Administrative Assistance and Cooperation System–Food Fraud (AAC-FF)

, 57

Alcoholic beverages

, 26–27, 67

All-stakeholders approach

, 41

ANOVA

, 225, 227–228

Anti-counterfeiting agencies

, 190

Anti-counterfeiting criminal law in Tanzania

, 186–195

Anti-counterfeiting criminal legal regime

challenges

, 193–195

factors affecting suppliers and consumers

, 192–193

inadequacies of criminal law

, 191–192

limitations of anti-counterfeiting authorities

, 192

weaknesses of

, 191–195

Anti-counterfeiting operations

, 191

Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)

, 157–158

Anti-retroviral drugs (ARvs. drugs)

, 180–181

AOAC International

, 55

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 95–96

Attitude (ATT)

, 207, 209, 215

Attitudes toward counterfeiting

, 242

findings

, 247–255

sample and data collection

, 246–247

survey instrument and analysis

, 247

theoretical background

, 242–246

Author co-citation analysis (ACA)

, 14–15

Average variance (AVE)

, 214–215

Bar codes

, 36–37

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

, 153–154

Bibliometric methods

, 4

Bibliometric review

, 4

Big data

, 95–96

Blockchain technology

, 39

Border control mechanisms

, 190

Bosnia and Herzegovina

, 242, 246, 252

Brand squatting

, 25–26

Business Horizon (BH)

, 6

Buyers

, 32–33

Challenges

, 193–195

Chi-square tests

, 225

Chinese Food Safety Authorities

, 56

Cloud computing

, 95–96

Co-citation map

, 14–15

Coarsest imitations of luxury brands

, 243

Combating measures

, 105

Comité National des Conseillers du Commerce Extérieur de la France (CNCCEF)

, 32

Commodities

, 26–27

Comparative Fit Index (CFI)

, 213

Composite reliability (CR)

, 214–215

Concealment

, 53

Confirmatory factors analysis (CFA)

, 213

Construct reliability

, 214–215

Consumers

, 50–51, 245–246

behaviour

, 245

characteristics

, 54

in Tanzania

, 206

Consumption of counterfeit products

, 205–206

counterfeit business status in Tanzania

, 207

data analysis

, 213–215

instrument for data collection

, 212–213

literature review

, 207–211

methodology

, 211–213

profile of respondents

, 211

result

, 215–216

sample size and sampling procedure

, 212

Controls

, 36

Convergent validity

, 214–215

Copyrights

, 152–153

Counterfeit fashion products (CFPs)

, 220–221

buyers profile

, 226–230

non-buyers profile

, 230–232

Counterfeit goods

, 53–54, 122, 171–172, 177

measures in fight against counterfeiting and trade in

, 139–141

trade in Tanzania

, 173, 178, 186

Counterfeiting

, 2, 23–25, 52–53, 58, 102, 122, 125, 220, 242

classifications

, 126–127

effects

, 244

as global economic problem

, 124–128

luxury consumption

, 2

procedures for dealing with counterfeiting offences and offenders

, 190

prohibition of counterfeiting offences

, 189

scholarship

, 2

types

, 127

Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB)

, 58–59

Counterfeiting products and goods

, 2

conceptual framework

, 3–4

methodology

, 4–17

Counterfeits

, 32, 174, 220, 222–223

business status in Tanzania

, 207

products

, 122, 205–206, 242–243

COVID-19 pandemic

, 122–123, 222

counterfeiting as global economic problem

, 124–128

measures in fight against counterfeiting and trade in counterfeit goods

, 139–141

pandemic caused by COVID-19 virus and global consequences

, 128–132

spread

, 123–124

trends in trade in counterfeit products in Republic of Serbia

, 138–139

trends in trade in counterfeit products in selected countries of Europe and world

, 132–138

Crime

, 32

Criminal Code

, 158, 161

Criminal law

, 171–172, 176–177

Criminal networks

, 33–34

Criminals

, 33

Croatia

, 226

preliminary survey results among food experts in

, 65–67

Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient

, 225

Customs authorities

, 156

Data analysis

, 83

and results

, 5–15

Data extraction

, 5

Deceptive counterfeiting

, 174

Deceptive products

, 243

Decernis food fraud database

, 27

Demand-side strategies

, 37–38

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

, 180

Descriptive analysis

, 5, 8, 213

Digital platforms

, 222

Digitalisation

, 95–96

Dilution

, 53

Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP)

, 189

Discriminant validity

, 214–215

Distribution pattern mining

, 36–37

East African Community region (EAC region)

, 177

Enforcement

, 40–41

Ethical risks

, 245

Ethics (ET)

