James H. Love, Nigel Driffield, Katiuscia Lavoratori and Yong Yang
The issue of motivation for foreign direct investment (FDI) is central to international business (IB) theory and empirical research. The most common starting point is Dunning’s…
Abstract
Purpose
The issue of motivation for foreign direct investment (FDI) is central to international business (IB) theory and empirical research. The most common starting point is Dunning’s four motives (4M) framework: market seeking, natural resource seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking. This paper explores the genesis, development and application of the 4M framework and demonstrate how it has developed from an abstract typology and heuristic device unsupported by empirical evidence into a set of concrete behavioral assumptions with theoretical and methodological consequences for IB research.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is mainly conceptual, based on relevant theoretical work on FDI motives, and partly methodological, concentrating on the importance of realism for behavioral assumptions in IB.
Findings
The authors demonstrate that the shift in the 4M framework from abstract typology to a set of concrete behavioral assumptions has important implications for the development of IB theory and methodology. A critical issue has largely been ignored: the role of realism in the assumptions on which theory and its empirical testing are based and the possible consequences of unrealism in key behavioral assumptions. The authors show that attempts to “fix” the problems inherent in the 4M framework will inevitably fail and suggest ways in which it is possible to inject more realism into behavioral assumptions underlying FDI motivation.
Practical implications
The authors demonstrate that the applicability of the 4M approach, for either firms or policymakers seeking to attract FDI and maximize the benefits from it, needs to be more clearly understood in the context of the particular decision.
Social implications
Many countries see the attraction of FDI as central to their plans for economic growth and indeed the propensity for industrial development and moving up the value chain. The understanding of FDI motive has, in recent years, been recognized as central to this. The authors offer an important nuance to this understanding.
Originality/value
The paper offers both theoretical and methodological insights for IB scholars interested in FDI motivation.
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This paper aims to argue that the endogenous processes of profit shifting by MNEs and tax competition lead not just to inequality but constitute a case of global injustice. The…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to argue that the endogenous processes of profit shifting by MNEs and tax competition lead not just to inequality but constitute a case of global injustice. The provisions of the planned “two-pillar” reforms to global corporate taxation are then considered relative to the minimum conditions for background justice in taxation.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper is partly conceptual, based on relevant theoretical work in philosophy, and partly policy-focussed, based on an assessment of the OECD/G20 “two-pillar solution”.
Findings
The normative case for considering international tax competition as a global justice issue is developed, contrasting the cosmopolitan and non-cosmopolitan (“internationalist”) approaches. Three key minimum conditions for background justice in term of international taxation are established. This paper concludes that the two-pillar solution is likely to fail in global justice terms not because of its principles, which are sound, but because its redistributive scope is insufficiently great to have a major effect in correcting the inequality arising from tax competition.
Originality/value
This paper applies the philosophical concept of global justice to a specific issue in international business: MNE profit shifting and tax competition policy.
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Looks at the OECD’s Ottawa meeting and the issues of must import such as speech commerce, censorship and communications. Gives a different view on core issues, getting into…
Abstract
Looks at the OECD’s Ottawa meeting and the issues of must import such as speech commerce, censorship and communications. Gives a different view on core issues, getting into meetings and conference materials. Concludes e‐commerce is an all‐enveloping term, which international bodies use to explain more than just the normal terms it usually would apply to.
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Man has been seeking an ideal existence for a very long time. In this existence, justice, love, and peace are no longer words, but actual experiences. How ever, with the American…
Abstract
Man has been seeking an ideal existence for a very long time. In this existence, justice, love, and peace are no longer words, but actual experiences. How ever, with the American preemptive invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and the subsequent prisoner abuse, such an existence seems to be farther and farther away from reality. The purpose of this work is to stop this dangerous trend by promoting justice, love, and peace through a change of the paradigm that is inconsistent with justice, love, and peace. The strong paradigm that created the strong nation like the U.S. and the strong man like George W. Bush have been the culprit, rather than the contributor, of the above three universal ideals. Thus, rather than justice, love, and peace, the strong paradigm resulted in in justice, hatred, and violence. In order to remove these three and related evils, what the world needs in the beginning of the third millenium is the weak paradigm. Through the acceptance of the latter paradigm, the golden mean or middle paradigm can be formulated, which is a synergy of the weak and the strong paradigm. In order to understand properly the meaning of these paradigms, however, some digression appears necessary.
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Anat Toder Alon, Avichai Shuv-Ami and Liad Bareket-Bojmel
The current study postulated that fans' social identities (derived from the team sport clubs of which they perceive themselves to be members) coexist with their personal…
Abstract
Purpose
The current study postulated that fans' social identities (derived from the team sport clubs of which they perceive themselves to be members) coexist with their personal identities (derived from views of themselves as unique, individual sport fans). The study examined the relationship between identity salience and both positive and negative aspects of fans' attitudes, emotions and behaviours.
Design/methodology/approach
Seven hundred and twelve (712) Israeli professional football fans participated in this study. The study employed a survey drawn from an Internet panel with more than fifty thousand members.
