Index
Methodological Issues in Management Research: Advances, Challenges, and the Way Ahead
ISBN: 978-1-78973-974-9, eISBN: 978-1-78973-973-2
Publication date: 11 November 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2019), "Index", Subudhi, R.N. and Mishra, S. (Ed.) Methodological Issues in Management Research: Advances, Challenges, and the Way Ahead, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-973-220191019
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
ABI/INFORM
, 19
Absolute fit indices (AFI)
, 270–272
Academic socialization of scholars
, 2
Academy of Management (AOM)
, 3, 19, 22
Action research tradition
, 4–5
Active listening skills
, 87, 89
ADB Perceptions Survey
, 69
Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI)
, 273
Affective research
, 156
Alternative hypothesis (H1)
, 129, 133–134, 205, 217
Amazon Alexa
, 172
American Psychological Association (APA)
, 21
Amrita (nectar for immortal life)
, 153
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
, 42, 45
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
, 42
hypothesis for
, 132–133
one-way
, 112
Analyst triangulation
, 175
Analytic generalizations
, 173
Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
, 226
analytic network process
, 233
consistency of priority weights
, 231–232
decomposing problem into hierarchy
, 227
dedicated software packages
, 233
extensions to basic
, 232–233
fundamental scale
, 228
group decision-making
, 233
hierarchy of goal, criteria, and alternatives
, 228
levels of criteria
, 232–233
paired comparison
, 228–231
priority weights for criteria
, 227, 229–230
ratio scale of measurement
, 227–228
synthesizing priorities
, 231
weighted average method of decision-making
, 226–227
weighted average scores for alternatives
, 231
Analytic network process
, 233
Analyzing interview
, 83
Anganwadi Centers (AWC)
, 128
Annual Survey of Industries
, 279
Antecedent set of factor
, 223
Apprehensive subjects
, 47
Appropriate research strategy
, 155
Appropriateness of focus groups
, 94–96
Archival data
, 170
Artifacts
, 170
in behavioral research
, 45
Asynchronous data collection
, 105
Attributes of writing good questionnaire
, 66–67
Autonomous enablers
, 224
Average variance extracted values (AVE values)
, 256, 274
Axial coding
, 188, 190–191
Badness of fit index (BOF index)
, 254
Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model (BCC model)
, 245–246
Bartlett’s test of sphericity
, 252
Bayesian hypothesis
, 34
Before–after design (see Pretest–posttest design)
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
, 111
Biased questions
, 87
Biosocial effect
, 47
Body language expressions
, 104
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
, 285–287
Boyle’s law
, 41
Bricolage
, 152
Buyer behavior
, 121
Campus-placements and On-job-probation
, 138
Case study protocol and database
, 174
Case study research
, 163
case study elements, descriptors, and focus of researcher
, 165
components of case study design
, 166–170
framework for assessing quality in qualitative case study research
, 175–176
judging quality of
, 173–175
methodological issues in case research
, 173
perspectives on
, 164
qualitative analysis in
, 171
structuring case study
, 171–172
Categorizing strategy
, 187–190
Category card
, 196
Cause-and-effect
explanation
, 49
statement
, 40–41
Center of Creative Leadership
, 89
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy database (CMIE database)
, 286–287
Chain referral sampling (see Snowballing sampling)
Charles’ law
, 41
Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes model (CCR model)
, 236–238
efficiency
, 238, 240–241, 244
Charts
, 171
Chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ2/df)
, 274
Chi-squared tests (χ2 tests) (see also Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (K-S tests))
, 115, 132, 204, 271
for contingency coefficient
, 209
multi-sample
, 208–209
one-sample
, 204–205
related-sample
, 207–208
two-sample
, 205–207
Close-ended questions (see also Open-ended questions)
