Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)

, 111–112

Accessibility

, 192

Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)

, 168–169

Action Against Hunger

, 185

Afghanistan

, 212, 216–217

domestic and international response

, 219–220

food crisis during COVID-19

, 215

policy recommendations

, 221

reasons for food insecurity in

, 217–218

research objectives, research questions, and research methodology

, 213

results of the study

, 220

review of literature

, 213

Agribusiness pricing

, 96

Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF)

, 28–29

long-run effects

, 35–37

short-run effects

, 35–37

Agricultural financing companies

, 28

Agricultural free trade

, 67–68

Agricultural growth

, 4, 166

long-and short-run effect of commercial bank’s loan to agricultural sector on

, 32–34

Agricultural growth sustainability

long-and short-run effects of ACGSF on

, 35–37

long-and short-run effects of commercial banks’ interest on

, 34–35

Agricultural Insurance Scheme

, 81–82

Agricultural labor (ALAB)

, 30

Agricultural land area (ALAN)

, 30

Agricultural machinery and capital (AMACH)

, 30

Agricultural output

, 45

Agricultural pollination

, 43–44

Agricultural sector

, 4–5, 108–109, 145

Agricultural suicides

, 81

Agriculture

, 4, 12–13, 108

effect on

, 130–131

in G-20 countries

, 146–147

in Nigeria

, 27–28

objectives

, 5

productivity

, 42

sector

, 42

Agro-climatic zones

, 13

Agroeconomy sector impact of Sinaloa in Mexico

, 65–66

Agrupación Española de Entidades Aseguradoras de los Seguros Agrarios Combinados (AGROSEGURO)

, 86–87

Air pollution

, 83

Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) criteria

, 50, 101

Allocative efficiency (AE)

, 15

Allowance for the Widow

, 126

Aman

, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test

, 109–111

Anchor Borrowers’ Program (ABP)

, 28

Anchoring

, 97–98

Aquaculture insurance

, 86

Asian Countries

, 87–90

Asian Development Bank

, 192

Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi (AUTP)

, 90

Augmented Dickey–Fuller test

, 50

Aus

, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115

Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID)

, 90

Autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (ARCH) model

, 100

Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model

, 5, 30, 45–46, 195

estimated ARDL long-run coefficients

, 31, 33

model

, 7, 152

Availability

, 192

Balochistan

, 216

Bangladesh

, 124

government, NGOs and other responses

, 133–137

government and NGOs’ responses to natural disasters in

, 125–128

methods (300)

, 129

study findings

, 129–133

Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP)

, 126

Bank credit

, 17

Bank finance

, 5

Bank financing

, 29

materials and methods

, 30–32

results

, 32–37

Bank loans

, 5

Barro regression

, 30

Bartlett’s test

, 195

Bhola cyclone

, 125–126

Biases

, 99

Biodiversity

, 44

Block Exogeneity Wald test

, 49–50

Boro

, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 124–125

Bounds testing approach

, 30–32

Breusch–Pagan test

, 169–171

Burdwan district

, 94–95

Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA)

, 216

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 45–46

Carbon emissions

, 42–43, 47

Casual labourers (CL)

, 237

Causality test, results of

, 56

Central Bank of Nigeria

, 28

Challakere markets

, 100

Choice

, 97

“Chronic” food insecurity

, 164

Classical theory

, 44–45

Climate change

, 124

mitigation

, 43–44

Climate-related disasters

, 214

Climate-smart agricultural Practices (CSAPs)

, 169–171

Cobb–Douglas production function

, 109–111

Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS)

, 88

Cointegration test

, 32, 150–151

Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS)

, 28

Commercial Bank Credit to Private Sector

, 28–29

Commercial crops

, 13

Commodity price volatility

, 99–100

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 7, 165, 172

Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS)

, 88

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP)

