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This study aims to investigate the vibration effects on ball grid array lifetime.

Several finite element method simulations and experiments were performed.

An optimized circuit configuration was found.

The originality of paper is confirmed by authors.

Because of advantages such as multi‐scale and multi‐direction, contourlet transform is better at treating a 2‐D image than wavelet transform and the Classified Hidden Markov Tree (CHMT) model is able to analyze statistical character of coefficients, which means they can be analyzed more efficiently and effectively. So in this paper, the purpose is to use contourlet transform and CHMT model to redevelop traditional set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) code algorithm, and by using these two methods, hope to decrease the distortion and increase the quality.

In this paper, the algorithm is divided into two parts: code part and decode part. As all processes are operated in the contourlet domain, contourlet transform is finished at the beginning of the code part. SPIHT algorithm in the contourlet domain will code these contourlet coefficients. CHMT model will be built in decode part, it will optimize decoded coefficients by calculating their statistical relationship. The decoded image will be reconstructed.

The experiment proves that this algorithm is able to reduce the distortion under the premise of not affect compression rate, meanwhile peak signal‐to‐noise ratio value is improved compared with traditional methods. Furthermore, the visual effect of the image derived from the algorithm is superior to that derived by traditional methods.

CHMT model in contourlet domain used in image code is original. As an improved code algorithm, the method is more powerful; its use could decrease the distortion of decoded images invaluable in the fields of military, medical image analysis, deep space detection and so on.

Green finance aims to promote sustainable financial activities, environmental conservation and ecological balance. This study examines how renewable energy consumption (REN), technological innovation (TEC) and green finance (GRF) influence CO2 emissions in Vietnam from 2000 to 2022.

We utilize a novel three-stage methodology including quantile-on-quantile regression, wavelet coherence and wavelet-quantile regression to explore the relationship in the structure of intercorrelation in terms of quantile, time and frequency.

The findings show that Vietnam will increase environmental quality for higher green development. Specifically, there is a negative influence of TEC, REN and GRF on CO2 emissions across different quantiles and timescales.

The study recommends policies that support green development and reduce carbon emissions, such as increasing the use of renewable energy and conducting well-planned research to achieve a carbon-free, sustainable environment.

This article looks into the effects of GRF, TEC and REN on CO2 emissions in Vietnam. Some studies argue that green development in underdeveloped nations is insufficient to reduce CO2 emissions, thereby limiting the sample to a few advanced economies. Adopting diverse methodologies demonstrates the varied and intricate nature of understanding CO2 drivers. Additionally, our work makes detailed policy implications for Vietnam to meet its net-zero emission target and achieve sustainable development by 2050.

Prior studies have found that managers adjust operational activities to tackle climate risk. However, the effects of climate risk on accounting practices are largely ignored in the literature. This paper investigates whether and how climate risk influences managers’ decision-making on the level of accounting conservatism and explains the results based on two competing channels: valuation demand and contracting demand.

Using firm level climate risk measures, we build a modified Basu (1997) model to conduct our econometric tests. In the baseline model, we use earnings before extraordinary items as the dependent variable, referred to as the earnings model. We control for different levels of fixed effect to identify the shocks of climate risk and mitigate potential concerns on endogeneity and bias in the model. A series of robustness tests provide supporting evidence for our baseline results and our explanation.

Using a sample of 35,832 firm-year observations on listed US firms over the period 2002 to 2019, we find that the perception of climate risk drives managers to choose the less conservative accounting policies. We conclude that the results are consistent with the valuation demand explanation but inconsistent with the contracting demand explanation.

The study provides additional evidence on how managers respond to climate risk by adjusting their corporate polices, specifically accounting policies. Our findings contradict the results of prior studies. We explain our results from a unique perspective. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for academics, investors, managers and policymakers.

Financial distress (FD) is an unfavorable situation that can have severe negative consequences on a firm. Within the range of multiple micro and macro factors, firm’s dividend policy can impact FD. However, this relationship is yet to be explored. Since shareholder yield (SHY) is a major component of the dividend policy, this study aims to explore the effect of SHY on a firm’s FD. Taking insights from stakeholder theory and dividend signaling theory, we also examined if this relationship is moderated by competition and firm size.

The data from Fortune 500 companies over thirteen years (2010–2022) was subjected to panel data analysis (PDA). The analysis particularly takes the quantile panel data model to have a deeper understanding of variable’s association in different scenarios of FD.

The findings revealed that the SHY does not directly influence a firm’s FD. However, it is negatively moderated by competition at a lower quantile of financial stability and positively moderated by firm size at all quantiles of financial stability (reverse of FD). It means when competition increases, the shareholder’s yield reduces the financial stability. However, it improves financial stability when firm size increases.

