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Important reserves of oil and gas, which are left to be discovered and produced, are mainly concentrated in challenging locations and under severe conditions such as high pressure (HP)/high temperature (HT). The presence of aggressive environments including H₂S, CO₂ and chlorides plus HP/HT causes a series of corrosion problems, which cost the oil industry billions of dollars a year. Thus, there is an increasing challenge for tubes (i.e. oil country tubular goods, for short, OCTG) used in producing oil and gas. The purpose of this study is to summarize different kinds of corrosion problems and their mitigation, to more efficiently protect OCTG from corrosion.

To effectively select proper mitigation methods, the mechanism of corrosion must be understood, which can be classified into four categories: sweet corrosion, sour corrosion, galvanic corrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion. Also, the effects of environmental and material factors on the corrosion rate are presented. Subsequently, current technology of mitigating these corrosion problems has been discussed, including the development of materials, application of chemical inhibitors and application of protective layers.

It is stressed that limits exist for each individual mitigation method; therefore, a careful balance between economic life of OCTG and safety in operation is required.

The main purpose of this essay is to give a brief review and detailed introduction and analysis about those technologies.

BP has interest in both upstream and downstream segments in over 100 countries worldwide. The United States subsidiary of BP is the nation's largest producer of oil and gas. This case focuses on the upstream procurement activities in the Gulf of Mexico.

This paper aims to establish the downhole CO₂ partial pressure profile calculating method and then to make an economical oil country tubular goods (OCTG) anti-corrosion design. CO₂ partial pressure is the most important parameter to the oil and gas corrosion research for these wells which contain sweet gas of CO₂. However, till now, there has not been a recognized method for calculating this important value. Especially in oil well, CO₂ partial pressure calculation seems more complicated. Based on Dolton partial pressure law and oil gas separation process, CO₂ partial pressure profile calculating method in oil well is proposed. A case study was presented according to the new method, and two kinds of corrosion environment were determined. An experimental research was conducted on N80, 3Cr-L80 and 13Cr-L80 material. Based on the test results, 3Cr-L80 was recommended for downhole tubing. Combined with the field application practice, 3Cr-L80 was proved as a safety and economy anti-corrosion tubing material in this oil field. A proper corrosion parameter (mainly refers to CO₂ partial pressure and temperature) can ensure a safety and economy downhole tubing anti-corrosion design.

Based on Dolton partial pressure law and oil gas separation process, CO₂ partial pressure profile calculating method in oil well is proposed. An experimental research was conducted on N80, 3Cr-L80 and 13Cr-L80 material. A field application practice was used.

It is necessary to calculate the CO₂ partial pressure properly to ensure a safety and economy downhole tubing (or casing) anti-corrosion design.

The gas and oil separation theory and corrosion theory are combined together to give a useful method in downhole tubing anti-corrosion design method.

The oil and gas industry is demanding more from materials suppliers than ever before. Mike Cristinacce, BSc., C.Eng., MIM, is section manager of Metallurgical Development at Stocksbridge Engineering Steels. Here, he explains how manufacturers of engineering steels — specialist steels used exclusively for engineering components — are rising to the challenge of providing products that will perform reliably and with longevity in increasingly hostile environments.

This paper aims to explore how one industry leader in Indonesia addressed its hiring and training problems while simultaneously contributing to society through an human resource management (HRM)-led corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative involving a vocational education training (VET) intervention.

The VET case study, which is central to the paper, followed a four-stage action research design. Data were collected through series of consultations with the company’s top management, benchmarking companies, the vocational school, local community and government bodies.

The intervention reduced the company’s hiring and training problems and provided jobs for graduates which addressed local youth unemployment. This experience generated lessons on CSR strategic interventions which should be considered when HRM professionals are seeking to address simultaneously organisational and social objectives.

The study is based on a single case in a local setting in one country.

The study offers insights to HRM practitioners who face similar problems relating to upskilling, local talent supply and employee recruitment. The proposed framework is likely to be relevant to HRM practitioners who play a lead role in their organisations’ CSR initiatives.

The case provides a realistic example of how a company, through its HRM function, can play a meaningful role in addressing societal issues and strategic business objectives.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is an original case study based on primary data, conducted as action research.

Among the many influencing effects that the medium has on the CO₂ corrosion of carbon steel, flow is one of the most important because it can determine the formation of corrosion product scales and its stabilisation, thus influencing the attack morphology and corrosion rate. This paper aims to summarise some factors affecting aqueous CO₂ corrosion and the laboratory methodologies to evaluate one of the most important, the flow, with an emphasis on less costly rotating cage (RC) laboratory methodology.

Regarding the key factors affecting CO₂ corrosion, both well-established factors and some not well addressed in current corrosion prediction models are presented. The wall shear stress (WSS) values that can be obtained by laboratory flow simulation methodologies in pipelines and its effects over iron carbonate (FeCO₃) scales or inhibition films are discussed. In addition, promising applications of electrochemical techniques coupled to RC methodology under mild or harsh conditions are presented.

More studies could be addressed that also consider both the salting-out effects and the presence of oxygen in CO₂ corrosion. The RC methodology may be appropriate to simulate a WSS close to that obtained by laboratory flow loops, especially when using only water as the corrosive medium.

The WSS generated by the RC methodology might not be able to cause destruction of protective FeCO₃ scales or inhibition films. However, this may be an issue even when using methodologies that allow high-magnitude hydrodynamic stresses.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the function mechanisms of a corrosion inhibitor package used for martensitic stainless steel tubulars in acid solution at high temperatures.

The inhibition performance was evaluated by means of an acid corrosion test at high temperature and high pressure, and the functional mechanism of the inhibitor package at different temperatures was investigated using polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.

The results showed that the corrosion inhibitor package chosen for high-temperature and high-pressure gas well applications was very suitable for use with 13Cr super martensitic stainless steel. At lower temperatures, the function mechanism of the corrosion inhibitor package was characterized as a type of negative catalytic effect. As the temperature was increased, the effect of the intensifier in the package became more significant and the function mechanism changed to be the geometric covering effect type.

This study has the important practical value for guiding the oil field to conduct reasonable screening and using the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for martensite stainless steel tubulars.

The purpose of this paper is to examine zeroing jurisprudence under the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement and to see if the jurisprudence can still be applied to situations of targeted dumping where dumping takes place in a specific region, at specific timing, or for specific consumer groups.

This paper examines the prior decisions of the WTO panels and the Appellate Body relating to the zeroing practice. It categorizes the key elements of these prior decisions where the zeroing practice has been found WTO-inconsistent. While there has been no specific dispute addressing targeted dumping per se, this paper proves that core elements of the zeroing practice have been anatomized and dissected by the panels and the Appellate Body in prior proceedings. The paper then analyzes whether these key elements still exist in the specific context of targeted dumping and thus whether application of zeroing is still prohibited in targeted dumping situations.

The existing jurisprudence on zeroing from previous WTO disputes should apply to targeted dumping situations as well. Unbridled application of zeroing in the targeted dumping situations will effectively nullify the existing zeroing jurisprudence accumulated through a decade of WTO disputes. If unchecked, this calculation methodology in the context of targeted dumping may open the back door wide open for “zeroing” negative anti-dumping margins. The paper concludes that the existing jurisprudence on zeroing stands for the proposition that zeroing in targeted dumping should also be prohibited.

This paper examines the legality of the zeroing practice in targeted dumping situations, which has been one of the most controversial issues among WTO members for the past several years. The analyses and discussions contained in this paper will provide legal guideline to evaluate zeroing in targeted dumping within the WTO framework. The outcome of the research will provide a platform for continued research and discussion in this area.