, 126

Conservation strategies

, 44

Consumption-expenditure-based poverty estimation

, 235–239

Convergence measurement in food security

, 199

Coping strategies

, 213

Coppock’s index

, 112

Correlation

, 153

Corruption

, 212

COVID-19

and food insecurity

, 218

pandemic

, 168–169

Crop diversification

, 83

Crop growth simulation approach

, 109–111

Crop insurance

, 5–6, 80

Asian Countries

, 87–90

China

, 87–88

empirical findings

, 90–91

European countries

, 84–87

France

, 85

Germany

, 85–86

India

, 88–89

Indonesia

, 89–90

literature review

, 80–82

methodology

, 82

objectives

, 82

scenario in selected European and Asian Countries

, 84–90

Spain

, 86–87

towards sustainable agriculture

, 82–84

Crop pollination

, 44

Crop productions

, 4

CSC

, 13–14

CUSUM tests

, 49–50

Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP)

, 126

Daily earning, effects on

, 132–133

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

, 5, 15

brief review of existing literature

, 15–17

data

, 17–18

results and analysis

, 19–21

TE model

, 18–19

Decision-making units (DMU)

, 18

Deforestation

, 43–44

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare (DAC & FW)

, 172

Deposit money banks

, 28

interest rate

, 5

Descriptive statistics

, 240–242

Deserted and Destitute Women and Maternity Allowance for the Poor

, 126

Development

, 4

Dickey–Fuller bound test

, 50

Difference fixed effect (DFE) model

, 199

Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM)

, 14–15

Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES)

, 172

Disable Allowance

, 126

Disaster Management (DM) Act 2012

, 126

Disaster Management Bureau (DMB)

, 126

Disaster Management Policy 2015

, 126

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

, 126

Domestic rice price

, 7

Durbin–Watson statistics

, 53–55

East Lombok of East Java

, 90

Ecological footprint

, 45–46

Econometric analysis

, 149

Econometric model

, 99–100

for determinants of food security

, 198–199

Economic disturbances

, 214

Economic efficiency (EE)

, 15

Economic incentives

, 145

Ecosystem services

, 44

Education, effects on

, 133

Efficiency

, 12

Eidhi Foundation

, 185

Eighth (8th) Five Year Plan

, 126

Emergency Response Management (ERM)

, 126

Emerging market and developing economy (EMDE)

, 13–14

Endogenous growth theory

, 44–45

Engle–Granger two-step test

, 150–151

Entidad Estatal de Seguros Agrarios O. A. (ENESA)

, 86–87

Environment-related risks

, 108–109

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

, 45

Environmental pollution

, 46

Error correction model (ECM)

, 48

Error correction term (ECT)

, 35, 151

European countries

, 84–87

Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS)

, 88

Export logistics

, 71–72

Export movements by system, Mexico

, 72–73, 2013

Export subsidies

, 68

Export-oriented crops

, 13

Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS)

, 88

Farmer decision-making

, 97

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)

, 13–14

Fertilizer consumption in kilograms per hectare (FCKPH)

, 150

Fertilizers

, 14–15

Feudalism

, 186–187

Financial risks

, 108–109

Financial system development (FSD)

, 30

Financing

, 28

Fiscal year (FY)

, 215

Fisher Chi-square ADF panel unit root test

, 198–199

Fisher Johansen cointegration test

, 150–151

Fisher-Johansen cointegration test

, 153

Fisheries

, 13

Flash floods

, 7, 124

affected sectors and extent

, 130

effect on agriculture and food security

, 130–131

effects on daily earning

, 132–133

effects on homestead and education

, 133

effects on livestock

, 131–132

socio-economic condition of respondents

, 129

unemployment, food insecurity and miseries

, 129–133

Flood Action Plan (FAP)

, 126

Floods

, 124

Focus group discussions (FGDs)

, 129

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

, 42–43, 145, 164, 180–181, 192, 226

Food availability

, 192

Food crisis during COVID-19

, 215

Food crisis problem

, 193

Food crops

, 145–146

Food for Work and Test Relief programmes

, 127–128

Food grains

, 12–15, 165

Food Insecure and Poor (FIP)

, 230

Food Insecure but Non-Poor (FINP)

, 230

Food insecurity

, 128, 179, 198, 213, 217, 226, 229

challenge

, 180–183

COVID-19 and

, 218

gap

, 230

imagination, freedom, and

, 179–180

international food system and Pakistan

, 183–186

reasons

, 214–215

reasons for food insecurity in Afghanistan

, 217–218

under Taliban Regime

, 218–219

terminology related to

, 229–230

Food insecurity estimation for the sample households

, 239

Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

, 226

Food prices

, 7, 144–145

Food production

, 43–44, 114, 144

Food Savers

, 185

Food Secure and Non-Poor (FSNP)

