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This paper presents a detailed review of the numerical modeling of inductively coupled air plasmas under local thermodynamic equilibrium and under chemical non‐equilibrium. First, the physico‐chemical models are described, i.e. the thermodynamics, transport phenomena and chemical kinetics models. Particular attention is given to the correct modelling of ambipolar diffusion in multi‐component chemical non‐equilibrium plasmas. Then, the numerical aspects are discussed, i.e. the space discretization and iterative solution strategies. Finally, computed results are presented for the flow, temperature and chemical concentration fields in an air inductively coupled plasma torch. Calculations are performed assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium and under chemical non‐equilibrium, where two different finite‐rate chemistry models are used. Besides important non‐equilibrium effects, we observe significant demixing of oxygen and nitrogen nuclei, which occurs due to diffusion regardless of the degree of non‐equilibrium in the plasma.

Looks at the opinions and attitudes of advertisers and agencies with regard to pre‐testing and pre‐test methods in a small market like Belgium. Evaluates the criteria of the study into four components: motivation and/or behaviour; attitude and attitude change; visual impact and recall; and information transfer. Reveals that the importance attached to the criteria increases in the same order. Concludes that the respondents are relatively favourable to message ratings, but have a negative attitude to forced exposure ratings.

The literature to-date has focused on dimensions of emotions based on emotions’ affective state (captured by valence, arousal and dominance, PAD). However, it has ignored that emotional reactions also depend on emotions’ functionality in serving to solve recurrent adaptive problems related to survival and reproduction. Evolutionary psychology suggests that relationships with others are the key that helps individuals reach both goals. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize, measure and validate the temperature dimension of emotions that underlies such human relationships, as suggested by frequent verbalization of emotional states via temperature-related terms (“cold fear” and “warm love”).

Across three studies (n_Study1a = 71; n_Study1b = 33; and n_Study2 = 317) based on samples from two countries (Germany and the USA) and using two different methods (semantic and visual), the temperature dimension of emotions is conceptualized and measured. Across a wide spectrum of emotions, factor analyses uncover temperature as an emotional dimension distinct from PAD and assess the dimension’s face, discriminant, convergent, nomological and criterion validity.

Emotional temperature is a bipolar dimension of an affective state that underlies human relationships, ranging from cold to warm, such that social closeness is linked to emotional warmth and social distance to emotional coldness. Emotional temperature is uncovered as a dimension distinct from PAD, that is, it is correlated with but separate from PAD.

In this research, a portfolio of 17 basic emotions relevant in everyday consumption contexts was examined. Future research could further refine the emotional temperature dimension by analyzing more complex emotions and their position on the temperature map. In general, this paper sets the stage for additional work examining emotional temperature and its effects on consumer behavior.

The results have strategic implications for marketers on which emotions to select for campaigns, depending on factors like the climate or season.

This research provides a better foundation upon which to understand the effect of emotions that invoke warmth or coldness.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to conceptualize, measure and comprehensively validate the temperature dimension of emotions.

This paper aims to unfold and emphasise the relevance of sustainability and time as research topics in media and communication research and discusses the relation of both phenomena with a focus on processes of media appropriation and media consumption.

The submission argues theoretically. Firstly, theories on sustainability and media and media and time are presented. Secondly, previous approaches from research on sustainable media use will be discussed. Finally, the authors call for a stronger accentuation of research on digital media, time, and sustainability.

The submission shows that previous research on sustainable media use does sufficiently take individual and social time experience into account. Moreover, research is too much focussed on the individual level. The authors therefore argue for three major conceptual changes in research on digital sustainability: time is a sustainable human resource; a shift of perspective from individual to relations is needed; and consideration of the cultural condition of capitalism is necessary.

This paper includes implications for the future research on digital media, time and sustainability.

According to the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first one that connects perspectives on time with digital sustainability.