formal standardized questionnaires/structured questionnaires with
, 55–56
in questionnaire
, 65
Closed, fixed-response interview
, 82
Closing questions
, 63
Cluster analysis
, 120–122
Clustering
, 196
Code notes
, 192
Coding
, 185–190
for GT
, 185–190
paradigm
, 196–197
Coefficient of multiple determination (R
2)
, 117
Coefficient of variation
, 114
Cognitive and affective component of destination image
, 263
Cognitive dimension
, 264
Cohert
, 39
Collective case study
, 167
Color coding
, 64
Column names
, 288
Column percentage
, 115
Community gatekeepers
, 101
Comparative Fit Index (CFI)
, 272
Comparative scaling
, 110–111
Composite index
, 279
Composite reliability (CR)
, 256, 274
Comprehensive Meta-analysis
, 15
Conceptual clarity/building theories
, 158
Conceptualization of review
, 16
Conditional matrix
, 189–190
Conduct of experiment
, 42
Confidentiality issues
, 105–106
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (see also Exploratory factor analysis (EFA))
, 118, 250, 274
to establishing construct validity
, 253–257
measurement model after deletion of items
, 255
Confounding variables
, 44, 49
Conjoint analysis
, 122–123
Consent seeking
, 98
Consistency index (CI)
, 232
Consistency of priority weights
, 231–232
Consistency ratio (CR)
, 232
Constant comparison
, 193–195
Construct validity
, 174, 251–252
CFA to establishing
, 253–257
Constructs
, 33
Consumer behavior literature
, 262
Context, Conditions, Causes, Consequences, Covariance, Contingency coding paradigm (6-C coding paradigm)
, 189
Contextual factors
, 96
Contextual performance (CP)
, 250, 257
Contingency coefficient, chi-square for
, 209
Continuous measures
, 110, 113
Control group
, 42
Control of causal factor
, 41
Convenience sampling technique
, 250
Convergent validity
, 274
of constructs
, 256–257
Corbin’s coding paradigm
, 189
Correlation of constructs
, 251
Correlational design
, 49–50
Covariance and correlations
, 112
Cramer’s V
, 115
Credibility in qualitative research
, 174–175
Credible research
, 156
Credulous subjects
, 47
Critical analysis
, 18
of literature
, 16
Critical management researchers
, 94
Critical region
, 133–136
Cronbach’s coefficient for constructs
, 264
Cronbach’s α
, 251, 256, 264
Cross-loading of items
, 250
Cross-sectional design
, 39–41
Cross-tabulation
, 115
CSPro Software
, 69
Culmination of literature review
, 18
Data
churning
, 153
collection
, 169–170, 286–287
context
, 286–287
extraction
, 14
interpretation
, 153–154
preparation
, 286
quality
, 63
reduction
, 120
Data analysis
, 109
for GT
, 184–185
strategy
, 111–112
Data cleaning methodologies
, 285, 287
apparent anomalies
, 288
complete case of data
, 288
descriptive statistics from R output
, 290
review of data and check for data-type
, 288
rows and columns extent
, 287–288
and transformation steps
, 294
visual inspection of row and columns
, 287–288
working with variables
, 288–289
Data envelopment analysis (DEA)
, 233
CCR model
, 236–238
productivity and TE
, 234–236
Deductive approach
, 150
Deductive reasoning hypothesis
, 192
Defensible research
, 155
Degrees of freedom (DF)
, 254
Demand characteristic
, 47
Density plot
, 292
Departure phase
, 148
Dependence techniques
, 112, 118
Dependent enablers
, 224
Dependent variable
, 42, 44, 117
Descriptive analysis
, 14
Descriptive case study design
, 167
Descriptive research
, 30
Descriptive statistics
, 113
Descripto-logical examinations
, 30
Design flexibility
, 151
Designing interview
, 81
Destinations
, 261
branding
, 262
image
, 262–264
marketing organizations
, 261–262
Developmental research designs
, 38
Diagram
, 192
Digraph for reachability matrix
, 222–223
Direct observation
, 33
Direct score formula
, 264
Discovery process
, 37
Discriminant validity
, 274
of constructs
, 256–257
Distributing questionnaire
, 67–68
Documents
, 170
Dominant research paradigms
, 3–5
Double-blind technique
, 46–47
Draft questionnaire
, 64
Drug
, 43–44
Dual LP model
for input-oriented model
, 245
for kth unit
, 243