, 230

Food Secure but Poor (FSP)

, 230

Food security

, 4–5, 144, 164, 192, 194, 212, 226

agriculture, food security and rice production in G-20 countries

, 146–147

analysis of result

, 172

aspects

, 7

causes and consequences

, 8

data

, 194–195

data and methodology

, 150–152

econometric analysis

, 149

econometric model for determinants of

, 198–199

effect on

, 130–131

in G-20 countries

, 146–147

index

, 7–8

methodology and data source

, 172

methods

, 195–198

recommendations

, 173–174

results

, 153, 158, 200–201

review of literature

, 165–172

survey of literature

, 148–149

Foreign aid

, 212

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 5–6, 30, 42

Forest coverage

, 47

Forest ecosystem services

, 44

Forestry insurance

, 86

Framing impacts

, 97

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

, 64

Freedom

, 179–180

G-20

, 144, 146

agriculture, food security and rice production in

, 146–147

GATT

, 12–13

Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model

, 6, 95, 99–100

data and methodology

, 101

literature review

, 95–101

results

, 101–102

Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)

, 185

Global Hunger Index (GHI)

, 180–181

Global warming

, 81

Globalization

, 12–13, 42–43, 168

Government aid

, 126–127

Granary of Mexico

, 64–65

Granger causality test

, 49–50, 56

Gratuitous Relief (GR)

, 134

Green Revolution

, 12

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

, 42–43, 45–46

Greenhouse insurance

, 86

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 27–28, 171–172, 181–182

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

, 228–229

Gross value added (GVA)

, 166–167

Growth

, 4–7

Hannan–Quinn Information Criterion (HQ)

, 50

Haor regions

, 124–125, 131

Headcount ratio (HCR)

, 229

Heteroscedasticity tests

, 49–50

Heuristics

, 99

behaviour

, 98

judgement

, 97

Higher levels of poverty incidence (HCR)

, 239

Homestead, effects on

, 133

Horticulture

, 13

Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)

, 226

Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM)

, 226

Hunger

, 179, 192

Hybrid system

, 80

Imagination

, 179–180

Impact investors

, 28

Indemnity-based insurance products

, 81–82

Index-based system

, 80

India

, 93–94, 108–109, 193

status of food security in

, 200–201

India, China and the United States (ICU)

, 5–6, 42

data source and variable description

, 47

empirical model

, 48–50

literature review

, 44–46

objectives of study

, 47

recommendations

, 56–57

research gap

, 46–47

research methodology

, 47–50

results

, 50–56

Indian agriculture

, 12, 166

Indian economy

, 13, 165

Indian states

, 15

Indirect use value

, 43–44

Indo-Gangetic basin

, 109–111

Institute of Business Administration (IBA)

, 186–187

Insurance products

, 80–81

Insurance sector

, 83

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 71

Intergovernmental Working Group

, 226

International food system

, 183–186

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 192, 215

International trade

, 68

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 168–169

Intuition

, 97–98

Intuitive judgement

, 97

Irrigation

, 108, 111–112, 114–115

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

, 90

Kajer Binimoye Taka (KABITA)

, 134

Kao cointegration test

, 153

Kerala’s people campaign model

, 166–167

Keynesian theory

, 44–45

Kharif crop

, 94–95

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPk)

, 216

Kisan Card

, 216

KMO test

, 195

Krishi Vigyan Kendra

, 13–14

Leisure

, 43–44

Liberalization

, 12–13

Likelihood ratio trace statistics

, 150–151

Liner log

, 109–111

Livestock

effects on

, 131–132

insurance

, 86

Local government institutions (LGIs)

, 126–127

Long-run analysis

, 202–203

results of

, 53

Long-run causality

, 151

Long-run coefficients

, 49

Long-run effects

of ACGSF

, 35–37

of commercial bank’s loan

, 32–34

of commercial banks’ interest

, 34–35

Long-run form and bound test, results of

, 50–53

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

, 166

Malnutrition

, 193–194, 217

Market-related risks

, 108–109

Marketing strategy

, 96

Maximal eigenvalue statistics

, 150–151

Mean group (MG)

