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One of the important developments in police theory and research is the recognition of the institutional contexts in which departments participate. A body of theory, organized under the rubric of the “theory of institutionalized organizations”, provides a theoretical framework for the conceptualization and empirical assessment of policing contexts and their relationship to police organizational structures and practices. The first part of this paper provides an overview of institutional theory and reviews writings on the application of institutional theory to the police. The second section reviews research conducted on institutional theory across the field of criminal justice. The third part contrasts the competing notions of institutions and utility in institutional theory, and locates police organizations within Giddens’ model of human agency.

A neighborhood‐based notion of the distribution of policing services is a hallmark of community policing philosophy. The purpose of this research is to focus on two policy issues: are there significant differences in important policing issues among the different communities, and what factors within the Sheriff's control might account for these differences?

In 2002, the Ada County Sheriff's Office (ACSO), servicing the area around Boise, Idaho, carried out a survey of citizens stratified across four areas: two contract communities, one non‐contract community, and the unincorporated remainder of the county.

The survey found significant variation in perceptions of crime and disorder, in perceptions of safety, in social cohesion, and in attitudes toward deputies and to the sheriffs office. Findings suggested the importance of local policy through the tailoring of services to local needs. However, some community factors appeared to provide limits on the extent to which the police could respond to dissatisfaction with their services, regardless of adaptive strategy.

Only limited empirical research has studied neighborhood variation in citizens' perceptions of differences pertinent to policing services, and virtually no such research has been carried out outside urban areas. This research fills this gap.

Various aspects of operator performance during cranking are affected by the variability in crank size, resistance, location and position. Adequate prediction models incorporating these factors are not available to the designers of man‐machine systems. Consequently a set of experiments was conducted using three levels of crank radius, three levels of torque, three levels of plane angle, three levels of crank height, and two turning directions (namely, clockwise and anti‐clockwise) for continuous as well as intermittent cranking. The effect of radius, torque, plane angle and crank height were found to be significant and a subject's anthropometric dimensions and hand‐arm strength influenced cranking performance significantly. Prediction models for the turning rate for continuous and intermittent cranking were developed.

The purpose this experimentation is to study the combustion characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with mineral diesel. The reason behind the numerical simulation is to validate the experimental results of the combustion characteristics.

The numerical analysis was carried out in this study using MATLAB Simulink, and the zero dimensional combustion model was applied to predict the combustion parameters such as in cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate and rate of heat release.

Incorporating the dynamic combustion duration with respect to variable engine load in the zero dimensional combustion model using MATLAB Simulink reduced the variation of experimental and numerical outputs between 5.5 and 6 per cent in this analysis.

Validation of the experimental analysis is very limited. Investigations were performed using zero dimensional combustion model, which is the very appropriate for analysing the combustion characteristics.

Existing studies assumed that the combustion duration period as invariant in their numerical analysis, but with the real time scenario occurring in CI engine, that is not the case. In this analysis, mass fraction burnt considering the dynamic combustion duration was incorporated in the heat transfer model to reduce the error variation between experimental and numerical studies.

THE advent of higher engine operating speeds and output, has made it increasingly difficult to assess the strength of crankshafts of modern internal combustion engines by analytical methods. Nevertheless, the evaluation of a reasonably accurate estimate of the loads acting on this component is of immense importance to the engine designer, and in this paper the writer reviews suitable treatment for application to the crankshaft of an in‐line and a radial engine.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social capital and police sense of responsibility and their impact on proactive policing.

Data were obtained from surveys of 353 police officers from a mid‐Western police agency. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationship between social capital and proactive policing and the mediating impact of police sense of responsibility for explaining proactive policing.

Social capital demonstrates a significant relationship with both sense of responsibility and proactive policing. However, findings suggest that the amount of crime within the community has the most significant impact on police sense of responsibility and their subsequent proactive behavior. Further, social capital is only moderately mediated by sense of responsibility in explaining proactive policing.