The findings deliver significant implications for all the stakeholders to consider dividend policy in form of SHY as a crucial element for a firm’s financial soundness. It is very situational to improve or detriment the financial health of the firm when it combines with other factors particularly competition or firm size. Hence, it is important to understand its sensitivity for FD.

In this study, we evidenced competition and firm size as moderators to SHY and FD relationship thus presenting novel insights. The findings are integrated to stakeholder theory and dividend signaling theory, and thus offer theoretical advancements.

In this paper, a lifetime estimation model for the solder joint is proposed which is capable of considering both severe and running mechanical shocks which is the real case in electric converters in the automotive and aerospace applications. This paper aims to asses the reliability of the solder joint under mixed exposure of mechanical loads.

Mechanical failure process may put at risk the perfect performance of any kinds of electronic systems regardless of the applications they are prepared for. Observation of solder joint health in an electronic assembly under simultaneous exposure of severe and running shocks is an open problem. Three commonly used soldering compositions are considered while the electronic assembly is exposed to three well-known driving cycles.

The results show that the best performance is achieved using SAC405 soldering alloy in comparison with Sn63Pb37 and SAC387 solder alloy. Consideration of mixed exposure to the mechanical loads leads to much more accurate lifetime estimation of the solder joint in the electronic assemblies.

The originality of the paper is confirmed.

This study examines the influence of the stock market on foreign direct investment in developing countries and how government effectiveness moderates this relationship.

The study involved four East African Community countries and a panel dataset from 1995 to 2020. The study utilized feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) as a primary model and panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) for a robustness check.

The impact of the stock market on foreign direct investment (FDI) is mixed. While value traded, market capitalization and the number of listed companies positively affect FDI, stock turnover has a negative impact. Government effectiveness also positively influences FDI and significantly moderates the relationship with the stock market.

The sample is only limited to stock markets and East African Community countries, and due to the unavailability of data, only four countries were captured.

Stock markets and government effectiveness are crucial for attracting FDI by enhancing the attractiveness of host countries for investment. The policymakers should improve institutional quality, support stock market development, bolster investment appeal and provide an alternative capital source.

Policy formulation should encourage institutional quality practices and support the stock market development that serves as an alternative source of capital.

This paper examines how stock markets impact FDI inflows and investigates the moderating role of government effectiveness in this relationship. The findings reveal that both stock market development and government effectiveness enhance a host country’s attractiveness for inward FDI.

This study investigates the effect of climate change sentiments (CCS) on firm value (FV) and how environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices moderate this effect.

High-dimensional fixed effects and a two-stage generalized method of moments are applied to data on 6,059 publicly traded firms from 2006 to 2022.

There is a significant negative effect of CCS on FV, specifically on growth option value (GOV) and Tobin’s Q (TQR), which intensifies during crisis periods. ESG practices, however, moderate this relationship positively, especially for firms with higher GOV and TQR, enhancing their resilience to climate risks. External shocks accelerate sustainability-driven strategies in firms with higher CCS exposure. In developed countries, firms show a stronger sensitivity to CCS due to stronger institutional environments and investor pressure, while firms in developing countries exhibit a weaker sensitivity.

The results underline the necessity for corporate managers to proactively manage climate-related risks and integrate robust ESG strategies to sustain and enhance FV. Analysts, risk managers and investors should consider a company’s exposure to CCS and its ESG performance when assessing risk profiles. Policymakers are encouraged to implement stronger regulatory frameworks and incentives promoting corporate transparency and accountability in managing climate-related risks.

This study unfolds novel evidence, linking psychological research and the traditional basic modified model through an examination of the effect of CCS on FV using an international sample. It highlights the critical role of ESG practices in mitigating the adverse effects of CCS on FV, providing valuable insights for businesses, investors and policymakers.

This study explores distinct capital structure patterns between private and public companies, examining the varying influence of determinants on debt choices contingent upon a firm’s existing debt position.

Employing annual data from 2012 to 2022 for 142 public firms and 660 private firms in a large emerging economy, we use quantile regression within a panel data framework to study the heterogeneous effects of debt determinants, incorporating firm and time random effects.

Our findings indicate that such factors as size and operating margin contribute to higher levels of debt, while investment opportunities reduce the debt level. Further analyses, when accounting for a firm’s likelihood of being publicly traded, reveal that dividend payout and operating margin significantly influence debt levels, exclusively in the presence of high debt proportions. Conversely, investment opportunities emerge as a substantial determinant in all debt scenarios. In addition, we found a strong persistence in the indebtedness of companies, and we conclude that the effect of the determinants of indebtedness is heterogeneous according to the level of debt of companies.

This research provides a comprehensive comparison between private and public firms, not only in terms of debt levels but also in key capital structure determinants, highlighting their significance within the context of varying debt levels.