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When we are asked, “What is a robot?”, then the answer we give in respect of the DeVilbiss‐Trallfa Robot is:‐ ‘An electronically controlled manipulator, designed to replace the human spray gun operator in direct industrial application processes, a machine easily taught‐in carrying out the movements and gun‐triggering actions necessary for the complete surface coating of products to within ± 2 mm. The machine is taught‐in in seconds and it is then ready for action on its own for as long as it is required, remembering the instructions given to it perfectly due to a magnetic tape memory system.

The increasing demand for industrial automation has finally reached the paint shops throughout the mechanical industry. The operations performed in most paint shops are stressing, i.e. monotonous ever‐repeating movements day in and day out, as conditions also can be unhealthy because the operators breathe intoxicated air. Although surface treatments call for highly skilled spraygun operators, these qualified men cannot be offered a first class environment because of the specific paint shop situation. The spray painter, therefore, does not always feel happy with his job. He notices that other work shops in the factory grow better and better with regard to equipment and working conditions, while his shop stays with the old system. He is, therefore, constantly looking for a better place, which can be dramatic to his factory because skilled spray gun operators are hard to replace, or because the training‐in of new men is a costly matter, it takes time, and quality as well as capacity may be suffering during that time.

The purposes of this paper are to review the progress of and conclude the trend for paint thickness simulation for painting robot trajectory planning.

This paper compares the explicit function-based method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based method used for paint thickness simulation. Previous research is considered, and conclusions with the outlook are drawn.

The CFD-based paint deposition simulation is the trend for paint thickness simulation for painting robot trajectory planning. However, the calculation of paint thickness resulting from dynamically painting complex surface remains to be researched, which needs to build an appropriate CFD model, study approaches to dynamic painting simulation and investigate the simulation with continuously changing painting parameters.

This paper illustrates that the CFD-based method is the trend for the paint thickness simulation for painting robot trajectory planning. Current studies have been analyzed, and techniques of CFD modeling have also been summarized, which is vital for future study.

This paper presents a review of published literature on robot reliability and safety. The literature is classified into three main categories: robot safety; robot reliability; and miscellaneous. Robot safety is further categorized into six classifications: general; accidents; human‐factors; safety standards; safety methods; and safety systems/technologies. The period covered by the review is from 1973 to 2001.

In the United States, policy discussions of teacher education in relationship to teacher quality have tended to focus more closely around debates about the nature of teacher preparation and the need for quality teachers to possess advanced degrees or certification. The field is in need of an array of indicators – a set of powerful, well-researched indicators that can be applied to large public universities as well as small regional private colleges, from university-based programs to “alternative” programs and to more “hybrid” programs. These indicators need to be relevant for teacher certification across a variety of age-ranges and developmental stages. In this chapter, we build on a growing conversation about practice in teacher education and efforts on the part of researchers to identify key features of powerful teacher education. We propose that quality teacher education is designed around a clear and shared vision of good teaching; it is coherent in that it links theory with practice and offers opportunities to learn that are aligned with the vision of good teaching; and it offers opportunities to enact teaching. While these features are supported for the most part by growing consensus in the literature (National Research Council, 2010; NCATE, 2010), there is also an emerging empirical base that provides support for the value of these features as well.

Design and construction of indexing languages require thorough knowledge and understanding of the information environment. This empirical study investigated a mixed set of methods (group interviews, recollection of information needs and word association tests to collect data; content analysis and discourse analysis to analyse data) to evaluate whether these methods collected the data needed for work domain oriented thesaurus design. The findings showed that the study methods together provided the domain knowledge needed to define the role of the thesaurus and design its content and structure. The study was carried out from a person‐insituation perspective. The findings reflected the information environment and made it possible to develop a thesaurus according to the characteristics of the work domain. It seemed more difficult to capture the needs of the individual user and adapt the thesaurus to individual characteristics.

Entrepreneurship, sustainability, and the creation of a resilient, green economy are intricately linked, particularly as conventional economic models grapple with existential challenges. However, empirical research addressing the connection between entrepreneurship and sustainability for a more balanced and resilient future is notably scarce. This chapter aims to bridge this gap by investigating the role of entrepreneurship in advancing sustainability and establishing a resilient, green economy. Through comprehensive research utilizing critical discourse analysis (CDA), three research questions were explored to draw insightful managerial and practical implications. In the intersection of entrepreneurship, sustainability, and a green, resilient economy, opportunities are seized by entrepreneurship amid limitations, while sustainability presupposes responsible management of resources for current needs without compromising the future. A green economy ensures adaptability, growth, and ecological stability even in resource-scarce conditions. The CDA affirms the influential role of entrepreneurship in pursuing sustainability and a green, resilient economy, drawing from 18 cases across public, private, and social sectors to highlight environmental, social, and economic impacts. Furthermore, the CDA uncovers power dynamics, ideologies, and social structures affecting entrepreneurship’s role in fostering sustainable and resilient, green economies. Collaborations between governments, corporations, and social ventures in diverse countries promote sustainability within existing social structures, fostering comprehensive development. However, imbalanced power dynamics pose challenges, risking potential social exclusion. This chapter concludes by addressing practical implications and limitations, aiming to contribute to an ecologically balanced and socially equitable future by understanding entrepreneurship’s role in promoting sustainability and green resilience within the context of power dynamics, ideologies, and social structures.

In response to a need for ‘consideration of the conceptual overlap between information seeking and information literacy’ (Julien & Williamson, 2010), this chapter explores their development. Since the 1960s there has been an ongoing stream of research called ‘information behaviour’ (IB). This has taken various forms and shifted its focus in terms of the topic studied and epistemological orientation. Since the 1990s there has been another stream of parallel research focusing on people’s information capabilities called ‘information literacy’ (IL). Both concern the interaction and experience of a person or a group with information. The former focuses on the social, psychological, behavioural and environmental aspects of people’s IB. The latter focuses on the person and the capabilities they need to interact with information which may be studied from a social, psychological, behavioural and environmental perspective. IB has traditionally placed an emphasis on observed or recorded information seeking, within a broad context of factors that may affect behaviour. In contrast, IL research places greater emphasis on specific cognitive and behavioural processes associated with information seeking and use. Both IB and IL throw light on people’s information experience. Over time, shifts in focus have been associated with changes in epistemological orientation. We now see a rich array of approaches for investigating people’s IB and IL. This reflects the multifaceted nature of these domains, that is social, organisational and individual. This chapter charts the relationship between these two fields of research and highlights their complementarity.

In a pandemic framework (COVID-19), this chapter explores the impact of the global economy and socio-cultures concerning three axes: recreational, tourism, and hospitality. Although we slowly see an economic revival, it is well known that this sector of study is very susceptible to being affected by the context of nations. Following restrictions and measures taken by governments around the world to reduce the number of cases of coronavirus infections, many nations closed their borders, affecting international travel and by 2020 tourism had been reduced to the near cessation of operations due to the imminent fear of this poorly studied disease, and the service sector was negatively affected. It should be added that, according to the World Tourism Organization's projections, a decrease of between 20 and 30% is forecast for 2020 compared to the previous year.

Upon reviewing relevant literature, this chapter aims to give an insight into the importance and popularity of the concept of sustainable development. Accordingly, the chapter provides an insight into the evolution and development of the concept of sustainable development, its various definitions, key dimensions and fundamental indicators, with an overview of the progress on key issues that are important economically, socially and environmentally. The chapter concludes with the principles needed in order to seek sustainability and the advantages of practising it.