Dual output-oriented LP model
, 245
“Dummy” questions
, 58
e-journals
, 19
Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)
, 128
Earning Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBIDTA)
, 288–289
EBSCO Business Source Premier/Elite
, 19
Eclectic/flexible approach
, 151
Economic Survey of India
, 279
Effective probes
, 90
Efficient frontier
, 235–236, 238
Eigen values
, 119
Eigenvector method
, 230
ELECTRE
, 219
Electronic evaluation
, 22
Elimination
, 45
Emic approach
, 151
Emic orientation
, 151
Emic-etic orientation
, 151
Emoticons
, 105
Empathy
, 86
Employee performance (EmpPerf)
, 250
as second-order factor
, 257–258
as uni-dimensional first-order construct
, 257
Empowerment stud
, 101
EndNote software
, 21
Epistemological positions of FGD
, 94
Epistemology
, 3
Estimated covariance model
, 270
Ethical considerations of FGDs
, 105–106
Ethnographic studies
, 149
Expectancy bias
, 46
Expectancy effect
, 46
Experience survey
, 29
Experimental control
, 42
Experimental design
, 41
randomization
, 43–45
single-blind procedure
, 46–47
single-case experimental design
, 48–49
temperature
, 41–42
Experimental group
, 42
Experimenter’s expectancy effect
, 45
Expert choice
, 233
Explanation building
, 171
Explanatory case study design
, 166–167
Explanatory focus
, 95–96
Explanatory research
, 30–31
Exploratory case study design
, 166
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (see also Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA))
, 118, 250, 264
to checking factor structure
, 252–253
final pattern matrix obtained through
, 253
Exploratory focus
, 95
Exploratory information
, 54–55
Exploratory questionnaires/unstructured questionnaires
, 55
Exploratory research
, 28–29
External validity
, 51, 174
Extraction method
, 252, 264
Extraneous variables
, 44
F statistic
, 116
Face-to-face interviews
, 68
Facial expressions
, 87
Facilitation skills
, 102
competencies for FGDs
, 102–103
dealing with silences
, 103–104
Facilitator role
, 99, 101–102
Factor analysis
, 118–120, 264
steps of designing
, 119–120
types
, 118–119
Factor correlation matrix
, 252
Factor hierarchy
, 224–225
Factor loading
, 120
Factor rotation
, 120
Factorial experimental design
, 48
Factsheet
, 81
Final reachability matrix
, 222
Fit indices
, 270
AFI
, 270–272
fit evaluation
, 271
IFI
, 272
PFI
, 273
Flexibility
, 151, 154–155
Focus group discussion (FGD)
, 93–94, 170
appropriateness
, 94–96
comparing FGDs and interviews
, 104–105
design
, 97–98
discussion guide
, 98–100
ethical considerations
, 105–106
facilitation skills
, 102–104
group composition and size
, 101–102
internet and FGDs
, 105
ontological and epistemological positions
, 94
recoding and transcribing FGDs
, 104
“Focused interviews”
, 93
Formal standardized questionnaires/structured questionnaires
, 55–56
Fractional LP problem, equivalence of
, 238
Frequency analysis
, 113
Frequency distribution
, 113
Functional attributes
, 262
Fundamental scale
, 228
Gap
, 18
Gender
, 45
Geometric mean method
, 229–230
Gini coefficient
, 279
Glaser views theory
, 197
Glaser’s coding families
, 188
Glaser’s interpretation of operational procedures
, 186
Globalization
, 31–32
Good subjects
, 47
Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)
, 272
Goodness-of-fit indices (GOFI)
, 254, 270
recommended values
, 273
values and validity test
, 274–275
Google Assistant
, 172
Grounded theory (GT)
, 181
analytical process in GT research
, 186
application
, 195
approach
, 182
category card
, 196
coding
, 185–190
constant comparison
, 193–195
data analysis
, 184–185
emergence
, 181–183
future scope of research in
, 198
memo writing
, 191–193
procedures and techniques
, 197
relevance in today’s context
, 182–183
Group composition and size
, 101–102
Group decision-making
, 233
Harvard style referencing
, 21
Hermeneutic tradition
, 4
Heterogeneity
, 5, 12
Heteroscedasticity
, 293
Hierarchical clustering
, 121
Homogeneity
, 101
Homoscedasticity
, 117
Honor codes
, 22
Human resource development (HRD)
, 18
Humility
, 16