, 199

Midday meal programs, anganwadi, and employment guarantee programs (MGNREGA)

, 168–169

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

, 192–193

Minimum Support Prices (MSPs)

, 12–14

Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR)

, 126

Mixed-methods approach

, 7

Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS)

, 88

Moran’s I

, 231

Mukhya Mantri Kisan Kalyan Yojana

, 19–21

Multi-peril crop insurance (MPCI)

, 80

Multidimensional food security index

, 194

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

, 229

Multinomial logistic (m-logit) regression model

, 230

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

, 97

Multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (MGARCH) model

, 99–100

Multivariate regression analysis

, 109–111

National Agricultural Disaster Fund (FNGCA)

, 85

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)

, 88

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

, 13

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

, 73

National Crop Insurance Program (NCIP)

, 88

National Disaster Management Council (NDMC)

, 126

National Food Security

, 14

National Food Security Act 2013

, 165

National Plan for Disaster Management (NPDM)

, 126

National System of Logistics Platforms (SNPL)

, 71

Natural pollinators

, 43–44

Nature-based solutions (NBS)

, 83

Negusa Tengara Barat (NTB)

, 90

Neo-classical theory

, 44–45

Nigeria, agriculture in

, 27–28

Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL)

, 28

Nigerian government

, 28

Non-food grains

, 14–15

Non-poor

, 235–237

Non-tariff obstacles

, 68

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 80–81, 185, 221

Normality tests

, 49–50

Normalization of data

, 195–198

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

, 80

North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA)

, 64

Nutrient cycling

, 43–44

Nutrient retention

, 44

Nutritional International

, 185

Odisha

, 228

materials and methods

, 228–229

methodology

, 229–231

policy recommendations

, 244–245

regression results

, 240–244

results

, 231–235

sources of data

, 229

study area selection

, 228–229

Old Aged Allowance

, 126

Open Market Sale (OMS)

, 126, 134

Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression

, 230–231

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 45–46, 150, 183–184

Paddy production

, 108

data source

, 111–112

future scopes of study

, 117

gaps in literature

, 111

limitations of study

, 117

literature review

, 109–111

methodology

, 112

objectives of study

, 111

results

, 112–115

Pakistan

, 212–214

domestic and international response

, 215–216

food crisis during COVID-19

, 215

policy recommendations

, 221

research objectives, research questions, and research methodology

, 213

results of the study

, 220

review of literature

, 213

Panel ARDL

, 198–199

Panel cointegration

, 149

estimated results of

, 201–207

tests

, 198

Panel error correction result

, 153–157

Panel unit root tests

, 150

estimated results of

, 201

Paschim Medinipur district

, 109

Pedroni approach test

, 153

Pedroni cointegration test

, 198–199

People’s Insurance Company of China (PICC)

, 87

Per capita food availability

, 165

Per capita monthly expenditure (MPCE)

, 235–237

poverty and food insecurity based on

, 240

Peril crop insurance

, 80

Perspective Plan (2021)

, 126, 2041

Phillips Perron (PP) test statistic

, 207

Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme (PCIS)

, 88

Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance (PSSCI)

, 88

Pisciculture

, 13

PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana

, 13–14

Policy crisis

, 183

Pollinators

, 43–44

Pooled mean group (PMG)

, 199

estimated results of PMG regression

, 201–202

Population displacement

, 214

Post-liberalization period

, 12–13

Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

, 94

Poverty

, 4–5, 193

and food insecurity based on MPCE

, 240

gap

, 229

terminology related to

, 229–230

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

, 13–14, 88

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)

, 168–169

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PMKISAN)

, 19–21

Price volatility

, 93–94, 144

Primary data analysis

, 235–240

Privatization

, 12–13

Producer rice price indices relative to GDP deflator (RPGDPDef)

, 150

Producer support (PS)

, 150

Profitability

, 96

Public Distribution System (PDS)

