Environmental Kuznets Curve

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FC

Forest Coverage

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FDI_AGR

FDI Inflows in Agriculture Sector

GHG

Greenhouse Gas

GtCO2

Gigatonnes Carbon Dioxide

ICU

India, China and United States of America

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Ln

Natural Log

MEA

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

REC

Renewable Energy Consumption

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

TEEB

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

UN

United Nations

USA

United States of America

US

United States

VECM

Vector Error Correction Model

VEC

Vector Error Correction

VA_AGR

Value Added in Agriculture Sector

WPP

World Population Prospects

Chapter 5

AMEG

Mexican Association of Livestock Fattening

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

TMEC

Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá

USCM

United States-Canada-Mexico

Chapter 6

AGROSE

Agrupación Española de Entidades Aseguradoras de los

GURO

Seguros Agrarios Combinados, Spain

AUSAID

Australian Agency for International Development

AUTP

Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi, Indonesia

CCIS

Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme

CNY

Chinese Yuan Renminbi

CPIS

Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme

ECIS

Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme

FIIS

Farm Income Insurance Scheme

FNGCA

National Agricultural Disaster Fund, France

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

MNAIS

Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

MPCI

Multi-Peril Crop Insurance

NAIS

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

NBS

Nature Based Solutions

NCIP

National Crop Insurance Programme

NDVI

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NGO

Non-Government Organization

NTB

Negusa Tengara Barat, Indonesia

PCIS

Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme

PICC

Peoples Insurance Company of China

PMFBY

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

PPP

Public–Private Partnerships

PROAGRO

Programa de Garantia da Actividade Agropequária, Guarantee Programme for Agricultural Activities, Brazil