Hypothesis
, 34
Hypothesis testing (see Testing of hypothesis)
Hypothetico-deductive research models
, 183–184
Ideal social self-concept
, 262
Ill-designed questionnaires
, 63
Immersion
, 155
IMPACT
, 219
In-depth interviews
, 104–105
Inattentional deafness
, 86
Incentive
, 67
Incremental fit indices (IFI)
, 270, 272
Independent enablers
, 224
Independent samples t-test for means
, 115
Independent variable(s)
, 42, 44, 117
Indigenous theories of management
, 2
Indirect observation
, 33
Inductive approach
, 150–151
Inductive reasoning hypothesis
, 192
Industry groups
, 297–300
Informal conversational interview
, 82
Information resources
, 18–20
Information technology–enabled services (ITES)
, 287
Informed consent
, 85
Initial reachability matrix
, 222
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
, 66
Instrument decay
, 50
Instrumental case study
, 167
Integrative literature reviews
, 15–16
Intellectual goals of qualitative research
, 156
Inter-states India
, 278
Interdependence techniques
, 112
Internal validity
, 51, 174
Internet in questionnaire design
, 68–69
Interpersonal facilitation (IPF)
, 250
Interpretive diagram
, 192
Interpretive structural model (ISM) (see also Structural equation modeling (SEM))
, 219
checking for transitivity and modifying reachability matrix
, 222
converting SSIM into reachability matrix
, 221–222
deriving model levels by iterative partitioning of reachability matrix
, 223
drawing digraph for reachability matrix
, 222–223
factor hierarchy
, 224–225
finding contextual relationships between pairs of variables
, 220–221
listing factors contributing to study objective
, 220
location of factors in driving power-dependence plane
, 225
MICMAC analysis
, 224–226
process steps
, 219–220
Intersection set of factor
, 223
Interval scale
, 110
Intervening variables
, 44
Interviewer
, 64, 85, 150
Interviewing
, 83, 85
Interviews
, 79–80, 170
comparing FGDs and
, 104–105
guide approach
, 82
questions
, 83
Intonations
, 87
Intrinsic case study
, 167
Intuition phase
, 148
Iterative partitioning of reachability matrix, deriving model levels by
, 223
Job commitment
, 39
Job dedication (JD)
, 250, 252
Job profile
, 101
Jugal-bandi
, 152
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value (KMO value)
, 252
measure of sampling adequacy
, 264
Kendall coefficient of concordance
, 217–219
Kendall rank correlation coefficient
, 215–217
Knowing, research as
, 146
Knowledge
, 146–147
Kolb’s experiential learning cycle
, 147
Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (K-S tests)
, 209
empirical cumulative probabilities
, 210
one-sample K-S test
, 209–211
two-sample
, 211
KSIM3
, 219
Kurtosis
, 114
Large sample tests
, 129–131
Law of single variable
, 41
Lead investigator
, 103
Learning
, 27–28, 146–147
Legitimization
, 34
Level of measurement (see Scale of measurement)
Level partitioning
, 223–224
Life Insurance Schemes
, 95
Linear programing (LP)
, 233, 243
optimal solutions
, 239
optimal weights for five units
, 238–239
Linear relationship between dependent and independent variables
, 117
Linkage enablers
, 224
Listening skills
, 87
Literature review
, 11–13
avoiding plagiarism
, 22–23
evaluating information resources
, 18–20
integrative
, 15–16
narrative
, 16–17
pointers on making effective
, 17–18
referencing in
, 20–21
systematic
, 13–15
types
, 13
Living standard survey questionnaire
, 69
Logic diagram
, 192
Logical inconsistencies
, 288–289
Logical research
, 28
Logical technique
, 34
Logical validity
, 174
Longitudinal case
, 168
Longitudinal design
, 38–39, 41
Macro-coding paradigm
, 189
Management research
, 1–2, 12–13
bridging quantitative qualitative divide
, 6–7
contributions and organization
, 7–9
nature of
, 2–3
triangulation in
, 6
Manipulation
, 41
Manipulation-guided designs
, 40–41
Mann–Whitney U-test
, 212–213
Market segmentation
, 119, 121
Matching groups
, 42
Matching method
, 45
Matrice d’ Impacts Croises Multiplication Applique an Classment analysis (MICMAC analysis)
, 220, 224–226
Maturation