The research limitations of this study include: results may be skewed toward reflecting the perceptions of younger officers; this study is a cross‐sectional study, therefore, no data are provided in this study to indicate whether police opinions and behavior might change if their job assignments were different; and the scales utilized in this study may not be exhaustive.

Many explanations have been advanced to account for police proactive behavior. Social capital is the least developed concept in this regard. The mediating role that officers' sense of responsibility has in the relationship between social capital and proactive policing is assessed.

Sane and civilised people, capable of thinking clearly, now recognise that if the peace of the world is to be secured, and that if another and even greater cataclysm is to be prevented, the Huns and their accomplices must be crushed, and crushed so completely that their recovery of the power to do evil shall be rendered utterly impossible. The persons who are “Pro‐German” for reasons at present best known to themselves, and the peace‐at‐any‐price cranks, may be left out of consideration except in so far as the advisability of placing the former under lock and key and the latter in lunatic asylums demands attention. A premature and inconclusive peace which would make it possible for our abominable enemies to rise again and threaten civilised mankind is unthinkable, and the Allied Powers must of necessity carry on the war until the Thugs of Europe have bitten the dust and have been compelled to sue for peace without terms or conditions. When the “Central Powers” have been forced to their knees, and the Allied armies of occupation have made them taste the bitterness and humiliation of invasion, the surviving criminals will be placed at the bar to receive the sentence of their judges, while the populations who have approved and applauded their hideous acts must also have adequate punishment meted out to them. What form is that punishment to take? The long and ghastly account has got to be read out and settled—so far as it can be settled in this world. What is to be the settlement?

The purpose of this paper is to review the “state of the art” in research on police legitimacy. The authors consider two bodies of theory and empirical research on police legitimacy: one rooted in social psychology and concerned with individual attitudes, and the other based on organizational institutionalism. The authors contrast the theories, discuss the methods with which propositions have been examined, and take stock of the empirical evidence. The authors then turn to a direct comparison of the theories and their predictions.

Critical review and comparison of two bodies of literature.

Police legitimacy is a phenomenon that can be properly understood only when it is addressed at both individual and organizational levels. A large body of social psychological research on police legitimacy has been conducted at the individual level, though it has dwelled mainly on attitudes, and the empirical evidence on the relationships of attitudes to behavior is weak. A much smaller body of research on organizational legitimacy in policing has accumulated, and it appears to have promise for advancing our understanding of police legitimacy.

The understanding of police legitimacy can be deepened by the juxtaposition of these two bodies of theory and research.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel universal error estimator and the adaptive time-stepping process in the generalized single-step single-solve (GS4-1) computational framework, applied for the fluid dynamics with illustrations to incompressible Navier–Stokes equations.

The proposed error estimator is universal and versatile that it works for the entire subsets of the GS4-1 framework, encompassing the nondissipative Crank–Nicolson method, the most dissipative backward differential formula and anything in between. It is new and novel that the cumbersome design work of error estimation for specific time integration algorithms can be avoided. Regarding the numerical implementation, the local error estimation has a compact representation that it is determined by the time derivative variables at four successive time levels and only involves vector operations, which is simple for numerical implementation. Additionally, the adaptive time-stepping is further illustrated by the proposed error estimator and is used to solve the benchmark problems of lid-driven cavity and flow past a cylinder.

The proposed computational procedure is capable of eliminating the nonphysical oscillations in GS4-1(1,1)/Crank–Nicolson method; being CPU-efficient in both dissipative and nondissipative schemes with better solution accuracy; and detecting the complex physics and hence selecting a suitable time step according to the user-defined error threshold.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, this study applies the general purpose GS4-1 family of time integration algorithms for transient simulations of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in fluid dynamics with constant and adaptive time steps via a novel and universal error estimator. The proposed computational framework is simple for numerical implementation and the time step selection based on the proposed error estimation is efficient, benefiting to the computational expense for transient simulations.