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Sustainable development requires change in who makes decisions as well as in their content. The field theory of behavioural change is used here to structure a discussion of professionalism in urban design for sustainability. Sustainability and professionalism (both concepts defined by their users) are channelled subjectively, there are barriers in cities, designers act as gatekeepers, learning takes place. There follow sections on cities, designers, learning and research. There is more wealth and more poverty. In addition the cultural diversity of the urban population is becoming ever more evident. Sustainability depends on the interaction between designers and users, on new forms of practice and on new forms of urban development. There needs to be more focus on the improvement of participatory decision-making, and on new forms of communication, in design practice. This argues against a too narrow interpretation of academic standards in schools of architecture and encourages the reevaluation and further development of pragmatic approaches and the transmission of practical skills. Business School methods could be used. A good deal of previous research could usefully be looked at again with the sustainability agenda in mind, including a better understanding of skills. In conclusion, professionals need more multi-disciplinary practice and greater participation in it by lay citizens.

The brewing industry in the Netherlands is an industry of great importance, and the brewers of lager beer in that country have established a first‐rate reputation in foreign markets throughout the world. Two kinds of lager beer are exported, one in cask, the other in bottle. It also appears from the official figures given in the Jaarstatistick for 1933 that a relatively large amount of beer is imported in casks. This seems to come mainly from Germany. There is no suggestion that this importation is part of the transit trade, and yet the quantity of the imported cask beer is considerably in excess of that which is exported. The number of litres imported each year from 1930 to 1933 are in round numbers as follows:—4 million in 1930, 4·3 million in 1931, 4 million in 1932, and 3 million in 1933. The exports of cask lager for these years are 3·8, 3·4, 2·5, 2 27 millions of litres. The nature of the beer so imported is not stated, it is returned simply as “beer,” but if the declared value is to be taken as any indication of quality, then we may say that the value of the imported cask beer is to that of the exported cask beer in the ratio of about two to three.

The Department of Defence of the United States is in the process of implementing a satellite‐based navigation system called Navstar GPS (Global Positioning System). This system will have 24 satellites orbiting in three different orbits, with 8 satellites in each. Full implementation is planned for the mid to late 1980s. Partial use of the system should be possible commencing in the early 1980s. GPS can provide many unique features of particular benefit to helicopters, such as highly accurate airborne area navigation (RNAV) capability; accurate approach and landing guidance solely by reference to the airborne RNAV system; ability to function on a worldwide basis without the need for ground based navigation aids; unlimited capacity. Numerous benefits in addition to highly accurate navigation will accrue from civil application of GPS, including capability for automatic position reporting and air‐to‐air separation assurance. Cost benefits make application of GPS to civil aircraft in general, and particularly helicopters, highly attractive.

Strategic management and marketing.

Executive education; postgraduate; undergraduate.

By 2004, the low-cost carrier model had just recently been introduced to Southeast Asia. Airlines under this model quickly began taking market share. Singapore's first budget carrier, Valuair, finds itself in fierce competition between two rapidly emerging competitors in the second half of 2004. Valuair needs to expand in order to remain competitive. However, for this to happen the company needs additional access to capital. The CEO, Sim Kay Wee, has begun pitching to investors that his company is a smart low-risk investment. Is Sim right, given Valuair's competitive position and the market environment in which it operates?

Students will be able to apply strategic frameworks in order to develop an understanding of Valuair's market position and use this understanding to advice investment decisions.

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or e-mail support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Aboriginal students experience disproportionate academic disadvantage at school. It may be that a capacity to effectively deal with academic setback and challenge (academic buoyancy) can reduce the incidence of academic adversity. To the extent that this is the case, academic buoyancy may also be associated with positive educational intentions. This study explores the role of academic buoyancy in Aboriginal students’ post-school educational intentions.

The survey-based study comprises Aboriginal (N = 350) and non-Aboriginal (N = 592) high school students in Australia.