, 50
Maximal reliability (MR)
, 256
Mc Nemar test for significance of changes
, 207–208
Meaningful coherence
, 156
Means
hypothesis testing of
, 136–137
independent samples t-test for
, 115
paired sample t-test for
, 115
Measurement model
, 250
CFA to establishing construct validity
, 253–257
construct validity
, 251–252
EFA to checking factor structure
, 252–253
mean, SD, correlations, and reliabilities of study constructs
, 251
model-fit indices and thresholds
, 254
reliability and correlation of constructs
, 251
research measures
, 251
research methodology
, 250–251
sample and data collection
, 250–251
scale reliabilities, AVE, and inter-construct correlations
, 256
with TP and CP as two first-order constructs
, 257
Measurement tools/techniques
, 4
Median
, 114
Memo writing
, 191–194, 196
Memoing
, 191–192, 195
Mendeley software
, 21
Meta-analysis
, 14–15
Meta-analyst
, 15
Methodological domain
, 5
dominant research paradigms
, 3–5
management research
, 1–2
quantitative and qualitative research methods
, 5–6
triangulation in management research
, 6–9
Methods triangulation
, 175
Mis-loading of items
, 250
Mode
, 114
Moderating synchronous focus groups
, 105
Moderator
, 103
Modern Languages Association (MLA)
, 21
Modification indices (MIs)
, 250
Multi-factor experimental design
, 48
Multi-sample chi-squared test
, 208–209
Multicollinearity
, 118, 291
Multidimensional scaling (MDS)
, 112, 123
Multidisciplinary approach
, 12
Multiple case study design
, 169
Multiple inputs and outputs
, 242–245
Multiple regression analysis
, 116–117
Multivariate
analysis
, 109
statistics
, 112, 115
techniques
, 112
Narrative literature reviews
, 16–17
Negative emotions
, 98
NETWORK
, 219
Non-loading of items
, 250
Non-parametric statistics
, 203
Chi-squared tests
, 204–209
K-S tests
, 209–211
Kendall coefficient of concordance
, 217–219
Kendall rank correlation coefficient
, 215–217
Mann–Whitney U-test
, 212–213
rank differences for subjects
, 214
ranks for solution options
, 218
Runs test
, 211–212
Spearman rank correlation coefficient
, 214–215
transformed form of presentation of data on ranks and scores
, 216
Non-timber forest product price policy in Odisha
, 70–78
Noncomparative scales
, 111
Nonmetric scaling (see Comparative scaling)
Normality
, 291–293
Normed chi-square
, 271
Normed fit index (NFI)
, 272
Null hypothesis (H0)
, 129, 133–134, 205, 217
Null model
, 272
Numeric styles
, 21
Observed covariance model
, 270
One tailed tests of hypothesis
, 133–136
One-sample chi-squared test
, 204–205
One-sample K-S test
, 209–211
Online questionnaire
, 68–69
Ontological positions
, 2
of FGD
, 94
Open coding
, 187–190
Open-ended questions (see also Close-ended questions)
, 59
exploratory questionnaires/unstructured questionnaires with
, 55
in questionnaire
, 65
Opening questions
, 62
Operational memos
, 192
Operational notes
, 192
Optimal weights, interpretation of
, 238
Ordinal scale
, 110
Organizational adaptation
, 168
Outlier treatments
, 289
Outliers in cluster analysis
, 121
Paired comparison
, 228–229
Paired comparison of alternatives against each criterion
, 230–231
Paradigms
, 3–4
Parametric tests
, 204
Parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI)
, 273
Parsimony
, 119
Parsimony fit indices (PFI)
, 270, 273
Parsimony goodness-of-fit index (PGFI)
, 273
Partial correlation
, 116
Partially structured questions
, 56
Participants
, 94
effect
, 47
recruiting
, 101
role
, 101
type
, 47
“Pasta-in-a-jar” concept test
, 61
Pattern matching
, 190
Pearson correlation coefficient
, 115–116
Peer group
, 238
Performance evaluation
, 233
Person-oriented warm interviewing style
, 86
Personal knowledge
, 146
Phonemics
, 151
Phonetics
, 151
Placebo
, 43
Plagiarism
, 22–23
Polar type identification
, 169
Population proportion, hypothesis testing for
, 135
Positive destination image
, 263
Positivist tradition
, 4
Post interview
, 89–90
comment sheet
, 83
Power
dynamics
, 103
of globalization
, 31
Practice
, 48
interviewing
, 85
Pre-testing questionnaire
, 64
