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The results of human studies evaluating the efficacy of plant Phytosterols on liver function were inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to eliminate these controversies about the Phytosterols consumption on liver serum biochemistry in adult subjects.

The literatures systematically searched throughout PubMed and Scopus databases up to June 2018; it was conducted by using related keywords. Estimates of effect sizes were expressed based on weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI from the random-effects model (erSimonian and Laird method). Heterogeneity across studies was assessed by using I2 index. Eighteen studies reported the effects of Phytosterols (PS) supplementation on liver serum biochemistry.

The current meta-analysis did not show a significant effect on ALT (MD: 0.165 U/L, 95% CI: −1.25, 1.58, p = 0.820), AST (MD: −0.375 IU/Liter, 95% CI: −1.362, 0.612, p = 0.457), ALP (MD: 0.804 cm, 95% CI: −1.757, 3.366, p = 0.538), GGT (MD: 0.431 U/L, 95% CI: −1.803, 2.665, p = 0.706) and LDH (MD: 0.619 U/L, 95% CI: −4.040, 5.277, p = 0.795) following PS consumption.

The authors found that no protective or toxic effects occur after the consumption of Phytosterols on liver enzymes including ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and GGT.

This study aims to investigate the association of the dietary inflammatory index (DII), kidney function and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among the senior population (60-83 years).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 221 elderly subjects who are living in Tehran, Iran. The DII was calculated from validated semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire, combining putatively pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of nutrients, vitamins and trace elements. Biochemical measurements of blood and urine samples were measured. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed from serum creatinine.

A total of 221 subjects with mean BMI of 29.75 and age ranged 60-83 years old were included in the current study. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that eGFR (ß = –0.471; p = 0.48; 95 per cent CI: –2.90, 2.63), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) (ß = 0.041 p = 0.55; 95 per cent CI: –5.12, 9.46) and hs-CRP (ß = 0.004; p = 0.55; 95 per cent CI: –0.96, 1.79) were not associated with the DII before and after adjusting for potential confounders, including energy intake, age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, use of lipid-lowering medication, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), steroidal and non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.

Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, it is difficult to find the cause-and-effect relationship between the DII and the serum hs-CRP concentration. Another limitation of our study is concerning a possible overestimation or underestimation of dietary intakes, because the participants in the study were elderly and FFQ is a memory-based questionnaire.

Our findings suggest that the DII score is not associated with serum hs-CRP and kidney function markers in elderly people.