, 207, 209–211, 215

EU food fraud protection system

, 57

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

, 57

European Union Food Fraud Network (EU-FFN)

, 57

European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO)

, 55–56, 122, 132–133, 149, 221

EUROPOL

, 55–56

Exploratory factors analysis (EFA)

, 213

Export processing zones (EPZs)

, 181

Extrinsic authentication features

, 38

Fair Commission Competition (FCC)

, 207

Fashion chains

, 222

Fashion goods

, 220

Fashion industry

, 220

Fashion supply chain

, 220

findings

, 225–232

sample and data collection

, 224–225

survey instrument and analysis

, 225

theoretical background

, 221–224

5/6G networks

, 95–96

Food counterfeiting/counterfeits

, 23–26

actors

, 32–34

comprehension

, 34–36

comprehension of size and dynamics of problem

, 36–37

concerns

, 31–32

demand-side strategies

, 37–38

deterring

, 36–41

supply-side strategies

, 38–41

targets

, 26–31

Food fraud

, 50–51, 74, 76, 93, 100, 104

and challenges for organic production

, 75–77

definition and categories

, 52

economic loses

, 94

effects

, 58–59

EU food fraud protection system

, 57

institutional frame and food fraud protection systems

, 55–57

matrix

, 53

methodology

, 59–60, 80, 83

motivations and opportunities

, 54–55

preliminary survey results among food experts in Croatia

, 65–67

results of survey with consumers

, 60–65

types

, 52–54

Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment (FFVA)

, 74

control measures

, 79–80, 86–87

motivations

, 79, 85–86

opportunities related fraud factors

, 78–79, 83, 85

results

, 83–87

theoretical and practical aspects

, 75, 77, 80

Food integrity

, 92, 103

Food safety system

, 56, 75

Food system

, 50

Food value chain

, 92

Forensic Chemistry Center (FCC)

, 139

Fraud

, 23–24, 125–126

in supply chains

, 52

Free-trade zones

, 35

General Food Law

, 57

Generation Y and Z

, 224

Geographic indications (GIs)

, 62–63

Geography

, 29–31

GHG emissions

, 106

Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)

, 55

Global Food Traceability Center

, 55

Grey market

, 53–54

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 220

HACCP

, 56

Hague Agreement

, 152

Health risks

, 244–245

Honey

, 67

Illegal trade in counterfeit products

, 122

Imitation

, 24

products

, 243

Industry 4.0 technologies

, 92

in achieving food integrity/fraud prevention

, 104–107

benefits and main drivers

, 95

results

, 98–108

study design

, 97–98

Industry segments

, 27–29

Influential authors and documents

, 8–14

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

, 175

Information susceptibility

, 245

Institutional environment

, 54

Integrity

, 34, 245

Intellectual Property Crime Coordinated Coalition (IPC3)

, 55–56

Intellectual property law (IP law)

, 148–149

international context of IP law concerning prevention of sale of counterfeit products

, 149–158

national context of IP law concerning prevention of sale of counterfeit products

, 158–161

REACT online enforcement programme

, 161–165

Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

, 24, 52, 54–55, 125

Intellectual structure and schools of thought in counterfeiting products and goods research

, 14–15

Interdepartmental Task Force

, 186

International Chamber of Commerce

, 58–59

International Life Sciences Institute

, 55

International Pharmaceutical Association (FIP)

, 139–140

International Police Organisation (Interpol)

, 176–177

International Standard Organization (ISO)

, 55

Internet of things (IoT)

, 95–96

Interviewed marketing channel members

, 80–81

Intrinsic authentication features

, 38–39

Joint Research Centre (JRC)

, 62–63

Journal of Business Ethics (JBE)

, 6

Journal of Business Research (JBR)

, 6

Keyword co-occurrence analysis

, 16

Knowledge production

, 2

Law on Copyright and Related Rights (LCRR)

, 158–159

Law on Customs Measures for Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (LCMPIPR)

, 158, 160

Law on Industrial Property (LIP)

, 158

Legal action

, 40–41

Legal risks

, 245

Legislation

, 40–41

Machine learning

, 95–96

Machine to machine communication (M2M communication)

, 95–96

Madrid System for International Registration of Marks

, 151

Managerial controls

, 79

Managerial measures

, 87

Materialism

, 245

Measurement model analysis examination of reliability and validity

, 213–214

Measures

, 123–124

Medical Store Department (MSD)

