Purpose — This chapter explores the concept of social exclusion, the evolution of the term, how it is defined and understood, the place in policy formation and its association…
Abstract
Purpose — This chapter explores the concept of social exclusion, the evolution of the term, how it is defined and understood, the place in policy formation and its association with the need for mobility. The association between social exclusion and mobility is overviewed.
Methodology — The concept of social exclusion grew from an understanding that some people are not able to fully participate in mainstream society. Ideas around this were first discussed under the framework of income poverty, moved to ideas of multiple disadvantage and then has clustered around social exclusion. Although many factors have been subsumed under the concept, the ability to be mobile and how this is associated with social exclusion has not been fully explored.
Findings — It is argued that while social exclusion has brought ideas of non-participation in society more firmly into the political agenda, the changing definitions and understandings and failure to build knowledge systematically has hampered the effectiveness of the concept. Social exclusion is viewed in the research reported in this chapter as an issue of social justice defining the critical dimensions needed for a person to be included. Institutional and personal factors, and broad societal trends influence the extent of inclusion/exclusion a person experiences. It is likely that many of these impacts will be influenced by mobility, thus the importance of this research in elucidating what is meant by social exclusion and the key drivers that impact on a person’s ability to participate and maximise their well-being.
S.J. Thornton, R.P. Bradshaw and M.J. McCullagh
This feasibility study originated from a requestfrom a high‐quality confectionery manufacturerand retailer for research into the possibility ofassessing the interaction of…
Abstract
This feasibility study originated from a request from a high‐quality confectionery manufacturer and retailer for research into the possibility of assessing the interaction of multiple outlets in the same town. The particular problem was that of estimating pedestrian flow patterns so that the siting of new outlets would not attract business away from existing outlets of the same company. Various methods of collecting pedestrian data were reviewed, and for reasons of cost and practicality it was decided to concentrate on tracking (105 city‐centre trips) and point‐counting methods. Time‐lapse photography was used for point counting, being the only method capable of handling the volume of pedestrians (7,267). A number of computer programs were written which allowed the photographic data to be transformed into a network flow model. A full‐scale test of the model was made using data collected by Nottingham City Council for a network of 57 links.
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B.R. ATKINS, J.R. BRADSHAW and P.J. MITCHELL
THE PURPOSE of this contribution is to draw attention to a new development in the field of self lubricating bearing materials. A series of moulded products has been evolved, based…
Abstract
THE PURPOSE of this contribution is to draw attention to a new development in the field of self lubricating bearing materials. A series of moulded products has been evolved, based on carbon and embodying various additives such as polytetrafluoroethylene and molybdenum disulphide, which improve the wear resisting characteristics of the products, particularly in conditions where normal lubricants fail or are inadmissible.
Purpose — This chapter explores measurement of some of the key concepts used in the research, particularly social exclusion, but also social capital and community connection. In…
Abstract
Purpose — This chapter explores measurement of some of the key concepts used in the research, particularly social exclusion, but also social capital and community connection. In contrast to psychology, other social sciences continue to debate conceptual terms and do not have measurement as a central concern. Thus, there is a need to provide a measurement framework before commencing the research project.
Methodology — This chapter is based on literature searches of how these concepts are understood, used and measured in social science. A lack of precision has possibly contributed to their omission from much current project evaluation and government policy decisions, including around transport. Five principles that have guided the formation of the measurement tool are outlined. This is followed by illustrations of measurement that has been used in key pieces of research.
Findings — Social exclusion is measured using five dimensions important for connection to society: income, employment, political activity, social support and participation. Threshold levels of exclusion are determined for each of these dimensions and the results added to obtain a rating or score for each of the respondents. Social capital is measured by the comprehensiveness of the participant’s social network and whether this network comprises bonding or bridging social capital. Although it is common to include the measurement of trust and reciprocity as part of social capital, networks has been deemed to be the most important component for policy development. Community connectedness is measured using an existing ‘Sense of Community Scale’, verified and commonly used in psychology.