Preliminary decisions in questionnaire design
, 56
closing questions
, 63
deciding on information required
, 57
deciding on question content
, 58
defining target respondents
, 57
method selection of reaching target respondents
, 57–58
opening questions
, 62
physical appearance of questionnaire
, 63–65
question flow
, 62–63
question wording development
, 58–62
steps
, 56–57
Pretest–posttest design
, 49–50
Principal qualitative methodological approach
, 173
Principle
of access
, 20
of economy
, 20
of intellectual property
, 20
of standardization
, 20
of transparency
, 21
Priori determination
, 119
Priority weights for criteria
, 229–230
Probability
, 168
Process oriented limitations of qualitative research
, 158
Product segmentation
, 121
Production function
, 234–235
Productivity
, 234–236
Profit after tax (PAT)
, 288
Profit before tax (PBT)
, 288
Propositions
, 4, 34
Public Sector Units (PSUs)
, 250, 252
Purposive sampling
, 84
Pygmalion effect
, 45
Q-Factor analysis
, 119
QSIM2
, 219
Qualitas
, 148
Qualitative analysis in case study
, 171
Qualitative approach
, 150
Qualitative data
, 155
Qualitative GT coding
, 186–187
Qualitative interviews
, 79–80, 84
conducting interview
, 85–89
post interview
, 89–90
preparation before interview
, 84–85
preparing for interviewing
, 84
steps of interviewing preparation
, 81–83
types
, 80–82
Qualitative methods
, 149
Qualitative research
, 145–147, 154, 163
broad literature review
, 153
broad research question
, 152–153
challenges in conducting
, 154
characteristics
, 150
concepts in
, 148–150
conceptual and theoretical linkages and significance of findings
, 154
data churning
, 153
data interpretation
, 153–154
eliciting human experiences
, 153
flexibility
, 154–155
good research linked with ‘being and quest for learning’
, 147–148
immersion
, 155
interviews
, 79
limitations
, 158
methods
, 5–6
relevance
, 156–158
researcher subject relationship in
, 150–152
steps in
, 152
trustworthiness and quality in
, 155–156
unit of study
, 153
Quality
assessment
, 14
in qualitative research
, 155–156
of questions
, 87–88
Quantitative coding
, 186
Quantitative data analysis
cluster analysis
, 120–122
conjoint analysis
, 122–123
cross-tab example
, 123–125
data analysis strategy
, 111–112
factor analysis
, 118–120
multidimensional scaling
, 123
regression analysis
, 116–118
scale of measurement
, 110–111
univariate analysis
, 112–116
Quantitative information
, 55
Quantitative research methods
, 5–6
Quantity of data
, 63
Quasi-experimental design
, 49
Quasi-independent variable
, 49
“Quest for learning”
, 147
good research linked with ‘being and quest for learning’
, 147–148
Question flow
, 62–63
Question wording development
, 58–62
Questionnaire
, 53–54
attributes of writing good
, 66–67
design
, 53
distributing
, 67–68
exploratory questionnaires/unstructured
, 55
formal standardized questionnaires/structured
, 55–56
internet in questionnaire design for smart online
, 68–69
open-ended vs. close-ended questions
, 65
physical appearance
, 63–65
preliminary decisions in questionnaire design
, 56–65
Sandee Research Project
, 70–78
semi-structured questionnaires
, 56
steps preceding questionnaire design
, 56
types
, 54
useful questionnaires
, 69
Quota sampling
, 84
R command
, 289
R programming software
, 289, 291
R-Factor analysis
, 118
[R-Syntax]
, 301–304
Random method
, 48
Random sampling
, 168
Randomization
, 42, 44–45
of conditions
, 43, 49
of participants
, 42–43, 49
Rank correlation
, 116
Rapport
, 86
building stage
, 98
Ratio scale
, 110, 227–228
Reachability matrix
checking for transitivity and modifying
, 222
converting SSIM into
, 221–222
deriving model levels by iterative partitioning of
, 223
drawing digraph for
, 222–223
Reachability set of factor
, 223
Reality
, 149–150
Recoding FGDs
, 104
Record making
, 85
Recorded interviews
, 85
Recording qualitative interviews
, 85
Recruiting participants
, 101
Reference management software
, 21
Reference set
, 238
Referencing in literature reviews
, 20–21
Reflexivity
