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Examining emotional solidarity that drives tourists’ nostalgia has received significant attention, offering valuable insights that can aid in the selection of a travel destination. However, tourists’ nostalgia, along with its antecedents—perceived safety risk and emotional solidarity, has gained less attention within the setting of Pakistan. Therefore, this research has been carried out and validated a research framework using the stimulus-organism-response model to investigate the links between perceived safety risk, emotional solidarity—welcoming nature, emotional closeness, sympathetic understanding, perceived nostalgia, and destination advocacy intentions. In addition, this model employed destination attachment—place identity and place dependence—as a boundary condition on the relationships between emotional solidarity and advocacy intentions.

This study collected 545 responses through two methods: offline distribution of print copies of the questionnaire and online surveys from domestic tourists who visited scenic destinations last year. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS 26, and the PROCESS macro was conducted using IBM SPSS 28.

The findings highlighted that perceived safety risk negatively influences emotional solidarity—welcoming nature, emotional closeness, sympathetic understanding—, resulting in a positive effect on perceived nostalgia. Furthermore, tourists’ perceived nostalgia positively triggers advocacy intentions. The findings also confirmed the boundary conditions of destination attachment—place identity and place dependence—on the association between emotional solidarity and perceived nostalgia.

Three major practical implications of these findings: First, ensuring visitor safety with smart security measures, digital tools for quick response, and local community involvement. Second, highlighting local markets, art, and architecture to enrich cultural experiences and promote accessibility and diversity. Finally, using marketing to generate nostalgic experiences through local collaborations, professional storytelling, and engaging social media content to build emotional ties and curiosity.

In terms of originality, this is pioneering research intended at developing and validating the model in the context of Pakistani destinations. Furthermore, this marks the initial step in examining the proposed relationships between perceived safety risk and emotional solidarity in fostering tourists' perceived nostalgia, ultimately leading to a strong desire to advocate for the destination.

Examines how perceived product safety may be affected by such product‐related factors as price, brand name, store name, promotion channels, source credibility, country of origin, nature of product testing authority and warranty. Shows that perceived product safety was significantly affected by all of the variables mentioned above. Implies that, by carefully manipulating these variables in formulating marketing strategies, managers can attract the large and growing market of safety‐conscious consumers and gain a competitive edge that cannot possibly be ignored.

This study aims to examine the influence of destination awareness, cognitive and affective image, risk perception and past visitation on the intention to visit a tourist destination (a medium-sized city) in the next 12 months.

Partial least squares structural equation modeling was adopted to examine the data collected from 714 domestic holidaymakers.

Results demonstrate that awareness, cognitive and affective image, past visitation, perceived risk of traveling and perceived risk in international versus domestic travel are key factors; safety concerns enhance the cognitive image and perceived safety of the destination, but increase the perceived risk of traveling; and perceived social risk increases the perceived risk of traveling.

Data collection from only one country limits the generalizability of the conclusions.

Conclusions allow gaining new insights regarding communication strategies in general, during and post-pandemic times.

Using a consolidated and empirical approach, this study provides a better understanding of the role of perceived risk and its effects on cognitive and affective image and travel intention. For instance, to the best of the author’s knowledge, it is the first study to consider the effects of social risk in the pandemic context. It also offers insights into the mediating effect of destination image and the moderating effects of perceived risk and past visitation.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of hotel safety leadership on employee safety behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the mediation role of belief restoration and the moderation role of perceived risk between safety leadership and behavior were also investigated.

The COVID-19 outbreak served as the background for a questionnaire survey of 23 hotels in China with 1,594 valid responses being received. The statistical analysis techniques used were exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression.

The results showed that: hotel safety leadership positively affected employee safety behavior (compliance, participation and adaptation); belief restoration partially mediated the influence of safety leadership on safety behavior; and perceived risk negatively moderated the direct effect and the mediation effect of “safety leadership – belief restoration – safety behavior.”

The main limitation was that the questionnaires were collected with the same measurement system within a certain period of time (cross-sectional design). Then, future research should test and expand this conceptual model in different crises, business fields, theoretical orientation and cultural backgrounds.

Hotels should develop management strategies based on safety leadership and motivate and promote employee safety behavior from the four aspects of safety coaching, care, motivation and control.

This investigation expanded the research on the effectiveness of safety leadership and especially with respect to safety in the hospitality industry during a major global crisis. Also, the research conceptual model and variables contained therein are original contributions to the hospitality research literature.

This study aims to compare the effect of barista type (human vs robot) on perceived safety and examine the role of two moderators (mask-wearing and coronavirus vaccination) on the effects of barista type on perceived safety and visit intention.

The research design consists of three studies. Three experiments were sequentially designed and conducted to address research questions.

Study 1 found that perceived safety mediates the effect of barista type on customers’ visit intention. Study 2 revealed that the mask-wearing of human and robot baristas differently influences perceived safety. Study 3 showed that customers, especially where robot baristas are used, perceive the effect of mask-wearing differently depending on their coronavirus vaccination status.

Given that the levels of restrictions vary worldwide, together with the extent of countries’ vaccination rollouts, caution is required when generalising the research findings.

The findings have practical implications for the hospitality industry, where the roles of face masks and coronavirus vaccines in shaping consumer psychology and behaviour have been underexplored.

Coronavirus vaccination is considered one of the most important driving forces for the recovery of hospitality businesses. As a heuristic-systematic model postulated, this study identified that vaccination status (fully vaccinated vs not vaccinated) changes the level of involvement when customers assess the level of risk in service environments. By pinpointing the function of service robots in safeguarding customers from the potential spread of the disease, this study broadens the scope of human–robot interaction research in hospitality.

This paper examines whether following a health crisis the use of health and safety protocols and hotel brand awareness influences hotel perceived value and intention to visit.

