Mounir M. Abd El‐Malek, Nagi N. Messiha and Magdy M.H. Ayoub
Two sets of formulations based on three copolymer and three terpolymer systems involving tributyltin methacrylate(BTMA),methyl methacrylate(MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) with…
Abstract
Two sets of formulations based on three copolymer and three terpolymer systems involving tributyltin methacrylate(BTMA),methyl methacrylate(MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) with variable tin contents of 7, 15 and 22% were prepared. There is only one varient in each formulation of the six prepared, that is the type of organotin polymer whether it is a copolymer or terpolymer of a definite tin content 7 or 15 or 22%. The binder mixture is a blend consisting of the organotin polymer, a vinyl copolymer and its external plasticizer and little amount of rosin. A moderate and fixed amount of cuprous oxide was introduced into all formulations as a supplementary toxin with organotin polymer. Leaching rates of micro amounts of copper and tin were determined. Panel exposure test in the sea was performed at Port Said. Best antifouling efficiency was obtained from formultions containing organotin copolymer or terpolymer of 22% tin content and that containing organotin copolymer of 15% tin.
Mounir, M.Abd El‐Malek, Nagi, N. Messiha, Magdy and M.H. Ayoub
The effect of pigment filler and extender on the antifouling efficiency of six compositions containing organotin polymer is studied. The binder mixture is a blend containing a…
Abstract
The effect of pigment filler and extender on the antifouling efficiency of six compositions containing organotin polymer is studied. The binder mixture is a blend containing a copolymer of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate and methylmeth acrylate (OTP) with 22% tin content, a vinyl copolymer with its external plasticizer and little amount of rosin. Cuprous oxide was added as a supplementary toxin with the OTP. Leaching rates of microamounts of copper and tin were determined for a period of nearly one year applying standard techniques. Painted plates were immersed in Suez Canal waters at Port‐Said for more than 36 months. Comparison between different fillers and extenders on the antifouling behaviour of painted surfaces is shown. Compositions containing cellite and china clay exhibited the maximum antifouling performance.
M.M. Abd‐El‐Malek, N.N. Messiha and M.M.H. Ayoub
To organotin polymer systems were prepared based on the reaction of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate with methyl methacrylate ad acrylonitrile. Tin content of the polymers was about…
Abstract
To organotin polymer systems were prepared based on the reaction of tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate with methyl methacrylate ad acrylonitrile. Tin content of the polymers was about 22% and the physical properties of the organotin polymer films were investigated. The anti‐fouling potential of the prepared polymers was investigated as unpigmented and pigmented coatings at Alexandria and Port‐Said. Compositions containing vinyl copolymer as a co‐resin as well as cuprous oxide as a supporting toxin showed good antifouling performance for more than three years.
N.N. Messiha, M.M. Abd El‐Malek and M.M.H. Ayoub
Three copolymer and three terpolymer systems involving tributyltin methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile were prepared with variable tin content of 7, 15 and 22%…
Abstract
Three copolymer and three terpolymer systems involving tributyltin methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile were prepared with variable tin content of 7, 15 and 22%. The structure of the organotin polymers was investigated by the elemental analysis of tin and nitrogen and by infrared spectroscopy. Long‐term leaching rate determinations of tin from the organotin polymer films were studied and were in the range of 0.033–0.045 ?g Sn/cm2/day. The antifouling performance of the prepared polymer varnishes was tested at Ismailia and at Alexandria. Tributyltin methacrylate‐methyl methacrylate copolymer with tin content of 22% exhibited the highest antifouling potential for more than 18 months.
M.M.H. Ayoub, M.M. Abdel Malek and N.N. Messiha
An organotin copolymer with tin content of 22% was prepared by the reaction of methyl methacrylate and tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate. The prepared copolymer was incorporated into a…
Abstract
An organotin copolymer with tin content of 22% was prepared by the reaction of methyl methacrylate and tri‐n‐butyltin methacrylate. The prepared copolymer was incorporated into a paint formulation containing cuprous oxide as an external toxin. Laboratory evaluation of the formulation showed that the average value of the leaching rate of Cu was 7 µg/cm2/day, while the leaching rate of tin was found to be in the range of 0.033 µg/cm2/day. The antifouling performance of the prepared formulation was tested as painted areas on the hull of a trading ship. After about one year's running period through the Mediterranean and Red Sea harbours the tested areas showed good antifouling efficiency compared with the commercial antifouling paint.
Details the preparation of emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St)‐vinylacetate (VAc) with different molar ratio 33:67(A1), 50:50(A2) and 67:33(A3) using redox initiator system…
Abstract
Details the preparation of emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St)‐vinylacetate (VAc) with different molar ratio 33:67(A1), 50:50(A2) and 67:33(A3) using redox initiator system (k2S208/NaHS03) and investigates their film forming. Finds that the drying film characterization took on a brittle property which is attributed to the nature of styrene polymers. Explains that molar ratio 67:33 from butyl acrylate (BuA‐VAc) and vinyl acetate (B1, B2 and B3) in the presence of pluronic F87 was chosen as the coemulsifier as it gives good transparent and elastic film properties but has a tacky character owing to the nature of butyl acrylate polymer. Shows that styrene‐butylacrylate (St‐BuA) 67:33 molar ratio(C) has high conversion and a solid content of 51 per cent, and its film forming gives a transparent sheet that dries within 45 minutes. Notes that incorporation of these latices into interior and exterior coatings gives good characterization (hardness, ductility, adhesion and washability of 4,042 cycles) compared with the standard specifications for evaluation of latex paint.
