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Since the early days of Cliometrics (the application of economic theory and quantitative methods to the study of economic history) in the 1960s, Jeffrey Williamson has been one of its most active contributors and his output shows no immediate signs of letting up. Furthermore, he has continued throughout to employ the basic cliometric tools of applied economic theory and quantitative analysis. In contrast, Douglass North and Robert Fogel, recognized with the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics for their contributions in founding the field of cliometrics, have gone subsequently in more interdisciplinary directions. North has increasingly emphasized the importance of institutions and cultural norms while also incorporating perspectives from cognitive science. Fogel has increasingly incorporated biological approaches in his work and indeed by his own admission has left the field of economic history for an interest in health economics and a field he terms bio-demography. Throughout his career, Williamson has had numerous students and collaborators of considerable distinction in their own right. And this festschrift in his honor incorporates the work of several generations of cliometricians and can thus be regarded as providing an overview of developments in cliometrics over the past 40 years as well as the current state of play in the field.

Stock options, once exclusive to executives, are now becoming more broad based to include middle management and non‐management employees. In 2000 an estimated 10 million workers’ compensation packages contained stock options. In today’s competitive environment, firms are looking for ways to attract and retain workers, reward outstanding performance, and return value to shareholders while minimising costs. Stock options provide such a vehicle. The paradox is that while stock options are intended to tie pay to performance, many employees lack the knowledge of how the options actually work. Employees need to be educated as to the different types of plans and how it affects their total compensation. A contentious debate exists over whether firms actually benefit from stock options plans and the reasons why some prosper while others fail. Researchers and experts agree that the success of a stock option plan lies largely in how effective firms are at managing the plan and communicating it to its employees.

Discusses public policy exceptions for the majority (43 out of 50) of states in the USA, as against at‐will employment. Lists the 11 states that recognise good faith and fair dealing. Comments on public policy exception, implied contract exception, and good faith and fair dealing exception, with explanations of these. Gives some recommendations for employers such as a well‐written employee manual and the use of preventative measures. Sums up that firms should review how they extend job offers to future employees and how they communicate promotion offers to existing employees.

The present work explores the influence of Hall and Ohmic heating effects on the convective peristaltic flow of a conducting Jeffrey nanofluid in an inclined porous asymmetric channel with slip. Also, the authors investigated the impact of viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption and cross diffusion effects on the flow. Peristaltic flow has many industrial and physiological applications and most of the biofluids show the non-Newtonian fluid behaviour. Further, in a living body, several biofluids flow through different kinds of systems that are not symmetric, horizontal or vertical. The purpose of this paper is to address these issues.

The authors considered the flow of Jeffrey fluid which is generated by a sinusoidal wave propagating on the walls of an inclined asymmetric channel. The flow model is developed from the fixed frame to the wave frame. Finally, yield the nonlinear governing equations by applying the non-dimensional quantities with the assumptions of lengthy wave and negligible Reynolds number. The exact solution has been computed for the velocity and pressure gradient. The solutions for temperature and concentration are obtained by the regular perturbation technique.

Graphical analysis is made for the present results for different values of emerging parameters and explained clearly. It is noticed that the magnetic field enriches the temperature where it drops the fluid velocity. This work describes that the temperature field is decreasing due to the radiation but it is a rising function of temperature slip parameter. The temperature profile declines for growing values of the Hall parameter. The flow velocity diminishes for boosting values of the Darcy parameter. Further, the authors perceived that the concentration field reduces for large values of the chemical reaction parameter.

The authors validated and compared the results with the existing literature. This investigation will help to study some physiological systems, and heat transfer in peristaltic transport plays key role in medical treatments, so we ensure that these results are applicable in medical treatments like cancer therapy, drug delivery, etc.

This investigation delves into the rationale behind the preferential applicability of the non-Newtonian nanofluid model over alternative frameworks, particularly those incorporating porous medium considerations. The study focuses on analyzing the mass and heat transfer characteristics inherent in the Williamson nanofluid’s non-Newtonian flow over a stretched sheet, accounting for influences such as chemical reactions, viscous dissipation, magnetic field and slip velocity. Emphasis is placed on scenarios where the properties of the Williamson nanofluid, including thermal conductivity and viscosity, exhibit temperature-dependent variations.

