Prelims

Half Title Page

Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context

Endorsement

The COVID-19 pandemic has set major challenges for the tourism industry at both global and local scales. Central to our understanding of changes arising from and responses to the pandemic is the role of destinations and their various stakeholders and communities. The range of cases in this edited collection will provide useful insights into the strategies that destination management organisations develop in reaction to the effects of the pandemic and beyond.

Professor C. Michael Hall Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Tourism is critical for travellers' happiness and for their life balance and mental health. It is also pivotal for the livelihood of so many communities around the world. At a time when the world is still striving to develop resources and references to face the pandemic, this book is a timely strategy offering destination management solutions post pandemic. The book draws from case studies and success stories from a variety of destinations in Europe, America, Asia, Africa, Indonesia and islands. Readers will gain knowledge from best practice around the world to restart the tourism activity and improve crisis management and resilience.

Professor Dimitrios Buhalis

Director eTourism Research Lab

Bournemouth University Business School

Tourism is a fact of life, ingrained in the socio-cultural fabrics of the global village we call home. Soon after COVID-19 checks out,tourism checks in. Based on lessons learned during the pandemic grip,this timely tome – powered with international case studies and laden with innovative strategies – favors collaborative community-based strategies for its restart.

Prof. Jafar Jafari

Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA

Professor Catedratico, University of Algarve, Portugal

I highly recommend this important book for professionals, academics and DMOs because of its insight into the issues and challenges facing tourist destinations during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and for what it contains to reveal emerging trends and suggest new administrative solutions in order to develop the adaptive capabilities of tourism destinations during the current and post-pandemic phase.

Prof. Dr. Said El Batouty

UN Economic Commission for Europe

Geneva, Switzerland

A very comprehensive, timely and relevant piece of work on destination management. Few such good books exist on destination management. This is a masterpiece written by experienced tourism professionals, scholars and researchers from Asia, Europe, North America, Africa and the Pacific Islands.

Published at a time when the novel corona virus has ravaged most destinations worldwide and brought the once robust tourism industry almost to a standstill, it provides insights on how various destinations can build capacity and resilience to deal with the present and future pandemics.

A must read by researchers, scholars and students of tourism in general and destination management in particular. Also an essential reference for policy makers and other industry actors.

Prof. Evaristus M. Irandu, PhD, Professor of Travel, Tourism and Economic Geography, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Tourism is considered to be a resilient phenomenon, so there is much hope for a good recovery after this pandemic period is over. Resilience, however, is not a property that always spontaneously emerges out of nowhere but needs certain specific grounds. Among these are, without doubt, the capacity to address problems and a good amount of creative and innovative ideas. To do that, as known, we need a wealth of suggestions and examples. Here is where this book helps. It offers a wide spectrum of possibilities presenting both cases and models from all over the world and from diverse environments. Last but not least, the book also includes some discussions on how to better educate the future generation of practitioners and managers. An issue often little considered, but of fundamental importance.

Rodolfo Baggio, PhD FRGS, Master in Economics and Tourism and Dondena Center for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy Bocconi University – Milan, Italy

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations

Series editors: Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

Since the turn of the century, the international rules surrounding security and safety have significantly changed, specifically within the tourism industry. In the age of globalization, terrorism and conflict have moved beyond individual high-profile targets; instead, tourists, travellers and journalists are at risk. In response to this shift, the series invites authors and scholars to contribute to the conversation surrounding tourism security and post-conflict destinations.

The series features monographs and edited collections to create a critical platform which not only explores the dichotomies of tourism from the theory of mobilities but also provides an insightful guide for policy makers, specialists and social scientists interested in the future of tourism in a society where uncertain-ness, anxiety and fear prevail.

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations explores research approaches and perspectives from a wide range of ideological backgrounds to discuss topics such as:

• Studies related to comparative cross-cultural perceptions of risk and threat

• Natural and human-caused disasters

• Post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality

• Terror movies and tourism

• Aviation safety and security

• Crime and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Political instability, terrorism and tourism

• Thana-tourism

• War on terror and Muslim-tourism

• The effects of global warming on tourism destinations

• Innovative quantitative/qualitative methods for the study of risk and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Virus outbreaks and tourism mobility

• Disasters, trauma and tourism

• Apocalyptic theories and tourism as a form of entertainment

Volumes in this series:

Tourism, Terrorism and Security

Edited by Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

International Case Studies in the Management of Disasters

Edited by Dr Babu George and Dr Qamaruddin Mahar

Tourism Safety and Security for the Caribbean (Forthcoming)

By Andrew Spencer and Peter E. Tarlow

Overtourism as Destination Risk: Impacts and Solutions (Forthcoming)