This chapter is on positive education in primary schools (including pre-schools), and how programmes that use interventions from positive psychology (PPIs) can have positive…
Abstract
This chapter is on positive education in primary schools (including pre-schools), and how programmes that use interventions from positive psychology (PPIs) can have positive effects (academic and for well-being), on children in this age group (up to 11 years). It explores some of the key challenges of implementing PPIs at younger ages and why, compared to secondary schools, limited studies of PPIs in pre- and primary schools exist. Based on the author’s personal experience of successfully delivering a multiple PPI (mPPI) in a primary school in the United Kingdom, the chapter also presents a case study. In particular, a mPPI known as Hummingbird Primary, adapted from the Hummingbird Project which has successfully been delivered in high schools; see Chapter 3. The case study presents an overview of the mPPI, the impact it had and some of the lessons learned. The chapter concludes with recommendations for educators wishing to implement PPIs in a whole primary school setting.
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R.G. Bradshaw, J.M. Brittain, D. Nicholas, M. Ritchie and S.A. Roberts
This paper describes the work carried out so far at the University of Bath and the Polytechnic of North London as part of the DISISS (Design of Information Systems in the Social…
Abstract
This paper describes the work carried out so far at the University of Bath and the Polytechnic of North London as part of the DISISS (Design of Information Systems in the Social Sciences) Project, towards producing a machine‐readable data base of social science serial titles‐CLOSSS (Check List of Social Science Serials). The file consists to date of 5500 titles. The data base is to be used for studies of the size, growth, and composition of the serial literature of the social sciences. Data collection and file creation procedures are described and suggestions put forward for possible future use of the file in the DISISS Project and elsewhere.
Sung‐Un Yang and James E. Grunig
The purpose of this study is to decompose common reputation measurement systems into behavioural organisation–public relationship outcomes, cognitive representations of an…
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to decompose common reputation measurement systems into behavioural organisation–public relationship outcomes, cognitive representations of an organisation in the minds of publics and evaluations of organisational performance. In the proposed model, propensity for active communication behaviour and familiarity are suggested as correlated precursors of organisation–public relationship outcomes (eg trust, satisfaction, commitment and control mutuality) and organisation–public relationship outcomes are hypothesised to have a direct effect on evaluations of organisational performance as well as an indirect effect via the mediation of cognitive representations of the organisation. The authors investigated different types of five Korean‐based organisations )two domestic corporations in different industries, a multinational corporation, a sports association and a non‐profit organisation) to validate the model across different types of organisations. The findings of this study suggest that relationship outcomes lead to favourable representations of an organisation and positive evaluations of performance of the organisation.
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The first three articles have been concerned with the substance, the conceptual context and the skills of negotiating. This final section is devoted to the ways and means of…
Abstract
The first three articles have been concerned with the substance, the conceptual context and the skills of negotiating. This final section is devoted to the ways and means of learning how to negotiate. Some relevant ideas on learning are discussed and a number of resources are listed to help those who are designing programmes in this area.
Peter Townsend is one of the greatest social scientists of the twentieth century and best known for his pioneering research into poverty. This paper aims to revisit Townsend's…
Abstract
Purpose
Peter Townsend is one of the greatest social scientists of the twentieth century and best known for his pioneering research into poverty. This paper aims to revisit Townsend's early work discussing the measurement of poverty and attempts to operationalise his ideas for determining minimum income standards for healthy living.
Design/methodology/approach
The article is based upon a secondary analysis of data taken from the UK Expenditure and Food Survey, a continuous cross‐sectional survey of household income, expenditure, and food consumption. Here, the sample has been restricted to an older population and the authors observe the relationship between household income and a healthy standard of living (indicated by diet) for people aged 60 years and over.
Findings
Minimum income requirements for healthy living, for this population in the UK, are 37 per cent greater than the British state pension for single pensioners and 37 per cent for pensioner couples. It is also appreciably greater than the official minimum income safety net (after means testing), the pension credit guarantee.
Practical implications
Objective evidence‐based assessment of living standards are practicable but do not presently provide a basis for social policy in the UK or elsewhere apparently. Such assessment could provide a credible basis for helping to establish minimum income standards in official policy.
Originality/value
Recent developments in the design of a British social survey have made it possible to operationalise Townsend's ideas for establishing minimum income standards over half a century after he proposed them.