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All the ingredients required to produce highly profitable illicit drugs can be found in Latin America. Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia provide the coca plantations and chemicals come from Brazil. The powerful organisations and their laboratories are in Colombia. In the narcotics context, there is not a great difference between countries: practically all the countries of Latin America are involved in some way, in some scale. Each country participates with its specific contribution: from production, to transformation, to processing and, finally, distribution. Latin America is a melting pot for organisations such as the cartels, Italian and US mafia, Lebanese and Nigerian syndicates and even newcomers from eastern Europe.

Those Brazilians reading São Paulo's newspapers over breakfast on 23rd November, 1991, discovered with surprise that their country was playing a significant role on the international money‐laundering circuit.

The paper was presented at the Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime, September 2005. The objectives were to set a scenario for examining the criminal activities over time, the changing and transformation of transnational crime.

The methodology used was bibliography research, completed with interviews and author's practitioner experience.

The paper emphasizes the need of a different approach to the new criminal order, and a awareness discussion involving the expropriation of results from criminal activity

The paper is a simple overview of the subject, there is much more to be researched due to the fact that it is related to global changes, over a 30 years period, and could combine the analysis from other professional perspectives.

The paper intends to fill a void both descriptively and theoretically, in a field of study that is becoming increasingly important.

The purpose of this paper is to look at the origins and development of organized crime in Brazil.

The authors draw on their experience working in law enforcement for many years in Brazil.

The paper outlines the major crimes committed by organized crime in Brazil and the structure of the main organization carrying them out.

The research concentrates on São Paolo and further research needs to be done.

This is the first attempt to put the development of organized crime in Brazil into a historical and developmental context.

The topic of ethics in government is hardly new. From Greek democracy to the current day, we have struggled to maintain morality and ethics in governing our societies and have failed to perfect a method.

“When James Boswell returned from a tour of Corsica in 1765 he wrote: ‘It is indeed amazing that an island so considerable, and in which such noble things have been doing, should be so imperfectly known.’ The same might be said today of Puerto Rico.” Thus began Millard Hansen and Henry Wells in the foreword to their 1953 look at Puerto Rico's democratic development. Four decades later, the same could again be said about the island.

At a meeting of the Stepney Borough Council on June 20th the Public Health Committee submitted the following report by the Medical Officer of Health detailing the proceedings which have been instituted against a certain milk‐vendor during the past eight years, and illustrating the difficulties which are experienced in obtaining convictions for adulteration of milk in consequence of the provisions of the “warranty clause” of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.

There are many actions‐at‐law in which chemical problems come up incidentally for consideration; there are other cases in which they are the very essence of the matter in dispute. Especially does this apply to proceedings under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. There the main, if not the whole, question at issue is purely chemical in its nature; and yet the tribunal sitting in judgment need not have, and generally has not, any chemical training or knowledge. Of necessity, this leads to decisions of an unsatisfactory nature, and which are not infrequently at variance with the obvious and generally admitted deductions from chemical analysis. Another consequence is that on practically the same set of facts, diametrically opposite decisions may be given. This is well exemplified in the two following cases of alleged adulteration of ginger‐wine and lime‐juice cordial respectively with salicylic acid.

As a result of the changes caused by the preparation of foods gradually passing out of the home into the hands of manufacturers, there has arisen an absolute need for a complete supervision of the public food supplies. A supervision which shall place some limit upon the substitution of cheaper and inferior methods and dangerous materials in place of the standard formerly used in our homes.