Edited by Anukrati Sharma and Azizul Hassan

Title Page

Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions

Edited by

Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar

Anant National University, India

Shem Wambugu Maingi

Kenyatta University, Kenya

Hiran Roy

Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada

And

Roberto Micera

National Research Council of Italy Institute for

Studies on the Mediterranean, Italy

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-512-7 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-511-0 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-513-4 (Epub)

Dedication

Dedicated to all tourism entrepreneurs and employees in difficulty; to all tourism heroes who struggled hard during the pandemic and are still struggling for a livelihood; to all COVID Center Doctors and Nurses who risk their lives every day; and more importantly, to our families who unconditionally supported us in the realization of this book project.

–Vanessa, Shem, Hiran and Roberto

Book Editors

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Abbreviations

AI

Artificial Intelligence

ALTUM

Latvian Development Finance Institution

ARCA

Museum of Contemporary Religious Art

AUTO

Association of Uganda Tour Operators

BBC

British Broadcasting Corporation

BI

Behavioural Intention

BSA

Bali Statistic Agency

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAMPFIRE

the Communal Areas Program for the Indigenous Resources

CBT

Community-based Tourism

CDC

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

CFA

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

CHTP

Cultural Heritage Tourism Product

CIE

Cambridge International Examination

COMCEC

Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation

COS

Cost Risk

CSB

Central Statistics Bureau of Latvia

DACH

Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH)

DMO

Destination Management Organization

EFA

Exploratory Factor analysis

EQU

Equipment Risk

ESD

Education of Sustainable Development

EST

Emotional Solidarity Theory

ETC

European Travel Commission

EU

European Union

EY

Ernst Young

FAITH

Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism & Hospitality

FFSAI

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

FHRAI

Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of India

FTA

Foreign tourist arrival

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GFI

Goodness of Fit Indices

GIS

Geographical Information System

GPFI

Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion

GSTCD

the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for Destinations

H1N1

Influenza A virus subtype

HSP

Health Sector Professionals

IAGTO

International Association of Golf Tour Operators

IATA

International Air Transport Association

ICT

Instituto Costarricense De Turosmo

IGF

Italian Golf Federation

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

ISTAT

The National Institute for Statistics

ITC

International Trade Centre

KEBS

Kenya National Bureau of Standards

KMO

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy

KPMG

Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler

KTB

Kenya Tourism Board

KWS

Kenya Wildlife Services

LGA

Ladies Golf Association

LI

Local inhabitant

M

Mean

MAMT

The Peace Museum

MANN

Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli

MeMus

Museum and Historical Archive of the San Carlo Theatre

MERS

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

MES

Mauritius Examinations Syndicate

MFPED

Uganda's Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development

MIBACT

Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy

MICE

Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing and Exhibitions

MIE

Mauritius Institute of Education

MOE

Ministry of Education and Human Resources of Mauritius

MSME

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise

MTWA

Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities

NDP

South Africa National Development Planning commission

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

NITHM

National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management

NMK

National Museums of Kenya

NPI

Non-pharmaceutical Intervention

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OEEC

Organization for European Economic Co-operation

OTAs

Online Travel Agents

PATA

Pacific Asia Travel Association

PCP

Risk perception

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PER

Performance Risk

PGA

Professional Golfers Association

PHY

Physical Risk

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

PSEA

Private Secondary Education Authority

PSY

Psychological Risk

REVPAR

Revenue Per Available Room

RoK

Republic of Kenya

RSA

Rapid Situation Analysis

RTU

Representative of Tourism Trade Union

SARS

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SARS-COv2

Coronavirus

SD

Standard Deviation

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

SET

Social Exchange Theory

SME

Small Medium-sized Enterprise

SOC

Social Risk

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

T&T

Travel and Tourism

TDK

Tourist Destination Kenya

TGA

Turkey Tourism Promotion and Development Agency

TIR

Tourism Industry Representative

TP

Tourism Professional

TUIK

Turkish Statistical Institute

UDB

Uganda Development Bank

UHOA

Uganda Hotel Owners Association

UK

United Kingdom

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNWTO

United Nations World Tourism Organization

UTA

Uganda Tourism Association

UTB

Uganda Tourism Board

UWA

Uganda Wildlife Authority

UWEC

Uganda Wildlife Conservation and Education Centre

VUAS

Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences

WCED

World Commission on Environment and Development

WHO

World Health Organization

WoM

Word of Mouth

WTO

World Tourism Organization

WTTC

World Travel and Tourism Council

About the Contributors

Nazeerah Sheik Abbass, PhD, lectures at the Mauritius Institute of Education in the Business Education Department. She holds a PhD in Regional Cooperation and Trade. She holds 12 years of experience in the field of teacher education in economics, accounting, business and travel and tourism subjects.

