Jose Luis Rivas, Erica Salvaj and Miguel Cordova
The purpose of this study is to analyze interlocking directorate (ID) networks of family and nonfamily firms (FFs) in Chile, Mexico and Peru.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze interlocking directorate (ID) networks of family and nonfamily firms (FFs) in Chile, Mexico and Peru.
Design/methodology/approach
Social network analysis methodology allowed us to analyze the position of FFs within the structure of IDs at the local and transnational levels.
Findings
FFs tend to have a higher proportion of board interlocks to other firms, especially FFs. In addition, FFs are more likely to occupy a brokerage position in national IDs structures. Finally, they also have a higher proportion of interlocks to other domestic firms in and nearby geographic areas. Thus, they create transnational networks.
Originality/value
This paper finds evidence that supports three of the premises of interorganizational familiness literature (Lester and Cannella, 2006). FFs are part of national as well as international corporate networks more than other types of firms, through interlocking directorships.
Proposito
Analizar redes de consejeros de empresas familiares y no familiares en Chile, México y Perú.
Metodologia
El análisis de redes sociales nos permitió analizar la posición de empresas familiares dentro de la estructura de redes a nivel local y transnacional.
Hallazgos
Las empresas familiares tienen un nivel más alto de entrecruzamientos con otras empresas, especialmente con las familiares. Además, las empresas familiares son mas propensas a ocupar posiciones de intermediación en las estructuras nacionales de redes. Finalmente, también tienen más entrecruzamientos con otras empresas nacionales y en regiones geográficas cercanas por lo que crean redes transnacionales.
Originalidad
Encontramos evidencia que apoya los tres pilares de la literatura de familiaridad interorganizacional (Lester y Cannella 2006). Las empresas familiares son parte de una red nacional e internacional más que otros tipos de empresas a través de las interconexiones de posiciones en consejos.
Objetivo
Analisar redes de diretores de empresas familiares e não familiares no Chile, México e Peru.
Metodologia
A análise das redes sociais permitiu analisar a posição das empresas familiares na estrutura das redes a nível local e transnacional.
Resultados
As empresas familiares têm um nível mais elevado de ligações cruzadas com outras empresas, especialmente as empresas familiares. Além disso, é mais provável que as empresas familiares ocupem posições intermediárias nas estruturas das redes nacionais. Por último, têm também mais referências cruzadas com outras empresas nacionais e em regiões geográficas próximas, pelo que criam redes transnacionais.
Originalidade
Encontramos evidências que sustentam os três pilares da literatura sobre familiaridade interorganizacional (Lester e Cannella 2006). As empresas familiares fazem parte de uma rede nacional e internacional mais do que outros tipos de empresas através do interconexões de cargos nos conselhos de administração.
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Diego Finchelstein, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez and Erica Helena Salvaj
In this exploratory multiple case study, we aim to compare the internationalization of two state-owned enterprises (SOEs) owned by subnational governments with three owned by…
Abstract
Purpose
In this exploratory multiple case study, we aim to compare the internationalization of two state-owned enterprises (SOEs) owned by subnational governments with three owned by central governments in Latin America. This study provides a contextualized answer to the question: What are the differences in the internationalization of subnationally owned SOEs compared to central SOEs? This study finds that the speed and diversification of these two types of SOEs’ internationalization differ because they have a different expansion logic. Subnationally owned SOEs have a gradual and diversified expansion following market rules. Central government’s SOEs are specialized and take more drastic steps in their internationalization, which relates to non-market factors.
Design/methodology/approach
This study builds an exploratory qualitative comparative case analysis that uses multiple sources of data and information to develop a comprehensive understanding of SOEs through process tracing.
Findings
The study posits some assumptions that are confirmed in the case analysis. This study finds relevant differences between sub-national (SSOEs) and central authority (CSOEs’) strategies. SSOEs’ fewer resources and needs to increase income push them to follow a gradual market-driven internationalization and to diversify abroad. CSOEs non-gradual growth is justified by non-market factors (i.e. national politics). CSOEs do not diversify abroad due to the broader set of constituencies they have to face.
Research limitations/implications
Given the exploratory comparative case study of this research, the findings are bounded by the particularities of the cases and their region (Latin America). This paper and its findings can be useful for theory building but it does not claim any generalization capacity.
Originality/value
This study adds complexity into the SOEs phenomenon by distinguishing between different types of SOEs. This paper contributes to the study of subnational phenomena and its effect in SOEs’ internationalization process, which is an understudied topic. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is among the first studies that explore subnational SOEs in Latin America.
