Catherine Walton and Mike Kerr
– The purpose of this paper is to assess the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).
Design/methodology/approach
The PRISMA (2009) checklist for systematic review was followed where possible.
Findings
Eight studies were included in the qualitative synthesis from a total of 634 records identified. The quality of the studies was then assessed: the studies all scored either 5 or 6 out of 6. The incidence of depression ranged between studies from 5 to 13 per cent. It was found that depression is more common in DS than the general intellectual disability population; this on a background of mental ill health of all causes being less common in DS. It was suggested that, excluding organic disorders, depression is the most common psychiatric problem in DS. In terms of the nature of depression, the evidence was less clear. Various “vegetative” and biological symptoms were observed, with no fixed pattern. There was evidence for withdrawal symptoms and psychosis.
Research limitations/implications
The small number of studies included in this review, and their heterogeneity, highlights the need for further original research in this field.
Practical implications
An increased awareness of the frequency of depression in individuals with DS will aid in a timely diagnosis, therefore reduce psychiatric morbidity. Clinicians should be aware of the varied presentation, with no clear clinical picture, in order to maintain a high index of suspicion in an individual presenting with “atypical” symptoms.
Originality/value
This review has provided preliminary evidence that depression may be the most commonly experienced psychiatric disorder in DS.
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What is the need for engineering lab. work? Here, Dr Collacott shows how essential it is
Many techniques can be used for the surveillance and monitoring of process plant as a basis for integrity control associated with on‐condition maintenance and safety appraisal…
Abstract
Many techniques can be used for the surveillance and monitoring of process plant as a basis for integrity control associated with on‐condition maintenance and safety appraisal, reference 1, but before any technique is chosen an analysis must be made which rates the hazard in terms of its criticality and thus establish the situation with the greatest likelihood of occurrence, the gravest consequence and the mode of its appearance.
Stella Koritsas and Teresa Iacono
This article is the first in a two‐part series exploring challenging behaviour, its prevalence, risk factors and causes. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of…
Abstract
Purpose
This article is the first in a two‐part series exploring challenging behaviour, its prevalence, risk factors and causes. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of prevalence studies and explore the various risk factors that have been associated with challenging behaviour. The authors also seek to explore methodological differences across studies that may contribute to the prevalence variations reported in the literature.
Design/methodology/approach
The article summarises the findings from frequently cited prevalence studies as well as more recent studies.
Findings
The prevalence of challenging behaviour reported in the literature has varied due to methodological differences across studies. Despite this, the best estimate is believed to be from 15 to 17.5 per cent. A range of factors have been associated with challenging behaviour and include gender, age, severity of disability and residential setting.
Originality/value
This article appears to represent the most current overview of research in this area.
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REFERENCE has frequently been made to the increase in the discharge coefficient of chamfered orifices and nozzles, yet few investigations have been made to study these variations…
Abstract
REFERENCE has frequently been made to the increase in the discharge coefficient of chamfered orifices and nozzles, yet few investigations have been made to study these variations in detail. The experiments described in the following were carried out in an attempt to clear some of these points.
Johan Elliott, Chris Hatton and Eric Emerson
The paper presents a comprehensive review of the UK research literature on the health needs of people with learning disabilities, and the response of mainstream health services to…
Abstract
The paper presents a comprehensive review of the UK research literature on the health needs of people with learning disabilities, and the response of mainstream health services to those health needs. Evidence from the review, although limited in some areas, clearly demonstrates that people with learning disabilities in the UK have significantly poorer health than the UK population generally in a number of priority areas for the NHS. Furthermore, people with learning disabilities have particularly poor health in a number of additional areas involving significant mainstream NHS resources. Despite these considerably greater health needs, people with learning disabilities receive poorer support from mainstream health services, across primary care, hospital services and screening programmes.The findings of the review indicate that mainstream NHS services should not only include people with learning disabilities, but also prioritise them as a particularly vulnerable group requiring urgent attention if general NHS priorities for health inequalities and service standards are to be met.
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The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the literature on gender identity disorder (GID) and associated gender disorders in people with learning disabilities and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the literature on gender identity disorder (GID) and associated gender disorders in people with learning disabilities and autism, specifically focusing on aetiology, treatment and management.
Design/methodology/approach
This study reviewed all the published papers about individuals with both a learning disability and/or autistic spectrum disorder and a gender disorder. Papers from 1980 onwards were included as this was the year of the introduction of GID to the ICD-10. Gender disorders were taken to include the following: GID, transsexualism, cross-dressing, transvestitism or a gender-related sexual disorder.
Findings
In total, 16 papers described 43 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria. There was a dearth of guidance on appropriate treatment or management.
Research limitations/implications
Only English language papers were searched. This review points towards more research needed in this area.
Originality/value
In collating relevant papers the review begins the search for evidence regarding aetiology, treatment and management of gender disorders in an area where evidence-based guidelines are needed.
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This case report seeks to describe successful treatment of erotomania using cognitive behavioural psychotherapy in concert with community support providers applying similar…
Abstract
Purpose
This case report seeks to describe successful treatment of erotomania using cognitive behavioural psychotherapy in concert with community support providers applying similar psychotherapeutic approaches.
Design/methodology/approach
A case report is presented illustrating successful treatment of an individual with erotomania and intellectual disability. Pharmacotherapy assessment suggested its ineffectiveness and medicines were slowly reduced and discontinued. Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy provided a venue to discuss personal issues and work on solutions. The community support system was enlisted to approach the problem using two main psychotherapeutic strategies: eliminate social attention for the delusion; and increase social relationships.
Findings
Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy working in collaboration with the community support system resulted in great improvement. Within three years, the individual returned to previous functioning with no symptoms of the delusional disorder.
Originality/value
This case study illustrates the successful treatment of erotomania using cognitive behavioural psychotherapy and engaging the community support system in applying directed psychotherapeutic strategies. Erotomania occurs in people with intellectual disability and must be recognized and treated. Ineffective pharmacotherapy was successfully reduced and discontinued within the context of appropriate therapeutic supports.
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Few readers have any inkling of the care with which a good librarian selects his bookstock. It is doubtful whether the average reader gives any thought to the way in which a…
Abstract
Few readers have any inkling of the care with which a good librarian selects his bookstock. It is doubtful whether the average reader gives any thought to the way in which a library stock is built up, but if he does he probably imagines that it is merely an affair of going round the shelves of the nearest bookseller and selecting the books according to their appearance and titles. This, of course, is the last way in which a sound collection of books is developed, and no librarian has sufficiently large book funds to be able to ignore the accepted methods of book‐selection. These consist of a process of watching for advance notices of books which may come within the scope of his library, noting the publication date, reading and comparing reviews in reputable journals, examining the books themselves, and finally selecting those which:
A foreign spy, an astronaut in deep space, a man in the street … what have they in common? A radio receiver!