PRONAF

Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar, Brazil

PSSCI

Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance

SEAF

Seguro da Agricultura Familiar, Insurance for Family Agriculture, Brazil

USD

United States Dollar

UT

Union Territory

WBCIS

Wather Based Crop Insurance Scheme

Chapter 7

AIC

Akaike (1969) Information Criterion

GARCH

Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity

MGARCH

Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity

ARCH

Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity

MANOVA

Multivariate Analysis of Variance

RML

Reuters Market Light

Chapter 8

AIBP

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

NPK

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

RBI

Reserve Bank of India

TFPG

Total Factor Productivity Growth

Chapter 9

CDMP

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme

CPP

Cyclone Preparedness Programme

DMB

Disaster Management Bureau

DM

Disaster Management

DRR

Disaster Risk Reduction

ERM

Emergency Response Management

FAP

Flood Action Plan

FGD

Focus Group Discussion

GR

Gratuitous Relief

LGIs

Local Government Institutions

MoDMR

Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief

NDMC

National Disaster Management Council

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

NPDM

National Plan for Disaster Management

OMS

Open Market Sale

SOD

Standing Orders on Disaster

SSNP

Social Safety Net Programs

SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

UP

Union Council

VGD

Vulnerable Group Development

VGF

Vulnerable Group Feeding

Chapter 10

ADF

Augmented Dickey-Fuller

ARDL

Autoregressive Distributed Lag

ECT

Error Correction Term

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PP

Phillips-Perron

VAR

Vector Autoregressive

VECM

Vector Error Correction Model

Chapter 11

ASHA

Accredited Social Health Activist

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CSAPs

Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices

DAC & FW

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

DES

Directorate of Economics and Statistics

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GHI

Global Hunger Index

GVA

Gross Value Added

ICDS

Integrated Child Development Services

Kg

Kilograms

MGNREGA

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MT

Million Tonnes

NABARD

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NFSA

National Food Security Act

PDS

Public Distribution System

PMGKY

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

PPP

Public Private Partnership

R&D

Research & Development

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

SEZ

Special Economic Zones

TISM

Total Interpretive Structural Modelling

TPDS

Targeted Public Distribution System

WFP

World Food Programme

WFS

World Food Summit

Chapter 13

ACC

Accessibility

ADF

Augmented Dickey-Fuller

AFF

Affordability

ARDL

Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model

AV

Availability

AWW

Agricultural Wage of Women Worker

CI

Cost of Education

CV

Coefficient of Variation

DFE

Difference Fixed Effect

ECM

Error Correction Model

EPWRF

Economic and Political Weekly Research Foundation

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

KMO

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin

MDFSI

Multidimensional Food Security Index

MG

Mean Group

NFHS

National Family Health Survey

NIA

Net Irrigated Area

NSDP

Net State Domestic Product

NSSO

National Sample Survey Organization

PCA

Principal Component Analysis

PCE

Per Capita Electric Consumption

PMG

Pooled Mean Group

RBI

Reserve Bank of India

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

STA

Stability

TLR

Total Length of the Road

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

WFPR

Workforce Participation Rate

Chapter 14

ADB

Asian Development Bank

BHA

Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance

UNDP

United Nation Development Programme

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

Chapter 15

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

GSDP

Gross State Domestic Product

FINP

Food Insecure but Non-Poor

FSP

Food Secure but Poor

FIP

Food Insecure and Poor

FSNP

Both Food Secure & Non-Poor

MPI

Multidimensional Poverty Index

OLS

Ordinary Least Squares

HCR

Head Count Ratio

About the Editor

Ramesh Chandra Das, PhD, is currently a Professor and the Head of the Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, India, with 25 years of teaching and research experience. Professor Das has published more than 100 articles in reputed journals and has written and edited more than 20 books. His research interests lie in applied macroeconomics, public economics and environmental economics.

About the Contributors

Soumyajit Adhikari is currently pursuing the degree Master's of Arts in Economics from University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. He has certain publications from well reputed journals and books. His areas of interest are international trade, resource and environmental economics, microeconomic modelling, labour economics and open economy macroeconomics.

Olumide Abiodun Ayetigbo is a Lecturer at the Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria. He holds a Master in Business Administration (MBA Finance) and a Master of Science (MSc) in Business Administration, respectively, from the prestigious Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria.

Saheli Bhattacharya, PhD, after completing MCom from University of Calcutta and qualifying UGC-NET, she has been attached with various reputed colleges of Kolkata including Sivanath Sastri College (as a full-time Contractual Lecturer) and Seth Anandaram Jaipuria College (as a Guest Lecturer). She has co-authored several articles which have been published in reputed journals and also presented papers in international conferences. She completed her PhD from University of Calcutta in 2023.

Somdip Bhukta is currently a doctoral-level Research Scholar at the Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, India. He has been awarded the Junior Research Fellowship by the University Grants Commission, India. His research interest lies in the areas of agricultural economics, environmental economics and development economics.

Bappaditya Biswas, PhD, is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Commerce, University of Calcutta, India, with over 15 years of teaching experience in undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses. Dr Biswas has published more than 35 articles in different journals and edited a volume of repute.

Nilendu Chatterjee, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, Bankim Sardar College, West Bengal, India. He has research interest in resource economics, general equilibrium and development economics. He has published a number of research articles in several international journals of economics including International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management, Economic Affairs and Foreign Trade Review.

Arup Kumar Chattopadhyay, PhD, is a retired Professor of Economics at the University of Burdwan, India, with more than 30 years of teaching experience. His research articles have been published in numerous national and international peer-reviewed journals in the areas of financial economics, agricultural economics, public finance, food economics, operations research and econometrics. He was the Dean of Faculty Council for PG Studies in Arts, Commerce, Law, Music and Fine Arts at the University of Burdwan.

Arpita Das is a PhD Research Scholar at IIT Guwahati, India. Her interest area lies in natural resource economics, environmental economics and development economies. She holds both MA and MPhil degrees in Economics from Utkal University, India. She is also focusing on GIS application in the field of Economics.

Sunanda Das has completed her Master's in Economics from Vidyasagar University, India, with first class. She also holds a diploma in Data Science from the same university. She has research interests on agricultural economics, social sector, inclusive growth and development.

Tulshi Kumar Das, PhD, is a Professor of Social Work at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. He obtained his PhD and MPhil degrees from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. He has widely published articles with internationally reputed publishers. He has successfully completed many research projects relating to domestic violence, indigenous and international social work, social services and COVID-19, natural disasters, food security, ethnicity, gender inequality, human rights, nationalism, and genocide sponsored by Comic Relief Fund, UK, FAO, Ministry of Social Welfare, and European Commission, among others.

Hasan Dincer, PhD, is an academician in the interdisciplinary fields of business and finance, holding the position of Professor at Istanbul Medipol University in Turkey. With over 400 scientific articles to his name, many of which are indexed in high-impact journals like SSCI, SCI-Expanded and Scopus, Prof Dincer has contributed significantly to the academic literature. He has focused his research work on a range of topics such as strategic management, innovation, sustainability, circular economy, decision making as well as renewable energy investments, finance and banking.

Jennifer Fernandes, PhD, is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore. She was awarded a PhD in Economics from Bangalore University, Bangalore.

Dr Tanushree Gupta is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Business Management and Commerce, JSPM University, Pune, Maharashtra. She has 8 years of experience in the field of academics and research. She is an imminent researcher. She earned her Master's in Business Administration from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. She later received her PhD from Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur. Finance, microfinance, stock market, and international business are some of her primary academic interests. She is a lifetime member of the All India Commerce Association. She is also a review member of the International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (Peer peer-reviewed, Referred Journal) and a member of an editorial board of the International Journal in Management and Social Science (international peer-reviewed journal). Last but not least, she has in her credit many research papers/publications of national and international repute, and many of her book chapters have been published in international and Scopus-indexed journals.