Following the use of the OHAM approach, an analytical resolution to the proposed issue is provided. The findings are elucidated through the construction of graphical representations, illustrating the impact of diverse physical parameters on temperature, velocity and concentration profiles.

Remarkably, it is discerned that the magnetic field, viscous dissipation phenomena and slip velocity assumption significantly influence the heat and mass transmission processes. Numerical and theoretical outcomes exhibit a noteworthy level of qualitative concurrence, underscoring the robustness and reliability of the non-Newtonian nanofluid model in capturing the intricacies of the studied phenomena.

Available studies show that no work on the Williamson model is conducted by considering viscous dissipation and the MHD effect past over an exponentially stretched porous sheet. This contribution fills this gap.

Reports a survey of 352 Canadian exporters regarding their use of intermediaries in exporting endeavours. Contrasts results with results obtained from other studies involving 394 American exporters. Tests hypotheses regarding the effect of product type, export sales volume and national exporting infrastructure differences on the various export services performed. Prior studies of American intermediaries showed a near inverse relationship between the perceived importance of specific export services and the intermediaries′ level of performance of these services. Canadian exporters, however, feel that their intermediaries are meeting their exporting needs much more effectively.

This study aims to argue that opportunism is central to management thought and illustrate its evolution into a central element of the entrepreneurship theory. The authors show that many criticisms of opportunism tend to conflate the concept with other theoretic traditions.

The authors trace foundational works by Taylor, Mayo, Fayol, Barnard, Follett and Simon to limit opportunism under the guise of promoting cooperation in organizations.

Opportunism is conceptualized in transaction cost economics as one of the most controversial concepts in management. While modern management is based on handling opportunism, it is bad for practice, as it ignores innovation, and damages trust and goodwill among organizational members. These interventions serve as a knowledge filter, damaging organizational entrepreneurship.

By tracing the roots of opportunism in early management thought, the authors clarify ethical and entrepreneurial issues of mutual obligations in organizations. The authors also place workplace conflict to be a more coherent framework that better reflects the core concept of opportunism.

Present investigation based on the flow of electrically conducting Williamson nanofluid embedded in a porous medium past a linearly horizontal stretching sheet. In addition to that, the combined effect of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, thermal radiation and chemical reaction is considered in both energy and solutal transfer equation, respectively.

With suitable choice of nondimensional variables the governing equations for the velocity, temperature, species concentration fields, as well as rate shear stress at the plate, rate of heat and mass transfer are expressed in the nondimensional form. These transformed coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved semi-analytically using variation parameter method.

The behavior of characterizing parameters such as magnetic parameter, melting parameter, porous matrix, Brownian motion, thermophoretic parameter, radiation, Lewis number and chemical particular case present result validates with earlier established results and found to be in good agreement. Finally reaction parameter is demonstrated via graphs and numerical results are presented in tabular form.

The said work is an original work of the authors.

The purpose of this study, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation impacts on double diffusive convection on peristaltic transport of Williamson nanofluid due to induced magnetic field in a tapered channel is examined. The study of propulsion system is on the rise in aerospace research. In spacecraft technology, the propulsion system uses high-temperature heat transmission governed through thermal radiation process. This study will help in assessment of chyme movement in the gastrointestinal tract and also in regulating the intensity of magnetic field of the blood flow during surgery.

The brief mathematical modelling, along with induced magnetic field, of Williamson nanofluid is given. The governing equations are reduced to dimensionless form by using appropriate transformations. Numerical technique is manipulated to solve the highly nonlinear differential equations. The roll of different variables is graphically analyzed in terms of concentration, temperature, volume fraction of nanoparticles, axial-induced magnetic field, magnetic force function, stream functions, pressure rise and pressure gradient.

The key finding from the analysis above can be summed up as follows: the temperature profile decreases and concentration profile increases due to the rising impact of thermal radiation. Brownian motion parameter has a reducing influence on nanoparticle concentration due to massive transfer of nanoparticles from a hot zone to a cool region, which causes a decrease in concentration profile· The pressure rise enhances due to rising values of thermophoresis and thermal Grashof number in retrograde pumping, free pumping and copumping region.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, a study that integrates double-diffusion convection with thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and induced magnetic field on peristaltic flow of Williamson nanofluid with a channel that is asymmetric has not been carried out so far.