, 12, 165, 168–169, 230

Public model of crop insurance

, 80

Public–private partnership (PPP) model

, 80

Rabi crop

, 94–95

Radimer/Cornell measures

, 226

Regional disparity in food security in India

, 207

Regional imbalance

, 194

Regression results

, 240–244

of multinomial logit to analysis to examine poverty and food security

, 242–244

Regular employees (RE)

, 237

Renegotiation of TMEC

, 65

Renewable energy consumption (REC)

, 45–46

Research and development (R&D)

, 166–167

Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Schemes (RWBCIS)

, 13–14

Reuters Market Light (RMLb)

, 98

Revolutions

, 12

Rice production in 1 tonnes (RPTT)

, 000, 150

Rice production in G-20 countries

, 146–147

Rice production tonnes per hectare (RPTPH)

, 150

Rice productivity

, 7

Rice-potato-jute sequence

, 109–111

Risk mitigation schemes

, 81

Risk tolerance of French farmers

, 98–99

Risk-loving behaviour model

, 99

Risky selection

, 97

Rural markets

, 100

Russia–Ukraine war

, 144

Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC)

, 50

Secondary data analysis

, 231–235

Seemingly Unrelated Regression

, 169–171

Self-employed (SE)

, 237

Self-feeding

, 13

Self-reliance

, 212

Self-reported maximizers

, 97

Serial correlation tests

, 49–50

Short-run analysis

, 203

results of

, 53–55

Short-run causality

, 151

Short-run effects

of ACGSF

, 35–37

of commercial bank’s loan

, 32–34

of commercial banks’ interest

, 34–35

Short-run model

, 32

Sidr cyclone

, 128

Sinaloa

, 64

Sindh

, 216

Sira markets

, 100

Social safety net programmes (SSNPs)

, 126

SOD 2019

, 126

Soil conservation

, 44

Spatial autocorrelation

, 231

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

, 168

Speed of adjustment

, 49

Square food insecurity gap

, 230

Square poverty gap

, 229

Stability

, 5, 108, 192

analysis

, 6–7

results of stability test graph

, 55

Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD)

, 126

State-specific panel regression in short run

, 203–207

Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)

, 15

Strong causality

, 151

Structural Social Psychology Methodology

, 97

Sustainable agriculture

, 82

Sustainable agriculture, crop insurance towards

, 82–84

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 42, 184, 227–228

SDG2

, 192–193

t-score

, 112

Taliban Regime

, 218–219

“Target price” approach

, 168–169

Tariff barriers

, 68

Technical efficiency (TE)

, 15, 18–19

Technological advancements

, 4

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

, 96–97

Time trend variance model

, 99–100

TMEC

, 64

Total factor productivity growth (TFPG)

, 109–111

Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM)

, 168–169

Traditional indemnity-based system

, 80

“Transitory” food insecurity

, 164

Uncertainty

, 6

Unemployment

, 128

Union Council (UP)

, 129, 134

Union Parishad (UP)

, 134

Union Territory (UT)

, 89

Unit root test, results of

, 50

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 127

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

, 216

United States–Canada–Mexico (USCM) treaty

, 6, 65

agricultural exports

, 65

agricultural free trade

, 67–68

impact of agroeconomy sector of Sinaloa in Mexico

, 65–66

contextual framework of exports in

, 68–69

data analysis

, 69–74

materials and methods

, 69

research design

, 69

research instrument

, 69

research limitations

, 73–74

results

, 74–75

theoretical-empirical review of literature

, 66–67

Upazila Executive Officer (UNO)

, 134

Utilization

, 192

Value-added from agriculture, forestry and fishing (VA_AGR)

, 47

Values

, 96

Vector autoregressive (VAR) equation

, 151

Vector error correction model (VECM)

, 45–46, 49–50, 151–152

Vegetable exports and imports, Mexico-EU

, 73

Vegetable King. See Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Vulnerable Group Development (VGD)

, 126

Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF)

, 126, 134

Wald tests

, 32

Ward Committees (WC)

, 134

Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

, 88

Weather index

, 80

West Bengal

, 94–95, 109, 111

World Bank (IBRD)

, 192

World Food Programme (WFP)

, 180–181

World Food Summit (WFS)

, 164

World rice price indices (RPWP)

, 150

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 12–13

Yield index

, 80

Yield rates

, 4, 112

Z Score

, 195