How can we account for patterns of mobilization undertaken by ethnic movements? What leads ethnic collectives to shift between mobilization strategies? Addressing the general lack…
Abstract
How can we account for patterns of mobilization undertaken by ethnic movements? What leads ethnic collectives to shift between mobilization strategies? Addressing the general lack of attention in the ethnic conflict literature to the diverse political strategies employed by ethnic minorities – particularly those in democratic and semi-democratic contexts, this chapter accounts for mobilization as developing along an institutional spectrum of ethnic contention. I argue that the internal dynamics of ethnic movements shape patterns of mobilization. Utilizing literature from new institutionalism and employing the approach advanced by the study of contentious politics, ethnic movements are theorized as developing through the interplay of three causal mechanisms, which combine to form processes of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization. The process of deinstitutionalization is explored through the case of the mobilization of the Palestinian citizens of Israel, tracing the development of the three causal mechanisms and their influence on the collective’s mobilization pattern. The chapter concludes by considering the range of movements that can be explored along the institutional spectrum.
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This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb007183. When citing the article, please…
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb007183. When citing the article, please cite: S.M. El-Sawy, M.A. Abou-Khalil, N.A. Ghanem, A.A. Ismail, (1982), “Some electrochemical and water uptake measurements of laboratory prepared barium metaborate-based paints”, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Vol. 29 Iss: 1, pp. 4 - 8.
M.M.H. Ayoub, M.M. Abdel Malek and N.N. Messiha
An organotin copolymer with tin content of 22% was prepared by the reaction of methyl methacrylate and tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate. The prepared copolymer was incorporated into a…
Abstract
An organotin copolymer with tin content of 22% was prepared by the reaction of methyl methacrylate and tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate. The prepared copolymer was incorporated into a paint formulation containing cuprous oxide as an external toxin. Laboratory evaluation of the formulation showed that the average value of the leaching rate of Cu was 7 µg/cm2/day, while the leaching rate of tin was found to be in the range of 0.033 µg/cm2/day. The antifouling performance of the prepared formulation was tested as painted areas on the hull of a trading ship. After about one year's running period through the Mediterranean and Red Sea harbours the tested areas showed good antifouling efficiency compared with the commercial antifouling paint.
Mounir, M.Abd El‐Malek, Nagi, N. Messiha, Magdy and M.H. Ayoub
The effect of pigment filler and extender on the antifouling efficiency of six compositions containing organotin polymer is studied. The binder mixture is a blend containing a…
Abstract
The effect of pigment filler and extender on the antifouling efficiency of six compositions containing organotin polymer is studied. The binder mixture is a blend containing a copolymer of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate and methylmeth acrylate (OTP) with 22% tin content, a vinyl copolymer with its external plasticizer and little amount of rosin. Cuprous oxide was added as a supplementary toxin with the OTP. Leaching rates of microamounts of copper and tin were determined for a period of nearly one year applying standard techniques. Painted plates were immersed in Suez Canal waters at Port‐Said for more than 36 months. Comparison between different fillers and extenders on the antifouling behaviour of painted surfaces is shown. Compositions containing cellite and china clay exhibited the maximum antifouling performance.
S.M. El‐Sawy, M.A. Abou‐Khalil, N.A. Ghanem and A.A. Ismail
Summary The present work aims to study the inhibition mechanism of barium metaborate pigments. Six grades of barium metaborate pigments were prepared in the Laboratory of Polymers…
Abstract
Summary The present work aims to study the inhibition mechanism of barium metaborate pigments. Six grades of barium metaborate pigments were prepared in the Laboratory of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre of Cairo, Egypt. The methods of preparation modification and evaluation is the main subject of a recent article. The pigments were incorporated, with other ingredients, into formulations, and the electrode potential, electrical resistance, water uptake and weight loss measurements were taken. Formulations based on a commercial pigment supplied by an international company were prepared and used as blanks.
M.M. Abd‐El‐Malek, N.N. Messiha and M.M.H. Ayoub
To organotin polymer systems were prepared based on the reaction of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate with methyl methacrylate ad acrylonitrile. Tin content of the polymers was about…
Abstract
To organotin polymer systems were prepared based on the reaction of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate with methyl methacrylate ad acrylonitrile. Tin content of the polymers was about 22% and the physical properties of the organotin polymer films were investigated. The anti‐fouling potential of the prepared polymers was investigated as unpigmented and pigmented coatings at Alexandria and Port‐Said. Compositions containing vinyl copolymer as a co‐resin as well as cuprous oxide as a supporting toxin showed good antifouling performance for more than three years.
M.A. Abou‐Khalil, S.M. El‐Saawy and N.A. Ghanem
Different methods have been carried out to prepare barium metaborate pigments and to find out the suitable method of preparation taking into account ease of industrial application…
Abstract
Different methods have been carried out to prepare barium metaborate pigments and to find out the suitable method of preparation taking into account ease of industrial application and the yield of the product. The properties of the prepared pigments were tested and compared with those of the commercial pigment. The solubility of the prepared pigment was found to be high and needed to be decreased. Many different methods of treatment were used and six grades of barium metaborate pigment were obtained. It was found that the addition of silicate to the prepared pigments has decreased their solubilities.
S.M. El‐Saawy, M.A. Abou‐Khalil and N.A. Ghanem
The present work describes a testing station for above‐water paints in Egypt. The station has been constructed on Alexandria Seashore.
To prepare and characterise organotin polymers via a new synthetic route by exchange reactions of poly‐N‐acryloyloxy‐ and poly‐N‐methacryloyloxy‐tetrabromophthalimide with…
Abstract
Purpose
To prepare and characterise organotin polymers via a new synthetic route by exchange reactions of poly‐N‐acryloyloxy‐ and poly‐N‐methacryloyloxy‐tetrabromophthalimide with hydroxy‐ and aminotri‐n‐butyltin benzoates.
Design/methodology/approach
Preparation of N‐acryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NATP) and N‐methacryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NMTP) by the reaction of N‐hydroxytetrabromo‐phthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride. The exchange reactions of the resulting polymers with amino and hydroxytri‐n‐butyltin benzoate were carried out. The structure of the resulting compounds was characterised.
Findings
NATP and NMTP were prepared by the reaction of N‐hydroxy‐tetrabromophthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride in the presence of TEA. The monomers prepared were easily polymerised. The exchange reactions of poly‐NATP and poly‐NMTP with amino and hydroxytri‐n‐butyltin benzoate were studied. The structure of the polymers and copolymers prepared was confirmed by tin analysis, IR and 1HNR spectroscopy.
Research limitations/implications
The new monomer described in the present investigation may be useful for the preparation of organotin polymers by a new synthetic route. Also, the organotin polymers prepared had good film properties and were suitable for film formation.
Practical implications
The method for the preparation of monomer is simple and the exchange reactions provide a simple and practical solution for preparation of some classes of organotin polymers and copolymers.
Originality/value
The method of preparation of organotin polymers was novel and may be useful for preparation of other organotin polymers and copolymers.
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M.A. Abou‐Khalil and N.A. Ghanem
Spot test methods were used for the qualitatative detection of the presence of Cu, lead and tin compounds in the antifouling paints leachates. Laboratory prepared antifouling…
Abstract
Spot test methods were used for the qualitatative detection of the presence of Cu, lead and tin compounds in the antifouling paints leachates. Laboratory prepared antifouling paints were used as a guidance for the detection of these compounds. The methods were applied for commercial antifouling paints and gave promising results.