Md Mahmud Hasan has been working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Administration at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) in Sylhet, Bangladesh, since 2012. Before joining SUST, he made a significant contribution to the two prominent research institutions in Bangladesh: the BRAC Development Institute (BDI) at BRAC University and the Power and Participation Research Center (PPRC). His research interests include the impacts of Western imperialist policies in South Asia, education culture, climate change, urban poverty, and local government.

Sudipta Jha, PhD, has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics of Vidyasagar University since April 2012. She obtained her PhD degree from Jadavpur University in the year 2017. Currently, areas of her interest are macroeconomic theory and international macroeconomics with a special interest in Indian macroeconomy.

Susobhan Maiti, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India. He has published many research papers in the areas of industry, macroeconomics and development economics in both national and international journals.

Prasenjit Makur is an Assistant Professor of Commerce at Calcutta Girls' College, Kolkata, and West Bengal. He obtained his graduation and Master's degrees from the University of Burdwan, India. He has more than 7 years of teaching experience in the fields of accounting, finance, taxation and economics and more than 6 years of research experience, with numerous publications in peer-reviewed national journals and books.

Syed Sikander Mehdi, PhD, educated in Dhaka University and Australian National University, is a retired Professor and a leading Peace Scholar from Pakistan. Besides teaching peace studies in the universities in Pakistan, he offered courses on peace studies in universities in Austria and Spain. He also availed research fellowships in Norway, USA and Japan. He has published extensively on wars and war victims, nuclear insecurity, Islam and nonviolence, forced migration issues, culture of peace and museums for peace.

Saddam Hossain Mondal, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics, Heramba Chandra College under Calcutta University, India. He did his doctorate degree at the University of Burdwan on Patterns of Foodgrains Production and Food Security in India. His areas of interest include macroeconomics, agricultural economics, food economics and environmental economics.

Partha Mukhopadhyay, PhD, has been a Research Scholar in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Institute Durgapur, India, and works at the Business Excellence Department of Duragpur Steel Plant, Steel Authority of India Limited. His research interests include agricultural management, business management, and applied econometrics. He has a number of publications in reputed journals and books.

Debasish Nandy, PhD, is an Associate Professor and Head, Department of Political Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India. Dr Nandy is a Visiting Faculty in the Department of Foreign Area Studies, Tajik National University, Republic of Tajikistan. His research areas include India's foreign policy, South Asian politics, South-East Asian affairs and security studies.

Biswajit Nayak is a PhD Research Scholar in the Department of Economics of Vidyasagar University, India. Currently, areas of his research are under the broad head of macroeconomics where he specifically studies economic development, government expenditure and the efficacy of fiscal policy.

Olalekan Charles Okunlola, PhD, is an Associate Lecturer at the University of Derby and Leeds Trinity University in the United Kingdom. He has also held the position of Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria, as well as serving as an Adjunct Lecturer at the National Open University of Nigeria. With a PhD in Economics, his research interests encompass econometrics, development economics, institutional economics and defence economics.

Elsa Patricia Orozco Quijano, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Laurentian University, Canada, with a long career in teaching and research in subjects like international trade, institutional capital, social capital, organizational theories, among others with a list of good publications in internationally reputed scientific journals.

Bidur Paria, PhD, an Assistant Professor of Economics at Dr B R Ambedkar School of Economics University Bengaluru, India, earned his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His academic prowess extends to his significant contributions published in esteemed international journals, such as Applied Sciences, World Development Perspectives and ADBI Working Paper from the Asian Development Bank Institute.

Durlav Sarkar, PhD, is currently working as the Registrar of Raiganj University, West Bengal. Formerly, Dr Sarkar served as an Associate Professor in Management at Royal University of Bhutan, and prior to that, he worked as a Professor and Director at Delhi School of Professional Studies and Research, New Delhi. With more than 20 years of teaching, research, consultancy, administrative and industrial experiences, he has the credits of various publications mainly in the area of human resource management.

Madhabendra Sinha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Department of Economics and Politics, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India, and previously he served as an Assistant Professor at Department of Business Administration, Raiganj University, India. His research interests include development economics, international economics and applied econometrics, with a number of SSCI/Scopus/ABDC indexed publications from Elsevier, Springer, Routledge, Wiley, Sage, Emerald, World Scientific, and Inderscience.

M. C. Omar C. Vargas-González, PhD, is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Systems and Computing at the Technological National of Mexico Campus Ciudad Guzmán, México. His areas of research interests lie in business administration, entrepreneurial economics, computing in social science, arts and humanities and mathematics education.