This study develops and validates a theoretical model of real-time mobile connectivity, examining how employees' perceptions of their relationship with supervisors influence their emotional experiences. Through quasi-experiments, the authors investigate the behavioral patterns and emotional responses associated with real-time mobile connectivity in organizations, with a focus on messaging apps that indicate message read status. Specifically, they explore how supervisors' attentiveness or inattentiveness in mobile connectivity impacts emotional ambivalence (anxiety and pride) among subordinates. Additionally, they examine the downstream effects of this emotional ambivalence on employees' workplace thriving and job performance across various dimensions.

To address the paradox of real-time mobile connectivity, a quasi-experimental design involving 320 team members from 46 teams was implemented. Multi-level structural equation modeling was employed to analyze within-person variance and evaluate the proposed hypotheses.

The findings indicate that employees who do not receive timely indications from their supervisors are more likely to experience elevated levels of anxiety, while those who receive prompt indications experience a sense of pride. Moreover, the indirect effects of the real-time mobile connectivity paradox on employee performance, mediated by anxiety (negatively) and pride (positively), are fully explained through workplace thriving.

This study provides insights into the emotional ambivalence experienced in the workplace due to real-time mobile connectivity, highlighting its implications for organizational competitiveness. Integrating resource conservation theory and cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, the study explores the mediating role of workplace thriving and the impact on employee performance through pride and anxiety. Generalizability requires considering organizational settings and cultural contexts while acknowledging limitations such as a focus on messaging apps and specific samples. Future research should explore these dynamics in diverse contexts and identify additional factors influencing the relationship between real-time mobile connectivity and employee outcomes.

This study provides valuable insights for managers regarding the significance of message indications, as their attentiveness can elicit emotional reactions from employees that subsequently impact workplace thriving and job performance.

This study pioneers the exploration of the paradox of real-time mobile connectivity in the workplace, uncovering the discrete emotions experienced by employees. Furthermore, it elucidates the subsequent opposing effects on workplace thriving and job performance, contributing to the existing literature and knowledge in this area.

In this article, we want to report on evolutions in distribution and distribution research in Belgium. The purpose of the first part is to present some factual data on distribution in Belgium and to report on evolutions since the Second World War.

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of perceived value on customer loyalty, going into depth in the special case of social value.

A total of 200 personal surveys have been conducted on customers of financial institutions, and structural equation modelling has been used to compare the relationships arising.

The importance of perceived value for consumer loyalty is confirmed, and the core performance of the service received is the main determinant of satisfaction. The effect of social value on customer loyalty is also examined in two ways: as a determinant of the attitude of the individual and as a normative component directly influencing behavioral intentions.

This research was carried out in financial services. Further research of the proposed conceptual model across different industries and countries is needed to determine the generalizability and consistency of this study's findings.

It highlights the interest of social marketing programs and corporate social responsibility to maintain the customer's loyalty.

The contribution of this work is that it makes it possible to study the effect of social value along with other relational variables in consumer loyalty. The authors compared the effect of the core service performance with the social component as an element influencing the individual's attitude and as a normative element.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the dimensionality of the concept of perceived value in the banking sector, adapting the GLOVAL scale of measurement of perceived value to the banking services sector.

A total of 200 customers of financial entities were surveyed, and structural equations models were used to verify the reliability and validity of the scale of perceived value.

Perceived value is found to be a multidimensional construct composed of six dimensions: functional value of the establishment, functional value of the personnel; functional value of the service; functional value price; emotional value; and social value. A scale of overall perceived value in financial services was obtained, composed of six dimensions and represented by 22 items that are significant for their measurement.

In future studies it would be interesting to include items to measure non‐monetary sacrifices, such as waiting times, queues, etc.

A tool for measuring the value of financial entities as perceived by the customer is presented; with it the value perceived by customers can be quantified, evaluated and monitored.

This study proposes a scale of measurement of the value perceived by consumers in the banking sector which incorporates valuations of functional aspects and of affective aspects, thus obtaining an overall quantification of the value perceived by the customer of the purchase made.