, 94, 149
RefWorks software
, 21
Region of rejection (see Critical region)
Regression analysis
, 116–118, 264, 291
Regression model
, 117
Related-sample chi-squared test
, 207–208
Relative chi-square (see Normed chi-square)
Reliability
, 251
in case research
, 174
validity of constructs
, 256–257
Replication
, 169
Reporting
, 83
Research
, 28, 37, 128, 146–148
descriptive research
, 30
explanatory research
, 30–31
exploratory research
, 28–29
formulating research questions
, 32–33
learning process
, 27–28
questionnaire
, 53
research concepts and constructs
, 33–34
research propositions and hypothesis
, 34
suitable research area
, 31–32
synthesis
, 14
theory building
, 35
verifying theory
, 34–35
Research design
, 37
classification
, 38
correlational design
, 49–50
cross-sectional design
, 39–41
developmental research designs
, 38
epilogue
, 51
experimental design
, 41–49
longitudinal design
, 38–39, 41
manipulation-guided designs
, 40–41
pretest–posttest design
, 50
quasi-experimental design
, 49
Researcher
, 94
researcher-oriented limitations of qualitative research
, 158
role
, 6
subject relationship in qualitative research
, 150–152
Return on capital (ROCE)
, 289
Return on net worth or equity (RONW)
, 289
Return phase
, 148
Right to Education Act (RTE Act)
, 128
“The Roof” (real-estate marketing company)
, 137
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)
, 254, 271–272
“Row percentage”
, 115
Running-notes
, 21
Runs test
, 211–212
Safety hazard
, 186
Sample mean
, 113
Sample standard deviation
, 131
Sample-testing (see Testing of hypothesis)
Sampling
in case study design
, 168–169
methods
, 84
Sandee Research Project
, 70–78
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
, 128
Scale of measurement
, 109–111
Scaling
, 119
Scatterplots of data and outliers
, 289, 291
Scopus
, 19
Scree plot
, 120
Secondary data
, 286–287
testing assumptions required for analysis
, 291–293
Seeking divergent views
, 99
Selective coding
, 190
Self-concept
, 262
Self-congruity
, 262–266
Self-perception
, 262
Semi-structured interviews
, 80
Semi-structured questionnaires
, 56
Semi-verbal expressions
, 89
Sequential design
, 40–41
Sham-operated group
, 44
Shape, measure of
, 114
Side-barring
, 86
Simple regression
, 116
Single-blind procedure
, 46–47
Single-case experimental design
, 48–49
Single-factor experimental design
, 48
Single-input–single-output case
, 245
Single-input–single-output units
, 238
CCR efficiency for
, 240
Single-input–two-output units
, 240–242
Siri (Apple)
, 172
Skewness
, 114
Sky-rocketing Real-estate Price
, 137
Small sample tests
, 132–133
Smart online questionnaire
, 68–69
Snowballing sampling
, 84–85
Social reality
, 157
Social Sciences Citation Index
, 19
Social self-concept
, 262
Socio-cultural factors
, 96
Socio-economic development
, 277
data and selection of variables
, 278–279
disparity in India
, 278
of major states of India
, 281
methodology
, 279–280
results and findings
, 280–283
Socio-economic development index (SEDI)
, 278–279
of India
, 280
across rural–urban divide
, 282
Sociological imagination
, 147–148
Solomon four-group design
, 50
Spearman rank correlation coefficient
, 214–215
Speculation
, 34–35
Speech fillers
, 104
SPIN
, 219
Spin Bike
, 226
Standard deviation
, 112, 114
Standard error (SE)
, 117, 137
Standard multiple regression analysis
, 265
Standardized open-ended interview
, 82
Standardized regression coefficients
, 117
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)
, 254
State Statistical Abstracts
, 279
Statements linking
, 4
Statistical
control
, 45
data analysis
, 128
generalizations
, 173
hypothesis
, 128–129
techniques
, 111
tests
, 204
Strauss coding paradigm
, 189
Strauss’ approach
, 186, 189
Stress
, 30
Structural equation modeling (SEM) (see also Interpretive structural model (ISM))
, 269–270
fit indices
, 270–273
GOF values and validity test
, 274–275
Structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM)
, 220–221
converting SSIM into reachability matrix
, 221–222
forms