José G. Vargas-Hernández, PhD, is currently a Research Professor, Instituto Tecnológico Mario Molina Pasquel y Henríquez, Unidad Académica Zapopan, Zapopan, México. He has a long career in Administrative and Management Sciences having more than 200 articles published in different journals, books, and reports.

Foreword

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements and shifting global dynamics, the importance of agriculture remains undiminished. It is both the foundation of economies and the frontline in the battle against poverty and food insecurity. This makes Growth, Poverty and Developmental Aspects of Agriculture: Countries’ Perspectives, edited by Professor Ramesh Chandra Das, a timely contribution to the ongoing dialogue on how agriculture can continue to fuel development, sustain populations and alleviate poverty across various regions, particularly in developing and emerging countries. Professor Das, along with a distinguished panel of contributors, provides a compendium of research that navigates through the multifaceted role of agriculture in economic growth and development. The book is structured in two insightful sections, with the first focusing on the growth dynamics of agriculture and the latter delving into the intertwined issues of poverty, food security and development.

The relevance of this book cannot be overstated. At a time when global food security faces threats from climate change, political instability and economic disparities, the studies contained within offer crucial insights. The research not only assesses current agricultural practices and their efficiencies, such as in the production of food grains across Indian states and the sustainability of agricultural growth in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria like countries and G20 Groups, but also addresses complex global issues like food price volatility and the economic theories surrounding food production and security.

What sets this book apart is its global perspective, capturing experiences from Nigeria, Mexico, Pakistan and India, among others, along with several groups of economies. Each chapter contributes to a richer understanding of the local challenges and solutions that define agricultural growth and its impact on poverty reduction and food security. For instance, the investigation of agricultural exports under renegotiated trade agreements offers a keen look at how international policies influence local agricultural practices and outcomes. The timing of this publication is particularly significant. As nations grapple with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), understanding the link between agricultural practices and poverty alleviation is critical. This book not only contributes to academic and policymaking discourses but also serves as a vital resource for stakeholders aiming to forge a path towards sustainable agricultural practices that support economic growth and ensure food security. Emerald Publishing should be commended for bringing such a crucial piece of scholarly work to the public, aiding in the dissemination of knowledge that could very well dictate the quality of life and economic stability for billions of people worldwide.

Hasan Dincer

Preface

It is still verifiable that the agricultural sector has been the vivacious decider within the progression of a country, indeed within the period of technological advancements. With the presentation of innovative headways within the sector, most of the nations from the south are currently experiencing greater well-being, less poverty and destitution and food security. The impacts got boosted when the universal exchange perspective of the division was taken into consideration. Assisted by the development of agrarian yield, numerous nations of the world have made it conceivable to diminish the wage crevices between the less created and the created nations through wage joining. Having a critical share in add up to yield of an economy, its instability in production, abdicate rates, costs, etc. may moreover cause the same for the full economy. Consequently, solidness issue along the related agro-variables gets to be one of the critical plans of the present research attempt.

Under the milieu, the present edited book titled Growth, Poverty and Developmental Aspects of Agriculture: Countries' Perspectives throws light upon compiling studies related to the growth, stability, crop insurance, poverty and food security aspects of the agricultural growth in the countries and groups, especially from the developing world.

The book is compiled of 15 chapters which are divided into two broad sections. Section I covers the growth aspects of agriculture across the countries and groups, containing eight chapters including this introductory chapter, and Section II captures the studies related to the poverty, food security and developmental aspects of agriculture across the countries and groups covering seven remaining chapters.

The summary observations are that the countries have improved their growth in the agricultural sector leading to food insecurity and poverty reductions that helped in the overall development of the citizens. The institutional factors such as credit, insurance, irrigation and good governance have instigated the growth process of the sector. Besides the glorious achievements, the sector has faced fluctuations and instability in its production and productivity in several crops at the country as well as regional levels, which lead to hurdles in achieving sustainability in the sector. In addition, in some regions of India, it was observed that the non-poor section of the society is relatively less food-secured compared to the poor section of the society, making the social imbalance in the reverse directions. Thus, the overall impression from the book is that the governments of the countries, states and local regions should come forward with proper governance and institutional facilities to overcome the sustainability problems arising out of the agriculture sector.

The contents of the book may provide thought-provoking solutions to the existing problems of growth, poverty, food security and overall developmental issues of the agriculture sector, and there may be the possibilities of value addition to the existing literature in this area. Readers and policymakers will benefit immensely from the contents of the book.

While carrying out the book project, the editor got tremendous support from different corners of the academic and social world. The editor acknowledges the support of the entire Emerald Team, the contributing authors and the Foreword writer. In addition, the editor is indebted to his parents, wife, daughter and other members of the family for their sacrifice and support to unveil the title. However, the editor is solely responsible for any error still left in the book.

Ramesh Chandra Das