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Because of the logic delay in the converter, the minimum turn on time of the switch is influenced by the constant time. When the inductor current gets to the threshold of the chip, the control signal will delay for a period. This makes the inductor current rising with the increasing of the clock and leads to the load current out of control. Thus, this paper aims to design an oscillator with a variable frequency protection function.

This paper presents an oscillator with the reducing frequency applied in the DC-DC converter. When the converter works normally, the operating frequency of the oscillator is 1.5 MHz. So the inductor current has enough time to decay and prevent the power transistor damaging. After the abnormal condition, the converter returns to the normal operating mode automatically.

Based on 0.5 µm CMOS process, simulated by the HSPICE, the simulation results shows that the frequency of the oscillator linearly decreases from 1.5 MHz to 380 KHz when the feedback voltage less than 0.2 V. The maximum deviation of the oscillator frequency is only 6 per cent from −50°C to 125°C within the power supply voltage of 2.7-5.5 V.

When the light load occurs at the output stage, the oscillator frequency will decrease as the load voltage drops. The test results shows that when the circuit works in the normal condition, the oscillator frequency is 1.5 MHz. When the load decreased, the operating frequency is dropped dramatically.

This study aims to solve the premature failure of the rubber stator due to wear, reduce the frictional resistance moment of the screw pump to solve the problem of a model of Daqing oilfield screw pump oil recovery system shutdown after the difficult start.

For the first time, the rotor surface of a screw pump was treated with dot-matrix texture to study the effect of dot matrix texture on the tribological performance of the stator-rotor friction subsets of screw pump. Reciprocating friction tests with different texture morphologies (S-shape, double tongue) and angular parameters (0°, 45° and 90°) were conducted at 10% of the texture area and pump silicone grease.

When point texture was added to the surface of the rotor sample, the friction coefficient and wear quantity of the sample were lower than those of the surface without texture treatment, and the double tongue 0° combination showed the best tribological properties. At this time, the average coefficient of friction and wear is reduced by 22.8% and 62%, 28.6% and 64.8%.

The introduction of texture can effectively improve the tribological performance of progressive screw pumps, and this paper provides important theoretical and experimental support for the design of progressive screw pumps in practical applications.

The purpose of this study is to improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of fatigue reliability analysis.

By absorbing the advantages of Markov chain and active Kriging model into the hierarchical collaborative strategy, an enhanced active Kriging-based hierarchical collaborative model (DCEAK) is proposed.

The analysis results show that the proposed DCEAK method holds high accuracy and efficiency in dealing with fatigue reliability analysis with high nonlinearity and small failure probability.

The effectiveness of the presented method in more complex reliability analysis problems (i.e. noisy problems, high-dimensional issues etc.) should be further validated.

The current efforts can provide a feasible way to analyze the reliability performance and identify the sensitive variables in aeroengine mechanisms.

To improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of fatigue reliability analysis, an enhanced active DCEAK is proposed and the corresponding fatigue reliability framework is established for the first time.

This study aims to fabricate and manipulate ensemble spin of negative nitrogen-vacancy (NV⁻) centres optimally for future solid atomic magnetometers/gyroscope. Parameters for sample preparation most related to magnetometers/gyroscope are, in particular, the concentration and homogeneity of the NV⁻ centres, the parameters’ microwave antenna of resonance frequency and the strength of the microwave on NV⁻ centres. Besides, the abundance of other impurities such as neutral NV centres (NV⁰) and substitutional nitrogen in the lattice also plays a critical role in magnetic sensing.

The authors succeeded in fabricating the assembly of NV centres in diamond and they determined its concentration of (2-3) × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ with irradiation followed by annealing under a high temperature condition. They explored a novel magnetic resonance approach to detect the weak magnetic fields that takes advantage of the solid-state electron ensemble spin of NV⁻ centres in diamond. In particular, the authors set up a magnetic sensor on the basis of the assembly of NV centres. They succeeded in fabricating the assembly of NV centres in diamond and determined its concentration. They also clarified the magnetic field intensity measured at different positions along the antenna with different lengths, and they found the optimal position where the signal of the magnetic field reaches the maximum.