, 221
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn)
, 3
Structured interviews
, 80–81
Subjects effect (see Participants effect)
Suboptimal procurement outcome
, 186
Summated score approach
, 265
Super-decisions
, 233
Survey (see Research questionnaire)
Symbolic attributes
, 262
Synchronous groups
, 105
Synthesis
, 14
Systematic literature reviews
, 13–15
t-statistics
, 137
t-Test
, 132
Table Tennis Board (TT Board)
, 226
Tails of tests
, 133–136
Target respondents
, 57
choosing method(s) of reaching
, 57–58
Task performance (TP)
, 250, 257
Technical efficiency (TE)
, 233–236
Test-criterion
, 130, 133
Testing effect
, 50
Testing of hypothesis
, 127–128, 129–130
critical region and tails of tests
, 133–136
exercise
, 138–140
large sample tests
, 130–131
of proportions
, 136–137
research questions
, 127–128
self-study exercises
, 140–142
small sample tests
, 132–133
solved, application-oriented examples
, 137–138
statistical hypothesis
, 129
test criterion
, 130
type I and type II errors
, 130
types
, 129
Thematic analysis
, 14
Thematizing interview
, 81
Theoretical/theory
, 34
categories
, 186
development
, 191
framework
, 35
notes
, 192
propositions, analysis based on
, 171
sampling
, 184–185
saturation
, 185
sensitivity
, 185
theory/perspective triangulation
, 175
verification
, 34–35
Time-series data
, 288
Tourism
, 261
self-congruity concept in
, 262–263
Transcribing
, 83
FGDs
, 104
Trees
, 219
Triangulation
, 83, 174–175
in management research
, 6–9
of sources
, 175
Truly-operated group
, 44
Trustworthiness in qualitative research
, 155–156
Tucker Lewis index (TLI)
, 254, 272
Turnitin
, 22
Two-input–single-output units
, 239–241
Two-sample chi-squared test
, 205–207
Two-sample K-S test
, 211
Two-tailed tests
of hypothesis
, 133–134, 136
of proportions
, 136
Type I errors
, 117, 130
Type II errors
, 117, 130
Unbiased questions
, 87
Unit of analysis
, 167–168
United Nations’ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 261
Units of measure
, 238
Univariate
analysis
, 112–116
techniques
, 111
Unstructured interviews
, 80
Utterances
, 89
Validation
, 190
Variability
, 101
measure of
, 114
Variables
, 44
confounding
, 44, 49
controlling extraneous
, 44
dependent
, 42, 44, 117
extraneous
, 44
independent
, 42, 44, 117
intervening
, 44
quasi-independent
, 49
Variance
, 114
Verstehen
, 6
Video recording
, 104
Virtual focus groups
, 105
Visha (poison)
, 153
Visual inspection of row and columns
, 287–288
Vocal dynamics
, 103
Voice Control and Voice Assisted Smart Devices (VCVASD)
, 172
Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous era (VUCA era)
, 145–146
Web of Science
, 19
Web resources
, 20
Weighted average method of decision-making
, 226–227
Well-designed questionnaire
, 53
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)
, 96
World Bank survey questionnaire
, 69
XIMP
, 219
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: The Methodological Domain in Management Research
- Chapter 2: Reviewing the Literature
- Chapter 3: Purpose and Process of Research
- Chapter 4: Research Design
- Chapter 5: Questionnaire Design
- Chapter 6: Qualitative Interviewing
- Chapter 7: Focus Group Discussions
- Chapter 8: Quantitative Data Analysis
- Chapter 9: Testing of Hypothesis: Concepts and Applications
- Chapter 10: Nature of Qualitative Research
- Chapter 11: Case Study Research
- Chapter 12: Grounded Theory: A Method of Research Inquiry
- Chapter 13: Supplementary Research Methods: DEA, ISM, AHP and Non-Parametric Statistics
- Chapter 14: Special Section: Sample Research Papers
- Chapter 14.1: Working with Second-order Construct in Measurement Model: An Illustration Using Empirical Data
- Chapter 14.2: Role of Self-Congruity in Predicting Travel Intention
- Chapter 14.3: Structural Equation Modeling: Threshold Criteria for Assessing Model Fit
- Chapter 14.4: Socio-economic Development Disparity in India: An Inter-state Analysis
- Chapter 14.5: Stages and Methods for Cleaning Large Secondary Data Using R
- Appendix
- Index