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Call centers generate stress and absenteeism in staff and the literature suggests that people-oriented leadership is the right way of supervision for such a situation. This study compared its effects versus those of other types of leadership.

Absentee data of 379 representatives of customer services of a Peruvian call center were analyzed and the representatives answered a questionnaire about the Framework of Values in Competition and its four types of leadership. Day and night work shifts were compared.

It was observed that absenteeism declines with people-oriented leadership, although only during the day shift, and the addition of leadership oriented to change, results and control devalues models.

Future studies should cover the performance of the worker. The findings suggest a need to re-focus the theoretical focus on environmental contingencies that affect leadership effectiveness.

Leadership theorists will ask themselves in what circumstances the multiple leadership is effective. Call center managers will appreciate the organizational value of people-oriented leadership at the first level of supervision.

The purpose of this article is to capture what the concept of sustainable events means for different stakeholders, what they think and express in social media about sustainable events, and so be able to take it into account when repurposing and repositioning events in life for the future in a responsible way based on sustainability.

Authors have performed the photographic analysis proposed by Albers and James in 1988 but adapted to social media, specifically Instagram. A content analysis has been carried out with the posts containing the hashtag #sustainableevents, based on dimensions such as temporal variants, geographic conditions, demographic characteristics or languages used. After that, a semiotic analysis has been held to see how these dimensions are related with the image and with the subjects/objects that are being portrayed.

Sustainable events is a term that can have many meanings, becoming an abstract term, which is not being used today in social networks by private individuals. Companies and content creators seem to use the term more as an advertising claim, to attract customers and followers, than as a real applicability in their day-to-day actions. They use the term “sustainable events” related especially to an environmental dimension, leaving aside the economic and the social dimension.

Nowadays, the photography through social media is one of the most powerful sources for communicating people awareness. Nevertheless, researchers are only starting to understand the impact of social media and technology on the habits of people. To the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first analyses of Instagram posts based on a hashtag to analyse what different stakeholders express in relation to that hashtag.

This paper summarizes the findings of the empirical papers in this volume and outlines future research directions for global leadership in general. We summarize the state of global leadership development in universities and recommend design criteria for these efforts. Given the popularity of study abroad as an integral component in many global leadership programs, we highlight common challenges for study abroad programs and the importance of taking an organization development approach. We conclude with future directions for global leadership development research in university settings, most of which emerged from the featured papers on this topic in this volume of Advances in Global Leadership. It is our hope that this chapter serves as a primer for both university program directors and researchers.

Both Bolivia and Uruguay broke ranks with the global drug prohibition regime by introducing novel drug policies. State control of the production and supply of coca and cannabis represents a clear departure from both the spirit and the letter of the international drug conventions. Although, the rationale, processes and outcomes of policy change were distinctive in many regards, this chapter posits that there are conceptual resemblances. In both countries, the leadership of a charismatic and idiosyncratic president has to be considered. Furthermore, in both countries, mobilisation and activism were also decisive. Lastly, in both countries novel drug policy responded to specific problems that decision-makers faced. Approaching drug policy reforms in Bolivia and Uruguay in terms of personal leadership, mobilisation and policy problems provides a useful analytical first-cut to assess the continuity and change in drug policy observable elsewhere. Additionally, scrutinising the reasons and motivations for undertaking drug policy reform also allows to better understand each country’s behaviour on the international stage.

Can we do business with strangers? A major handicap to any promotion is ignorance of the market and its members. In order to understand Latin Americans, says Albert Hirschman, we must first understand how Latin Americans understand each other. We see the “facts” one way, but their perception of these same facts is often very different. This is my purpose in reporting on Peru's attitude and internal discussions on international trade. Why Peru? A U S. State Department official told me that they consider Peru as a sort of bell wether in South America. Abraham Lowenthal of the Inter‐American Dialog says Peru has an international significance greater than would be expected, considering the size of its economy, and E. V. K. Fitzgerald of Cambridge says the Peruvian experience is significant in judgimg prospects in South America.

Kerala is considered to be the must-see locations in a life time of a tourist. Tourism has become an important vital cog in the economy of the state of Kerala. The state boasts of an excellent road and rail networks, lakes and natural canals and the backwaters. The study was done in the back water destinations – Alappuzha, Kollam, Kottayam and Kuttanad. The study was carried out to learn about the relationship between the brand name of the backwater tour operator, the offers they give and the selection of backwater destination post-COVID-19. This descriptive study was conducted through a survey method. The study used qualitative approach by using a questionnaire and the total sample composed of 400 respondents. Analysis was done with the help of chi-square. The researcher found that there exists a significant relation between offers in tour package and backwater destination, but there is no significant relation existing between brand name and selection of a backwater destination.