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Miguel Cordova, Dinorá Eliete Floriani, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Michel Hermans, Santiago Mingo, Fabiola Monje-Cueto, Karla Maria Nava-Aguirre, Carlos Adrian Rodriguez and Erica Salvaj
This paper aims to provide insights into the internationalization strategic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by higher education institutions (HEIs) in Latin America.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to provide insights into the internationalization strategic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by higher education institutions (HEIs) in Latin America.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on information from eight leading Latin American private universities. The data were obtained from official sources such as institutional communications and university administrators.
Findings
The authors identify two main issues that HEIs should consider while responding to the pandemic. First, greater attention and resource allocation to the universities' main local stakeholders can affect traditional internationalization activities. Second, a focus on revitalizing foreign partnerships and strengthening “virtual internationalization” can help maintain and eventually increase international presence.
Research limitations/implications
While this study analyses how these Latin American HEIs responded during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, it is important to conduct follow-up studies to shed light on how HEIs are adapting to the COVID-19 crisis as it continues to unfold.
Originality/value
This study is based on unique information gathered from leading private, not-for-profit HEIs in Latin America, which, contrary to state-owned HEIs or other private institutions in developed economies, have exhibited different means and conditions to respond to the coronavirus outbreak. Finally, the authors contribute to the literature on the internationalization of HEIs by discussing the role of a significant disruptive event on the internationalization of higher education and, particularly, business schools.
Propósito
Este artículo discute las respuestas estratégicas de internacionalización frente a la pandemia del COVID-19 implementadas por Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en América Latina.
Diseño/metodología/aproximación
Este estudio se basa en información de ocho universidades privadas líderes en América Latina. La información fue obtenida de fuentes oficiales tales como comunicados institucionales y autoridades.
Hallazgos
Identificamos dos temas principales que las IES deben considerar mientras responden al COVID-19. Primero, una mayor atención y reubicación de recursos hacia los principales grupos de interés local puede afectar las actividades tradicionales de internacionalización. Segundo, revitalizar las alianzas extranjeras y fortalecer la “internacionalización virtual” puede ayudar a mantener y eventualmente incrementar la presencia internacional.
Limitaciones de investigación/implicaciones
Si bien este estudio analiza cómo un grupo de IES Latinoamericanas respondieron durante las etapas iniciales del COVID-19, es importante continuar analizando cómo las IES se siguen adaptando a medida que la crisis COVID-19 avanza.
Originalidad/valor
Este estudio se basa en datos únicos obtenidos de IES privadas, sin fines de lucro, y líderes en América Latina que, al contrario de las universidades públicas u otras IES en economías desarrolladas, exhiben medios y condiciones diferentes para responder a la expansión del coronavirus. Finalmente, este trabajo contribuye a la literatura sobre internacionalización de IES mediante la discusión del rol de un evento disruptivo de escala mundial en la internacionalización de universidades y, particularmente, escuelas de negocios.
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M. Fernanda Wagstaff, Erica Salvaj and Sarah Villanueva
The purpose of this study is to analyze the case of Ximena Aguilera, a prominent Chilean epidemiologist, as an exemplar of a champion in times of COVID-19 in Ibero-America. We…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze the case of Ximena Aguilera, a prominent Chilean epidemiologist, as an exemplar of a champion in times of COVID-19 in Ibero-America. We also refine our understanding of the nature of a champion facing wicked problems.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use qualitative case analysis to examine Aguilera’s actions in response to COVID-19 and compare her actions with the characteristics of an emerging theory of champions facing wicked problems.
Findings
This study builds iteratively upon prior analysis of gender equality champions and finds that the depth, scope and leverage of embracement of champions in times of COVID-19 are parallel to those of gender equality champions. The authors also discuss the findings from the perspective of wicked problems.
Research limitations/implications
Future qualitative and quantitative work is needed to examine the boundaries of the theory of champions facing wicked problems across a wider range of problem domains and in a wider population of champions.
Practical implications
Wicked problems can occur in multi-level organizational structures, and understanding the characteristics of individuals best-suited to contribute to the definition and solution of these problems is relevant to organizational selection, development, policy and practices.
Social implications
Many of the society’s greatest challenges are defined as wicked problems, so understanding the champions of wicked problems is critical for public policy and societal advancement efforts. The nature of wicked problems is considered, and the implications of champions of wicked problems for society are discussed.