The authors mainly reported preparation, initialization, manipulation and measurement of the ensemble spin of the NV centres in diamond using optical excitation and microwave radiation methods with variation of the external magnetic field. They determined the optimal parameters of irradiation and annealing to generate the ensemble NV centres, and a concentration of NV⁻ centres as high as 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ in diamond was obtained. In addition, they found that sensitivity of the magnetometer using this method can reach as low as 5.22 µT/Hz currently.

This research can shed light on the development of an atomic magnetometer and a gyroscope on the basis of the ensemble spin of NV centres in diamond.

High concentration spin of NV⁻ in diamond is one of the advantages compared with that of the atomic vapor cells, because it can obtain a higher concentration. When increasing the spin concentration, the spin signal is easy to detect, and macro-atomic spin magnetometer become possible. This research is the first step for solid atomic magnetometers with high spin density and high sensitivity potentially with further optimization. It has a wide range of applications from fundamental physics tests, sensor applications and navigation to detection of NMR signals.

As has been pointed out, in this research, the authors mainly worked on fabricating NV⁻ centres with high concentration (10¹⁵-10¹⁶ cm⁻³) in diamond by using optimal irradiation and annealing processes, and they quantitatively defined the NV⁻ concentration, which is important for the design of higher concentration processes in the magnetometer and gyroscope. Until now, few groups can directly define the NV⁻ concentration. Besides, the authors optimized the microwave antenna parameters experimentally and explored the dependence between the splitting of the magnetic resonance and the magnetic fields, which dictated the minimum detectable magnetic field.

To provide valuable information for scholars to grasp the current situations, hotspots and future development trends of reliability analysis area.

In this paper, recent researches on efficient reliability analysis and applications in complex engineering structures like aeroengine rotor systems are reviewd.

The recent reliability analysis advances of engineering application in aeroengine rotor system are highlighted, it is worth pointing out that the surrogate model methods hold great efficiency and accuracy advantages in the complex reliability analysis of aeroengine rotor system, since its strong computing power can effectively reduce the analysis time consumption and accelerate the development procedures of aeroengine. Moreover, considering the multi-objective, multi-disciplinary, high-dimensionality and time-varying problems are the common problems in various complex engineering fields, the surrogate model methods and its developed methods also have broad application prospects in the future.

For the strong demand for efficient reliability design technique, this review paper may help to highlights the benefits of reliability analysis methods not only in academia but also in practical engineering application like aeroengine rotor system.

Corrosion of carbon steel and copper is a troublesome problem in low hardness cooling water systems. A new kind of water stabiliser containing hydroxy phosphonocarboxylic acid, zinc salts and molybdate has been developed. Its performance has been proved by means of weight loss tests and a static state scale‐inhibiting test method. The mechanism was also studied using polarisation tests, scanning electron microscope examination and XPS analysis. The test results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel and copper could be reduced to 0.0136 and 0.0010 mm/a, respectively. A compact film containing P, Mo and Zn was formed on the surface of carbon steel, by means of which the steel was protected.

The smart image sensor (SIS) which integrated with both sensor and smart processor has been widely applied in vision-based intelligent perception. In these applications, the linearity of the image sensor is crucial for better processing performance. However, the simple source-follower based readout circuit in the conventional SIS introduces significant nonlinearity. This paper aims to design a low-power in-pixel buffer circuit applied in the high-linearity SIS for the smart perception applications.

The linearity of the SIS is improved by eliminating the non-ideal effects of transistors and cancelling dynamic threshold voltage that changes with the process variation, voltage and temperature. A low parasitic capacitance low leakage switch is proposed to further improve the linearity of the buffer. Moreover, an area-efficient SIS architecture with a sharing mechanism is presented to further reduce the number of in-pixel transistors.

A low parasitic capacitance low leakage switch and a gate-source voltage pre-storage method are proposed to further improve the linearity of the buffer. Nonlinear effects introduced by parasitic capacitance switching leakage, etc., have been investigated and solved by proposing low-parasitic and low-leakage switches. The linearity is improved without a power-hungry operational amplifier-based calibration circuit and a noticeable power consumption increment.