Academic buoyancy yielded larger effect sizes for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal students’ educational intentions – particularly in senior high school when educational intentions are most likely to translate into post-school educational behaviour.

Post-school education is one pathway providing access to social opportunity. Any thorough consideration of students’ passage into and through post-school education must first consider the bases of students’ academic plans and, by implication, their decision to pursue further study. Identifying factors such as academic buoyancy in this process provides some specific direction for practice and policy aimed at optimizing Aboriginal students’ academic and non-academic development.

Academic buoyancy is a recently proposed construct in the psycho-educational literature and has not been investigated among Aboriginal student populations. Its role in relation to post-school educational intentions is also a novel empirical contribution for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students alike.

In order to succeed in an action under the Equal Pay Act 1970, should the woman and the man be employed by the same employer on like work at the same time or would the woman still be covered by the Act if she were employed on like work in succession to the man? This is the question which had to be solved in Macarthys Ltd v. Smith. Unfortunately it was not. Their Lordships interpreted the relevant section in different ways and since Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome was also subject to different interpretations, the case has been referred to the European Court of Justice.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss outcomes of a service redesign, involving an Intensive Support Team (IST) for adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour, working in conjunction with a Community Learning Disability Service (CLDS).

Two IST staff were physically based as “Inreach workers” within a CLDS for six months. Inreach workers provided support with existing resources and consultation for specific clients presenting with challenging behaviour. CLDS staff confidence, understanding and implementation of existing challenging behaviour resources was evaluated before and after service redesign. An online questionnaire was used to gather further data relating to experiences of the Inreach project.

CLDS staff confidence, understanding and implementation of existing challenging behaviour resources increased over the six-month inreach period. Questionnaire results indicated CLDS staff found Inreach support to be beneficial, having a perceived positive impact for clients, and providing clarity on the skills and resources provided by the IST.

The long-term effects of this pilot have yet to be established. Consideration is given to how demand characteristics may have influenced CLDS responses.

Careful consideration should be given in terms of how ISTs interface with CLDSs. ISTs may consider being based physically within CLDSs, to provide more readily accessible support.

Providing CLDS staff with more accessible support from ISTs may increase the effective implementation of available resources for adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour.

The purpose of this study was to describe any patterns of distinctive sociocultural adaptation in the form of exchanges of time and money between American households, and to determine whether any observed racial or ethnic differences remain after controlling for social background characteristics. We tested one dimension of the sociocultural adaptation hypothesis — Through processes of distinctive sociocultural adaptation, minority group members learn to survive by adjusting behaviors, values, and informal organization in response to demands and stressors in their social environment. The focal adaptation in our study involved instrumental and expressive exchanges between households. The findings showed that minority groups on average were less likely to participate in instrumental and expressive exchanges between households as compared to the majority group. The study involved a secondary analysis of data collected in 1987–1988 as part of the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 13,017). Logistic regression was used to test for racial and ethnic variations in a multivariate context.

To provide a critical appraisal of the UK Government's proposals for the introduction of business improvement districts (BIDs) into England considering statute and case law against the proposed regulations, while drawing on the experience of BID models in North America.

The paper analyses the proposed regulations against the existing statute and common law position in England.

The regulations will not levy all hereditaments as stated. The voting and taxation provisions are not defined and transparent in connection with those paying less than full rates. Implications of the House of Lords decision in Edison appear to have been overlooked in the drafting.

The paper is specific to the Draft Business Improvement Districts (England) Regulations 2004. The paper identifies key issues for those involved in the local economy and property management in England. It is relevant across jurisdictions to those considering proposals for the implementation of BID schemes.

The paper is relevant to those occupiers and owners, and their advisers, who have an interest in property that is, or may be, included in a BID area.

The paper considers in an original manner the detailed proposals for the implementation of BIDs in England. It researches a number of areas of concern to those seeking to implement or pay a BID levy. It identifies a number of areas in which the regulations will not achieve the stated aims. Weaknesses in the voting and taxation provisions are identified.