Larostate 520, a cost‐effective antistat providing superior lubricity, humectancy and electrical conductivity is now available from Jordan Chemical Company, here.
Ehab Alshamaileh, Mazen Al-Sulaibi, Ahmad Al-Khawaldeh, Mansour H. Almatarneh, Dina El-Sabawi and Aiman Al-Rawajfeh
The current status of nanotechnology research and development in Jordan is analyzed. In recent years, Jordanian institutions demonstrated considerable interest in the development…
Abstract
Purpose
The current status of nanotechnology research and development in Jordan is analyzed. In recent years, Jordanian institutions demonstrated considerable interest in the development and production of nanotechnology. Here the purpose of this paper is to provide detailed information about the status of nanotechnology in Jordan in terms of several factors that influence selectivity in nanotechnology and the number of published peer-reviewed research articles.
Design/methodology/approach
Several factors that influence selectivity in nanotechnology and the number of published peer-reviewed research articles were analyzed. A detailed analysis of the collected data reveals that the number of publications, citations, and patents is highly dependent on the amount of research fund.
Findings
The development in nanotechnology is associated with presence and accessibility of sensitive laboratory equipment. The nanotechnology research output in Jordan is still lower than it should be due to the lack of necessary laboratory infrastructure. This is due to the insufficient funds allocated to scientific research, the restrictive access to available instruments and the bureaucracy of some governmental departments. Compared to some developed countries, Jordan is noticeably behind in developing a nanotechnology system of research and industry. It will take time as well as technical and financial resources in order to achieve an advanced level in the field of nanotechnology in Jordan. Nevertheless, many Jordanian researchers are doing their best and are producing some good research articles.
Research limitations/implications
The many applications to the same approach.
Practical implications
Time and publications’ resources.
Social implications
Peer cooperation.
Originality/value
First comprehensive review ever. A base for researchers and decision makers.
Details
Keywords
Sarah Nazari, Payam Keshavarz Mirza Mohammadi, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini, Ali Ghaffarianhoseini, Dat Tien Doan and Abdulbasit Almhafdy
This paper aims to investigate the optimization of window and shading designs to reduce the building energy consumption of a standard office room while improving occupants'…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the optimization of window and shading designs to reduce the building energy consumption of a standard office room while improving occupants' comfort in Tehran and Auckland.
Design/methodology/approach
The NSGA-II algorithm, as a multi-objective optimization method, is applied in this study. First, a comparison of the effects of each variable on all objectives in both cities is conducted. Afterwards, the optimal solutions and the most undesirable scenarios for each city are presented for architects and decision-makers to select or avoid.
Findings
The results indicate that, in both cities, the number of slats and their distance from the wall are the most influential variables for shading configurations. Additionally, occupants' thermal comfort in Auckland is much better than in Tehran, while the latter city can receive more daylight. Furthermore, the annual energy use in Tehran can be significantly reduced by using a proper shading device and window-to-wall ratio (WWR), while building energy consumption, especially heating, is negligible in Auckland.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that compares the differences in window and shading design between two cities, Tehran and Auckland, with similar latitudes but located in different hemispheres. The outcomes of this study can benefit two groups: firstly, architects and decision-makers can choose an appropriate WWR and shading to enhance building energy efficiency and occupants' comfort. Secondly, researchers who want to study window and shading systems can implement this approach for different climates.
Details
Keywords
Hamad Balhareth, Ahmad Samed Al-Adwan, Anas Ratib Alsoud, Omar Abd-Aljaber, Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi and Marta Urbaníková
This study aims to investigate the determinants of meta-commerce (metaverse commerce) adoption intention from the consumer perspective.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the determinants of meta-commerce (metaverse commerce) adoption intention from the consumer perspective.
Design/methodology/approach
This research conducted a quantitative cross-sectional field survey to gather primary data from consumers in Jordan. The study aimed to analyze the adoption of meta-commerce from the consumer perspective. The survey collected responses from 574 participants, and the obtained data set was subjected to rigorous analysis using SmartPLS4 to test the proposed hypotheses.
Findings
While perceived herd behavior, consumer innovativeness, perceived ease of use, hedonic motivation and perceived usefulness positively influence consumers’ meta-commerce adoption intention, perceived cyber risks negatively influence it. Furthermore, perceived herd behavior and consumer innovativeness positively affect ease of use and usefulness perceptions.
Originality/value
This study presents a significant theoretical contribution by examining meta-commerce adoption from the consumer’s perspective, addressing a gap in the literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first empirical investigations to explore meta-commerce adoption intentions from the consumer standpoint. Furthermore, it provides a novel extension of the “Technology Acceptance Model” for understanding meta-commerce adoption intention that captures the interplay between enablers (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness), barriers (perceived cyber risks), intrinsic motivation (hedonic motivation), social factors (perceived herd behavior) and personal characteristics (consumer innovativeness), thereby extending previous research on the effects of these factors on the adoption of meta-commerce.