The proposed design is implemented using a standard 0.18-µm CMOS process with the active area of 102 µm². At the power consumption of 5.6 µW, the measured linearity is −63 dB, which is nearly 27 dB better than conventional active pixel sensor (APS) implementation. The proposed low-power buffer circuit increase not only the performance of the SIS but also the lifetime of the smart perception system.

The purpose of this paper is to study the aerodynamic characteristics and uplift force tendencies of pantographs within the operational height span of 1,600–2,980 mm, aiming to offer valuable insights for research concerning the adaptability of pantograph-catenary systems on double-stack high container transportation lines.

Eight pantograph models were formulated based on lines with the contact wire of 6,680 mm in height. The aerodynamic calculations were carried out using the SST k-ω separated vortex model. A more improved aerodynamic uplift force method was also presented. The change rule of the aerodynamic uplift force under different working heights of the pantograph was analyzed according to the transfer coefficients of the aerodynamic forces and moments.

The results show that the absolute values of the aerodynamic forces and moments of the upper and lower frame increase with the working height, whereas those of the collector head do not change. The absolute values of the transfer coefficients of the lower frame and link arm were significantly larger than those of the upper frame. Therefore, the absolute value of the aerodynamic uplift force increased and then decreased with the working height. The maximum value occurred at a working height of 2,400 mm.

A new method for calculating the aerodynamic uplift force of pantographs is proposed. The specifical change rule of the aerodynamic uplift force of the pantograph on double-stack high container transportation lines was determined from the perspective of the transfer coefficients of the aerodynamic forces and moments.

The purpose of this paper is to develop nitrogen-enriched carbon (NC) with high conductivity and specific capacitance as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by the modified Hummers–Offeman method. NC was synthesized by carbonization of melamine formaldehyde resin/graphene oxide (MF/GO) composites. Supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 composites as the positive electrode and NC as the negative electrode were assembled. The electrochemical performances of NC and supercapacitors are studied.

The results show that obtained NC has high nitrogen content. Compared to NC-GO0 without GO, high conductivity and specific capacitance were obtained for NC with GO due to the introduction of layered GO. The presence of pseudocapacitive interactions between potassium cations and the nitrogen atoms of NC was also proposed. When the weight ratio of GO to MF is 0.013:1, the obtained NC-GO3 has the highest specific capacitance of 154.07 F/g due to GO and its highest content of N-6. When the P of the asymmetric supercapacitor with NC-GO3 as the negative electrode is 1,326.70 W/kg, its Cps and Ep are still 23.84 F/g and 8.48 Wh/Kg, respectively. There is only 4.4 per cent decay in Cps of the supercapacitor over 1,000 cycles.

NC is a suitable electrode material for supercapacitors. The supercapacitors can be used in the field of automobiles and can solve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollutions.

NC based on MF/GO composites with high nitrogen content and conductivity was novel and its electrochemical properties were excellent.

Seasonal fluctuation interference often affects the relational analysis of economic time series. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a new grey relational model for relational analysis of seasonal time series and apply it to identify and eliminate the influence of seasonal fluctuation of retail sales of consumer goods in China.

First, the whole quarterly time series is divided into four groups by data grouping method. Each group only contains the time series data in the same quarter. Then, the new series of four-quarters are used to establish the grey correlation model and calculate its correlation coefficient. Finally, the correlation degree of factors in each group of data was calculated and sorted to determine its importance.

The data grouping method can effectively reflect the correlation between time series in different quarters and eliminate the influence of seasonal fluctuation.

In this paper, the main factors influencing the quarterly fluctuations of retail sales of consumer goods in China are explored by using the grouped grey correlation model. The results show that the main factors are different from quarter to quarter: in the first quarter, the main factors are money supply, tax and per capita disposable income of rural residents. In the second quarter are money supply, fiscal expenditure and tax. In the third quarter are money supply, fiscal expenditure and per capita disposable income of rural residents. In the fourth quarter are money supply, fiscal expenditure and tax.

This paper successfully realizes the application of grey relational model in quarterly time series and extends the applicable scope of grey relational model.