Originality/value
This work offers an in-depth examination of a champion facing a wicked problem, here the COVID-19 pandemic, while the crisis is ongoing. By capturing the champion’s observations and experiences in real time, the authors obtain a perspective that is unique and unavailable through other methods.
Propósito
El propósito de este estudio es analizar el caso de Ximena Aguilera, una destacada epidemióloga chilena como ejemplo singular de una paladín enfrentando COVID-19 en Iberoamérica. También perfilamos nuestra visión de la condición de una paladín enfrentando un problema complejo y de difícil solución.
Metodología
Utilizamos el análisis de un caso cualitativo para examinar las acciones de Ximena Aguilera en respuesta al COVID 19. Comparamos sus acciones con las características de una teoría emergente de paladines enfrentando problemas complejos.
Resultados
Este estudio se fundamenta en forma reiterativa en un análisis previo de paladines de igualdad de género y encuentra que la profundidad, alcance y efectividad del acogimiento de los paladines enfrentando COVID-19 es similar a la de aquellos paladines de igualdad de género. También analizamos los resultados bajo la perspectiva de los problemas complejos.
Originalidad
Este trabajo ofrece un análisis profundo de una paladín enfrentando un problema complejo, la pandemia del COVID-19, estando la crisis en curso. Al captar las observaciones y experiencias de una paladín en tiempo real, logramos una perspectiva que es única y que no está disponible a través de otros métodos.
Limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigación
Se requiere en el futuro de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa para analizar los límites de la teoría de paladines enfrentando problemas complejos a través de un rango más amplio de problemas y en una población más extensa de paladines.
Implicaciones Prácticas
Los problemas complejos pueden presentarse en estructuras organizacionales de niveles múltiples y entender las características de quienes son más aptos para contribuir a la definición y solución de estos problemas, resulta importante para la selección y el desarrollo de normas y prácticas organizacionales.
Implicaciones Sociales
Muchos de los más grandes retos de la sociedad son definidos como problemas complejos, por lo que, para las normas públicas y los esfuerzos de avance social, es fundamental entender a los paladines enfrentando problemas complejos. Consideramos la naturaleza de los problemas complejos y también discutimos las implicaciones de los paladines de problemas complejos para la sociedad y la práctica de la gestión.
Objetivo
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o caso de Ximena Aguilera, uma epidemiologista chilena, como um exemplar único de uma líder em tempos de Covid-19 na Iberoamérica. Nós também aprimoramos nosso entendimento sobre a natureza de uma profissional lider que enfrenta soluções para um problema considerado complexo.
Metodologia
Nós usamos uma análise de caso quantitativa para examinar as ações de Ximena Aguilera no combate à COVID-19. Nós comparamos suas ações com as características de uma teoria emergente de líderes que enfrentam problemas complexos.
Resultados
Este estudo utiliza análises prévias de estudos anteriores de igualdade de gênero e descobre que o profundidade, âmbito e a influência do acolhimento de líderes em tempos de COVID-19 são paralelos aos de igualdade de gênero. Neste estudo também discutimos os resultados sob a perspectiva de problemas considerados complexos.
Originalidade
Este trabalho oferece um estudo profundo de uma líder que enfrenta um problema complexo, como a pandemia global chamada COVID-19, enquanto a crise da pandemia acontece. Através das observações e experiências obtidas pela líder em tempo real, conseguimos obter uma perspectiva única e indisponível de se conseguir por outros métodos.
Limitações e implicações da pesquisa
é preciso que se façam futuros trabalhos quantitativos para se examinar os limites da teoria de líderes que enfrentam problemas complexos, através de um escopo maior do problema em uma população mais abrangente de líderes que buscam soluções para problemas complexos.
Implicações práticas
problemas complexos podem ocorrer em estruturas organizacionais de vários níveis. O entendimento das característica de individuos melhor qualificados que possam contribuir para a definição e solução de tais problemas é de extrema relevância para a seleção, desenvolvimento, regras e práticas organizacionais.
Implicações sociais
Muitos dos maiores desafios de nossa sociedade são chamados problemas complexos ou de difíceis soluções. Assim sendo, o entendimento das ações dos líderes que enfrentam esses problemas é crítico para as diretrizes de políticas públicas e esforços sociais avançados para se combater o problema. A natureza desses problemas é considerada neste estudo bem como as implicações das ações dos líderes desses problemas para a sociedade, sendo que práticas gerenciais são particularmente discutidas.