Ilgvars Abols, PhD, is Director of tourism studies and Coordinator of international students at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia. He has several publications to his credit including CABI.

Sanjida Amin is currently serving as Lecturer of marketing at Bangladesh University of Professionals. Sanjida completed her Master of Business Administration (MBA) in the Department of Marketing at University of Dhaka. Her research interests include ecological awareness and behaviour, sustainable consumption and sustainable service management particularly in marketing, tourism and hospitality.

Bindu is Research Scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, Rohtak, India. She is conducting research on online travel reviews. She completed her postgraduation in Tourism Management from IHTM. Her research interests include online reviews, social media, sustainable tourism and ecotourism.

Carmen Bizzarri, PhD, is qualified as Associate Professor in Economic Geography. She currently teaches as Assistant Professor in Environmental Policies, Sustainable Tourism and Didactic of Geography courses at European University of Rome.

Galina Bukovska, PhD is a Board Member for Latvia Convention Bureau and guest Lecturer at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia.

Lidia Caballero-Galeote, is a PhD candidate in the Department of Tourism at the Universidad de Málaga. Her fields of research are communication, airport management and tourism.

Juliet Chipumuro, Stenden South Africa, holds a PhD in Management from Rhodes University, a Master’s in Business Administration, a Bachelor of Technology, Education Management and a Diploma in Education. She has published a number of articles on Emotional Intelligence in Hospitality and Tourism, Leadership, Sustainable Tourism and others.

Pravina Cooshna-Gunputh lectures at the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE, Mauritius) in the Business Education Department. She holds a BA (Economics) and MA (Economics) from SavitriBai Phule, Pune University, India. She also holds a Diploma in Aviation, Hospitality and Travel Management from the Institute of Commercial Management, UK.

Crispin Dale, PhD, is Course Leader for the Tourism Management degree at the University of Wolverhampton. He has taught tourism management at undergraduate and postgraduate levels for a number of years. Crispin has published widely in books and peer-reviewed journals. His most recent research has focused on business development and recovery for tourism and hospitality enterprises.

Giacomo Del Chiappa, PhD, is Associate Professor of Marketing at the Department of Economics and Business, University of Sassari (Italy). He is Senior Research Fellow at the School of Tourism and Hospitality of University of Johannesburg. He is Managing Editor of the European Journal of Tourism Research.

Ümit Doğrul, PhD, received his doctorate degrees from Mersin University Institute of Social Sciences in 2015. Since 2015, he has been working in Mersin University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration and teaches various courses in undergraduate, graduate and doctoral programs.

Kiran Dookhony-Ramphul lectures at the University of Mauritius. Her research interests are in sustainable tourism and entrepreneurship.

Islam Elgammal, PhD, is currently Professor in the Business Administration Department at the University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Her research interests include tourism marketing, triple bottom line, sustainable tourism, sustainable heritage management and green events.

Faraknaaz Essmallgee is presently a full-time Educator in Travel and Tourism in a mixed specialized secondary school for Grades 12–13. She has specialized herself in the teaching of Travel and Tourism at the Higher School Certificate level and is also currently a part-time Lecturer for Travel and Tourism at the Mauritius Institute of Education.

Anisur R. Faroque, PhD, is Post-doctoral researcher (Assistant Professor) at LUT University, Finland. His research interests are in the areas of international business and entrepreneurship.

Mugizi Francis, PhD, is a Lecturer and Researcher in Tourism in the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University. His research interests include tourism development with a focus on community-based tourism in Uganda's protected areas, destination management and community-based tourism enterprises.

Mohammad Osman Gani is a doctoral student at Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan. He has completed his MSc from Hiroshima University. He also works as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business Administration in Marketing at Bangladesh University of Professionals.

Joan J. W. Gathungu is a Lecturer in the Business Administration Department, Kenya Utalii College. Joan is a researcher in the area of tourism marketing. She has a keen interest in brand strategy and its impact on destination competitiveness and is awaiting her PhD graduation having met all the requirements requisite.

Paolo Giuntarelli is Manager of Lazio Italian region and teaches Sociology of Local Development in the course of Tourism Sciences from the Department of History, Heritage, Education and Society of University of Rome “Tor Vergata”.

Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, PhD, has been appointed as Associate Professor at the Anant National University in Ahmedabad, India. She was previously serving as Head of Department for Tourism at the University of Africa in Nigeria. Vanessa is an editorial board member of several scientific journals and has a number of publications in international peer-refereed journals. Dr Vanessa also assumes the role of National Coordinator for WAELE (Women Advancement for Economic and Leadership Empowerment), an international organisation which caters for the cause of women, widows and young girls. She assumes the role of Deputy Chair for the Tourism, Infrastructure and Energy cluster of African Union Economic and Social Council (ECOSOCC).

Vikas Gupta, PhD, is an alumnus of Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, and holds a PhD in Hospitality. He has a rich experience of teaching for more than 13 years in both India and abroad. He also has a very good research background with publications in national and international journals.

Chaya Hurnath is serving as lecturer at the University of Mauritius and her research interests are in stakeholders’ conflicts and cultural and heritage tourism.

Indu is a Research Scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, Rohtak, India. She is an awardee of Gold Medal in Master's Degree in Tourism Management. Her research areas of interest are online travel communities, social media and sustainable tourism.

Ayorekire Jim, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University. His research interests include tourism planning and policy, natural resource based tourism and national and regional analysis of tourism.

Obua Joseph, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University. He has vast experience in teaching and research in tropical forestry and tourism. His research experience and interests include assessment of forestry-tourism nexus.

Simran Kashyap is the Co-Founder and Vice-President of the Confederation of Tourism Students, India. Her research interest includes responsible tourism policy and practices, and sustainable tourism. Email: ms.simrankashyap@gmail.com

Vikrant Kaushal, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur, India. His research interest includes tourism education, destination branding and sustainable development. Mr. Vikrant has published several papers on tourism and branding in reputed journals of Sage, Elsevier and Emerald.

Maximiliano E. Korstanje, PhD, is editor in chief of the International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism (UP Argentina) and Editor in Chief Emeritus of International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IGI-Global US). He has a vast experience in editorial projects working as advisory member of Elsevier, Routledge, Springer, IGI global and Cambridge Scholar publishing.

Rinzing Lama has a PhD in Tourism and is a faculty at the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, India. He has 14 years of teaching and research experience. He authored a book titled Community Based Tourism Development and authored an edited book titled Tourism for Developing Economies: The Path Unexplored.

Agita Livina, PhD, is Professor at the Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences and Director of the Research Institute, Latvia. She has published several papers on sustainable tourism planning and management in CABI, Routledge, Emerald and Channel View Publications, etc. ORCiD: 0000-0003-2804-9132

Shem Wambugu Maingi, PhD, is a Lecturer in the School of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure studies at Kenyatta University in Kenya. He is also an expert member of the International Scientific Committee on Cultural Tourism of ICOMOS (ICTC). Currently, he is pursuing research on cultural ecosystems services and tourism post COVID within heritage sites in Kenya.

Roberto Micera, PhD, has been a Researcher of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) since 2011, and is currently at the Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed). He has National Qualification for the role of Associate Professor in Management (13/B2) and he has a PhD in Business Administration. He has been scientific coordinator for the CNR of tourism research projects and he is on the team of numerous international and national research activities on the management and organization of innovation in tourism enterprises and destinations (smart tourism destination).

Radu Mihailescu is senior Tutor and Researcher at NHL-Stenden University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands. Radu Mihailescu has degrees in Business Management and Economics. He has published a number of articles with regard to Wine and Tourism Economics, Resource Economics and Airline Economics. He is also the author of a book on Charter Airline Economics and a book chapter on Wine Tourism Development.

Neha Mishra is pursuing her PhD in Sociology from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. Her broader area of research is social sustainability, tourism and risk analysis.

Anindya Mishra, PhD, is a Full Professor of Sociology at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. His research interests include social gerontology, sociology of health and sociology of work.

Jane Wamaitha Munene, PhD, is a development practitioner and an academic in Public Administration. She has extensive experience in the civil society sector and has worked with various organizations in Kenya. She is also well versed with community engagement processes including facilitation and trainer of trainers. She has research interests with a focus on community governance, public administration, leadership and participation.

Abureza M. Muzareba, PhD, serves as Associate Professor in the Department of Marketing at University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has industry experience with a prestigious international bank, and research experience with USAID, IFPRI, the University of Sheffield, UK Cabinet Office, O2, Barnsley City Council, England, Seba Limited and Care Bangladesh.

I Nengah Subadra, PhD, is Principal Lecturer and the Dean of Faculty of Tourism, University of Triatma Mulya (formerly: Tourism Institute of Triatma Jaya), Bali, Indonesia. His research interests include cultural tourism, local and tourist behaviours, community-based tourism and disaster mitigation in tourism.

Valentina Noviello is research fellow at National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed), and is a PhD student at the University of Barcelona, Spain, whose research interest includes cultural heritage in the Euro-Mediterranean context.