, 180–181

MEDICRIME Convention

, 141

Merchandise Marks Regulations 2008

, 190

Milk and dairy products

, 66–67

Mislabelling

, 53

Mobile phones

, 205–206

Morphological analytical approach

, 2

Motivational drivers

, 34

Nairobi Treaty

, 152

Nice Agreement

, 152

Non-deceptive counterfeiting

, 174

Non-deceptive products

, 243

Non-safety critical counterfeit goods

, 174

Normative susceptibility

, 245

Office of the Chief Chemist

, 190

Olive oil

, 66

Online sale of goods

, 157

Open trade

, 133–134

Operation Pangea

, 123

Opportunities

, 34–36

OPSON IX operation

, 56

OPSON operation

, 55–56

Organic agriculture

, 77

Organic food

, 74

Organic production

, 75–77

Organic products

, 74

SSAFE FFVA adaptation tool to organic products supply chain

, 81

Organic supply chain

, 74–75

Organised crime

, 33–34

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 132–133, 149, 221

Over-run products

, 243

Packaging re-use deterrence

, 39

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

, 151–152

Pearson correlation coefficient

, 225

Penalties

, 189

Perceived risk

, 245–246

Piracy

, 52, 58, 122

Pirated goods

, 53–54

Pirated products

, 243

Policy

intervention

, 93–95

response

, 107–108

Prevention strategy

, 93–95

Product characteristics

, 54

Product counterfeiting

, 23–24, 122, 125

Prohibition of counterfeiting offences

, 189

Protected designation of origin (PDO)

, 100–102

Protected geographical indication (PGI)

, 100–102

PSI

, 139–140

Quick response codes (QR codes)

, 36–37

Radio frequency identification tags (RFID tags)

, 36–37, 106

Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)

, 57, 98

REACT online enforcement programme

, 149, 161, 165

Recreational criminals

, 33

Republic of North Macedonia

, 160–161

Retailers survey results

, 67–68

Review of research

, 4

Risks

, 244–245

for environment

, 245

Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)

, 213

Root Mean Square Residuals (RMSR)

, 213

Safe Supply of Affordable Food Everywhere (SSAFE)

, 74, 77–78

SSAFE FFVA adaptation tool to organic products supply chain

, 81

Safety risks

, 245

Safety-critical counterfeit goods

, 174

Sanctions

, 189

Science mapping

, 3, 14–15

Scientometric methods

, 4

SCOPUS

, 4–5, 7–8, 16

Securing own and disrupting counterfeit distribution channels

, 39–40

Sensors

, 95–96

Serbia

, 74

Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks

, 151–152

Small-medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 33

Social network analysis

, 4

Social Status (SS)

, 214–215

Social status consumption (SC)

, 207–209

Soft controls. See Managerial measures

Sources identification

, 4–5

Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)

, 177

Status consumption

, 209–210, 245

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 177

Substitution

, 53

Suppliers

, 33–34

Supply chain

, 28–29, 171–172

Supply-side strategies

, 38–41

T-tests

, 225

Tanzania

, 171–172, 205–206

anti-counterfeiting criminal law in

, 186–195

counterfeit business status in

, 207

counterfeit goods trade

, 173, 178, 186

impacts

, 183–186

scale, scope and drivers and impacts

, 178–183

Tanzania Airport Authorities (TAA)

, 190

Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)

, 186

Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA)

, 180–181

Tanzania Intelligence and Security Services (TISS)

, 190

Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA)

, 186

Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA)

, 190

Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA)

, 180–181

Technical controls

, 79

Theory of planned behaviour

, 245

Theory of reasoned action

, 245

Threat Assessment and Critical Control Point (TACCP)

, 56

Topical foci analysis

, 15–17

Traceability technology

, 39

Trade in counterfeit products

, 123–124

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS)

, 53–54, 149, 154–155, 157, 173

Trademark Law Treaty (TLT)

, 151–152

Trademarks

, 24, 151

owners

, 177

Traditional specialties guaranteed requirement (TSG requirement)

, 100–102

Transition economies

, 74

Trends

in trade in counterfeit products in Republic of Serbia

, 138–139

in trade in counterfeit products in selected countries of Europe and world

, 132–138

Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI)

, 213

UK Food Standards Agency (FSA)

, 56

Unauthorised or inappropriate improvement

, 53

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 176–177

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

, 56, 125

Value consciousness

, 245

Vienna Agreement

, 152

Visual Capitalist, The

, 122

VOSviewer software

, 16

Vulnerability

, 74

Vulnerability Assessment and Critical Control Point (VACCP)

, 56

Wine

, 66

WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)

, 153–154

World Customs Organisation (WCO)

, 176–177

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 122–123, 176–177

World Intellectual Protection Organisation (WIPO)

, 149, 176–177

protection of IP rights under regime of

, 150–154

World Self Medication Industry (WSMI)

, 139–140

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 125, 149

protection of IP rights under regime of

, 154–158