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Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Miguel Cordova, Michel Hermans, Karla Maria Nava-Aguirre, Fabiola Monje-Cueto, Santiago Mingo, Santiago Tobon, Carlos Adrian Rodriguez, Erica Helena Salvaj and Dinorá Eliete Floriani
This study aims to build on embedded approaches to stakeholder management and examines how organizational decision-makers consider social responsibility toward proximal…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to build on embedded approaches to stakeholder management and examines how organizational decision-makers consider social responsibility toward proximal stakeholders in crises that encompass an entire system of stakeholder relationships.
Design/methodology/approach
Within a criterion-based sample of eight Latin American private universities, this paper develops in-depth exploratory case studies to examine the prioritization of stakeholders in higher education institutions’ decision-making during the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis.
Findings
Contrary to the notion that during crises organizations prioritize stakeholders that provide resources that are critical to survival, this study finds that in contextual crises stakeholder management is informed by social responsibility. In addition, the findings suggest that crises may be tipping points for changes toward mission-driven approaches to governance.
Practical implications
Acknowledging the roles of social responsibility and proximity in stakeholder management during contextual crises allows for more informed governance of organizations that face disruptions in their system of stakeholder relations.
Originality/value
This study contributes unique insights into the decision-maker’s prioritization of stakeholders during the COVID-19 crisis. The uncertainty associated with the emerging “new normal” allowed for an extreme test of socially embedded versus resource-oriented approaches to stakeholder management.
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Muhammad Ayat, Azmat Ullah and Changwook Kang
The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the unsolicited proposal (USP) and the performance of private participation infrastructure (PPI) projects…
Abstract
Purpose
The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the unsolicited proposal (USP) and the performance of private participation infrastructure (PPI) projects in developing countries.
Design/methodology/approach
The main data set for this study was collected from the World Bank database consisting of 8,951 PPI projects that occurred in developing countries from 1996 to 2020. Hierarchical logistic regression was applied for investigating the effects of USPs on project success. Three moderators, namely, control of corruption, presence of local sponsor and project size were also included in the model to test the impact of their interactions with the USP on the performance of PPI projects. Further, to assess the impact of the effect of USPs, the average marginal effect was calculated. The framework used in this study consists of 18 control variables, three moderators and one noncontrolled independent variable (the USP).
Findings
The results of hierarchical logistic regression indicate that USPs have a significant and negative effect on the success of PPI projects occurring in developing countries. The negative effect of a USP weakens with the presence of local sponsors and stronger control of corruption in the host country. However, contrary to the authors’ expectations, the results show that project size does not significantly affect the association between USPs and the success of PPI projects. Moreover, the results of average marginal effects show that the negative impact of USP on the success of PPI projects ranges between 2.4% and 3.8%.
Originality/value
This study quantifies the negative impact of USP on the success of PPI projects in developing countries, which will be helpful for the practitioners to understand the associated risk with USP projects. Furthermore, it also identifies the moderating roles of control of corruption and the presence of local sponsors on the relationship between USP and the success of PPI projects.
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Muhammad Ayat, Mehran Ullah, Zeeshan Pervez, Jonathan Lawrence, Chang Wook Kang and Azmat Ullah
The study aims to examine the impact of key variables on the success of solicited and unsolicited private participation in infrastructure (PPI) projects using machine learning…
Abstract
Purpose
The study aims to examine the impact of key variables on the success of solicited and unsolicited private participation in infrastructure (PPI) projects using machine learning techniques.
Design/methodology/approach
The data has information on 8,674 PPI projects primarily derived from the World Bank database. In the study, a machine learning framework has been used to highlight the variables important for solicited and unsolicited projects. The framework addresses the data-related challenges using imputation, oversampling and standardization techniques. Further, it uses Random forest, Artificial neural network and Logistics regression for classification and a group of diverse metrics for assessing the performances of these classifiers.
Findings
The results show that around half of the variables similarly impact both solicited and unsolicited projects. However, some other important variables, particularly, institutional factors, have different levels of impact on both projects, which have been previously ignored. This may explain the reason for higher failure rates of unsolicited projects.
Practical implications
This study provides specific inputs to investors, policymakers and practitioners related to the impacts of several variables on solicited and unsolicited projects separately, which will help them in project planning and implementation.
Originality/value
The study highlights the differential impact of variables for solicited and unsolicited projects, challenging the previously assumed uniformity of impact of the given set of variables including institutional factors.