Using an experimental design, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the use of health and safety protocols and the moderating effect of brand awareness on perceived value and intention to visit.

The results show that the hotels using health and safety protocols (compared to those that do not use them) will achieve a higher perceived value and intention to visit. In addition, the awareness of brand does not moderate the effect of the health and safety protocols on perceived value and intention to visit.

This research identifies mechanisms for future consideration by hotel companies to promote the recovery of their activity after a health crisis. Specifically, using health and safety protocols will result in the market evaluating the brand more highly and produce a greater intention to visit. At the same time, the research indicates that regardless of whether the brand is well-known or not, the use of a health and safety protocol is advantageous.

This study offers new insights that can be useful for developing a resilient hotel sector in the face of future health crises. Specifically, the results show progress in understanding the effects that the use of health and safety protocols and brand awareness have on key consumer variables for the recovery of the sector in a post-pandemic context.

This study aims to examine the impact of terrorism on risk perception and travel behaviour of the Dutch market towards Sri Lanka.

The research process involved an online self-administered method created with one of the leading research and web-based survey tools called Qualtrics. The questionnaire was filled in by 328 respondents.

Findings indicate that Sri Lankan is perceived to be a relatively safe destination. However, the likeliness of visiting the country is unlikely. The respondents with past travel experience (PTE) perceive Sri Lanka to be safer than those without PTE and are more likely to revisit. Male respondents have a higher safety perception of Sri Lanka than women. Most of the respondents see Sri Lanka as an attractive destination and would consider travelling there with children.

The majority of the respondents are female and aged between 18 to 29 years old. The majority of the respondents’ children were already 19 or older and not accompanying their parents on holiday. This study has managerial implications for Sri Lanka’s tourism board that could work on developing a marketing strategy that focusses on promoting Sri Lanka as a safe destination in combination with all the other unique selling points.

To the best of author’s knowledge, no analysis has been so far published with a focus on the impact of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the Dutch tourist towards Sri Lanka. The aim of this paper is to close the existing gap in the literature and to provide valuable knowledge on the influence of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the Dutch tourists’ travel behaviour towards Sri Lanka as a destination.

Although food product value and food safety is widely acknowledged as a critical concern by consumers, little empirical evidence exists regarding how food product value is created and how product risk decreases as a result of service-brand equity. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether food service-brand equity (i.e. brand awareness and brand image) affects consumer-perceived food value, food physical risk, and brand preference.

In this study, data were collected from steakhouse consumers using a convenience sample (n=386). Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the survey data.

The results reveal that service-brand awareness and brand image produce considerably dissimilar effects on consumer-perceived food value and risk. Brand awareness positively affects consumer-perceived food value but does not influence perceived physical risk. By contrast, brand image negatively influences perceived physical risk and positively affects brand preference, but it does not add perceived value to the food product.

This study is the first to address these concerns, which are essential for understanding the role of service-brand equity in developing food-risk and value perceptions, and brand preference.

Food safety has become a major issue of public concern, encouraging the UK Government and the food industry to take steps to rebuild consumer confidence. In this context, the paper draws on a review of research literature to develop a conceptual framework to identify and review the factors influencing consumer perception of food safety related risks and the likely impact on purchasing behaviour. The relevance of strategies adopted by consumers to reduce risk exposure and the influence on the likelihood of food purchase are also explored, together with the implication for the food industry.

This study aims to develop a model that explains the relationship between broad personality traits and specific aspects of smart technology acceptance among visitors to smart destinations. It incorporates privacy and safety risks as moderating factors within the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, thereby advancing research in this area.

The cross-sectional study collected data from 519 respondents using purposive sampling. The questionnaire was administered across two smart destinations to validate the study’s findings.

Performance expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions significantly influence behavioral intentions for smart technology use, emphasizing the importance of user-centric design. While social influence’s impact is modest compared to the practical benefits users gain from the technology. Privacy and safety concerns act as barriers, reducing the influence of these drivers and underscoring the need for their mitigation in technology adoption.

This study enhances smart destination theory and practice by emphasizing the critical role of privacy and data security in the deployment of smart technologies. By addressing both the benefits and challenges of these technologies, it offers valuable insights into improving visitors’ overall experience and satisfaction, contributing to more effective smart tourism strategies.

The originality of this research lies in integrating the UTAUT model with risk theory by incorporating perceived privacy and safety risks as moderating factors in the context of smart destinations. This approach deepens the understanding of smart technology acceptance and offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics of technology adoption in tourism environments.

本研究旨在构建一个模型, 阐释广泛人格特质与智慧技术在智慧目的地中接受程度的具体方面之间的关系, 同时将隐私和安全风险作为调节因素纳入UTAUT模型, 以推动相关研究的发展。

本研究采用横断面设计, 通过目的性抽样从两个智慧目的地的519名受访者中收集数据。问卷调查用于验证研究发现的有效性。

绩效期望、努力期望和促进条件显著影响智慧技术使用的行为意图, 强调以用户为中心的设计重要性。尽管社会影响的作用相对较小, 但用户从技术中获得的实际利益更为显著。隐私和安全担忧是技术采纳的障碍, 减弱了上述驱动因素的作用, 突显了在技术推广中缓解这些风险的必要性。

本研究的原创性体现在通过引入感知隐私和安全风险作为调节因素, 将UTAUT模型与风险理论结合, 应用于智慧目的地的背景中。此方法深化了对智慧技术采纳的理解, 并为旅游环境中技术采纳的复杂动态提供了宝贵见解。

本研究通过强调隐私和数据安全在智慧技术部署中的关键作用, 增强了智慧目的地理论和实践。通过解决这些技术的优势与挑战, 本研究为提升游客整体体验与满意度、制定更高效的智慧旅游策略提供了重要参考。