Findings
Utilizing structural equation modelling (SEM), the authors demonstrated that while social identity salience is related to positive aspects of being a sport fan (love of a favourite team and loyalty), it is also related to negative aspects of being a sport fan (hatred and perceptions of the appropriateness of fan aggression). Personal identity salience was found to be related to the decrease in negative outcomes of being a fan (hatred and perceptions of the appropriateness of fan aggression).
Research limitations/implications
Marketers and sport organizations will benefit from stimulating sport fans' personal identity salience to mitigate possible negative consequences of team affiliation.
Originality/value
The current study expands upon past sport management studies by demonstrating the existence of relationships between sport fans' identity salience and their emotions, attitudes and behaviours. The identity salience of fans is relevant from both academic and applicative perspectives.
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During the 1940s and early 1950s, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp. buried metal drums in the earth in Niagara Falls, New York. The drums, hundreds of them, contained…
Abstract
During the 1940s and early 1950s, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp. buried metal drums in the earth in Niagara Falls, New York. The drums, hundreds of them, contained chemical wastes. The company's actions were perfectly legal and its intentions good; it was placing these potentially harmful substances out of harm's way — secure in metal drums, secure beneath the earth. Hooker's use for the land ended and in 1956 the company sold it. A school and houses were built over the chemical dump. The unfortunate aftermath is well known. The drums corroded; their contents leached out and into the earth and, apparently, into the bodies of those who lived on it. As a result, residents of the Love Canal area experienced unusually high rates of miscarriages, birth defects, and liver disorders. Such were the worst of the effects. Many residents had to abandon their contaminated homes. Suddenly Love Canal became a forlorn place. Good intentions in the 1940s had unwittingly wrought evil consequences in the 1970s.
McEdward Murimbika, Claire Beswick and Richard Thomson
At the end of this case study discussion, students should be able to critically analyse the strategic options for a global small and medium-sized enterprise seeking competitive…
Abstract
Learning outcomes
At the end of this case study discussion, students should be able to critically analyse the strategic options for a global small and medium-sized enterprise seeking competitive advantage in a highly specialised industry, determine the strategic management and operational approaches to introducing a new product line using the case study options as an example, determine the best investment approach for a global operational strategy considering the financial analysis of associated costs and the best form of financial capital/investment in terms of risks and control references and carry out a financial analysis and make evidence-based decisions with respect to addressing how strategic recommendations will affect the future of a firm’s competitive advantage.
Case overview/synopsis
In 2021, Mike Blyth and his business partners, James Pitman and Andrew Pitman, were facing new challenges the business had never faced before. Despite the global upheaval and economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 had been a productive year for the South African small-aircraft manufacturer. Globally, sales of Sling Aircraft’s aeroplanes had been good and the company had just finished a development prototype of a high-wing four-seater. Blyth, Andrew and James felt certain that there was space in the market for a five-seater aeroplane and they were meeting to discuss how to set up the business for further success. The strategic choices required to take the company in the new direction seemed clear and obvious, but it became apparent that they faced a dilemma regarding how to set up or restructure the company for success by exploiting the new opportunity without putting all of the hard work of the past 15 years in jeopardy.
Complexity academic level
This teaching activity is aimed at Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Management.
Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.
Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy.
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The issue of export instability exerts an enduring fascination for economists with an interest in the area of economic development. Over several decades a voluminous literature…
Abstract
The issue of export instability exerts an enduring fascination for economists with an interest in the area of economic development. Over several decades a voluminous literature has emerged embracing debates on the domestic consequences and on the causes of export instability. The purpose here is to examine these debates and an attempt is made to set out different theoretical stances, to classify and examine empirical findings, and to indicate the directions in which the debates have moved. Such a statement of a review article's purpose is, of course, incomplete without more specific delineation of the boundaries within which the general objectives are pursued. Here that delineation has three facets.
This study aims to use an autoethnography and ethnopoetic approach, interweaving personal narratives with scholarly research, to illuminate the profound and far-reaching…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to use an autoethnography and ethnopoetic approach, interweaving personal narratives with scholarly research, to illuminate the profound and far-reaching consequences of fat phobia. Through a multifaceted lens, the lived experiences of a fat, black woman subjected to fat shaming, discrimination and societal prejudice are explored.
Design/methodology/approach
Ethnopoetic methodologies were used to showcase how creating critically compassionate dialogues on fat phobia can be used to create discursive spaces where fat folx are able to share their lived experiences, discuss how they are socialized into current beliefs and analyze the confluence of face, gender, fat and body positivity.
Findings
By artfully blending autoethnographic memories with poetical insight, the manuscript offers a poignant exploration of the emotional and psychological toll exacted upon those marginalized by fat bias.
Originality/value
The works aims to cultivate understanding and empathy, fostering a deeper awareness of the urgent need to challenge and dismantle fat phobia within educational institutions and society at large for the betterment of all individuals.
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THE LIFE OF JAMES BALLANTYNE, Scottish printer, is so interlaced with those of his brothers, John and Sandy, and with the misfortunes of Sir Walter Scott, that it is impossible to…
Abstract
THE LIFE OF JAMES BALLANTYNE, Scottish printer, is so interlaced with those of his brothers, John and Sandy, and with the misfortunes of Sir Walter Scott, that it is impossible to give any sort of account of him as a single personality. He was bedevilled by influences that twisted what might have been a prosperous career into a condition that came to near financial disaster.