Lina Öztürk, PhD, graduated from the Department of Public Administration at Anadolu University in 2009 and pursued her graduate degree on Business Administration at Mersin University (MBA, 2014; Ph.D. 2019). She has published studies on consumer behaviour, pricing, tourism and neuromarketing.

Masudur Rahman, PhD, serves as a Professor in the Department of Marketing at University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has more than 21 years of experience in teaching, research and consulting services in different business development and marketing issues. He has published many articles in different peer-reviewed national and international journals.

Alka Rai has qualified the University Grant Commission-National Eligibility Test in 2018 in Tourism Administration and Management. She is teaching as a guest faculty at Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. She has 5 years of industry experience in tour operation. She has completed her Masters in Tourism Administration and Post-graduate Diploma in Tourism and Leisure.

Gavinolla Mahender Reddy is Assistant Professor in National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management, India, and guest Lecturer in the Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia. He is a PhD student who is focusing on sustainability issues in tourism. He has published several papers related to sustainable tourism and wildlife tourism in Sage, Routledge and Emerald. ORCiD: 0000-0002-3476-3132.

Hassan Refaat, PhD, is currently a Lecturer at the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels Management – Luxor University. He is Researcher at Farouk ElBaz Center of Sustainability and Future Studies at the British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo. Graduated from the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels Management-Fayoum University (Egypt), he has a master's degree in Tourism Guidance and a PhD from Fayoum University (Egypt). He also worked as a Tourism and Heritage Consultant at United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Azzurra Rinaldi is the Head of the Degree Course in Tourism Economics at the University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza (where she also teaches Tourism Economics). She has published many articles on the Tourism industry and the gender gap and is also the author of a book on Tourism Economics.

Neil Robinson, PhD, lectures at Salford University Business School and has research interests in dark tourism and heritage, in particular the commodification and promotion of sites associated with death and disaster and the use of dark tourism as a methodological tool for the investigation of cold case files.

Hiran Roy, PhD, is a Lecturer of International School of Hospitality, Sports, and Tourism Management at Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver, Canada. He holds a PhD in Management from University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Prior to joining academia, he worked extensively (over 26 years) with the hospitality business industry as an Executive Chef in different continents.

Garima Sahu is a research scholar at Amity University and holds a postgraduate diploma in Management and a bachelor's degree in Computer Applications. She has rich and extensive industry experience of more than 8 years in both India and abroad with renowned names such as Unilever, Australia, Maruti Suzuki, India Ltd, etc.

Faisal Sheikh is an economics graduate and a Chartered Certified Accountant. He has worked for Big 4 firms focussing on NGO and public sector accounting and auditing. Faisal is currently an award-winning Lecturer at Salford Business School where he specialises in teaching financial reporting.

Kuldeep Singh is a research scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, India. He is conducting research on service quality and tourist behavior. He completed his PGDM in Tourism and Travel from IITTM, Gwalior. He is passionate about academic areas of service quality management, tourist satisfaction, rural tourism and ecotourism.

Bosipoina Golla Suneeth is the Founder and President of the Confederation of Tourism Students, India. His research interests include tourism education, sustainable tourism and niche tourism. Email: bgsuneeth@gmail.com

Luisa Varriale, PhD, is Associate Professor of Organization Theory and HRM at the Department of Sport Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University, Naples (Italy), whose research interests include learning process, knowledge sharing and creation, event management and sustainability issues.

Eduardo Villena-Alarcón, PhD, is Lecturer in Organizational Communication at the University of Malaga. He graduated in journalism and public relations. He has published research about tourism and cultural communication in social networks, the tourist functionality of the communication management or hotels communication strategy.

Tiziana Volpe, PhD, is Senior Researcher at National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed), whose main research interests include technological and organizational innovation and technology transfer in agro-food sector, tourism, logistic and value chain.

Ephraim W. Wahome, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of History and Archaeology, University of Nairobi. He is currently involved in the ‘Building Shared Futures Project’ on the conservation and documentation of historic Nairobi funded by Bristol University. His current areas of interest include conservation, heritage and cultural tourism.

Avni Can Yağcı completed his undergraduate education in Istanbul University Faculty of Business Administration in 2019. He currently continues his master's program in Mersin University Institute of Social Sciences and works at Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration as a research assistant.

Mehmet İ. Yağcı, PhD, graduated from the Department of Management at Middle East Technical University in 1988. He started his academic career at Loyola University–New Orleans. He has published studies on marketing communications, marketing theory, service quality, tourism, international marketing, pricing and branding. He currently continues his academic career at Mersin University.

List of Contributors

Foreword