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Cationization of cotton is an effective tool that solves environmental problems by using vat dyes. In this research, the cationizing efficiency of Cibafix WFF and PrefixK are studied to replace toxic conventional redox agents with ecofriendly alternatives. It is found to be a better method when compared with the conventional and existing method of vat dyeing of cotton. Conditions, such as concentration of cationizing agents, time, temperature and pH, are optimized. Such conditions show better color strength when compared with conventional dyeing methods. The effect of cationization on color strength and fastness is observed, and show higher value in both light and dark shades. The cationized samples show comparable quality and are cheaper in cost when compared with the normal vat dyeing method. Cationization of cotton with Cibafix WFF is found to be a successfully and commercially viable process.

This study aims to describe the conversion of rice straw (RS) as an agricultural plant waste to high-performance cationic flocculant for kaolin clay suspension in wastewater treatment as an alternative to synthetic ones.

This was done by grafting rice straw after pretreatment with acrylamide (Aam) using microwave irradiation technique without using an initiator in an open vessel container for wastewater treatment. Radiation time, monomer and rice straw pulp concentration as well as microwave power were scrutinized to examine their impact on maximizing the graft yield %. Application of the resultant copolymers as flocculants for kaolin clay suspension was willful by studying the foremost influences inducing the flocculation process, for instance, flocculent dose, pH, stirring speed and extent of grafting.

It is seen from the obtained results that both FTIR, SEM, X-Ray diffraction, Thermo gravimetric analysis and Zeta potential confirmed the formation of the cationic amide group onto the graft copolymer chain in comparison with the ungrafted one; the microwave initiation method proved to be a very efficient tool concerning maximizing the graft yield % with no harsh chemicals used for initiating grafting; the flocculation efficiency of the prepared copolymers augmented by increasing the flocculant dose, pH and stirring speed to a maximum value signified at 2.0 g, 6.0 and 75 r/min, respectively, then decreased thereafter while increased by increasing the extent of grafting within the range studied; the flocculant reserved high flocculation efficiency even after five cycles of flocculation/regeneration; preliminary bridging mechanism demonstrating the attraction between the kaolin anionic suspended particles and cationic poly (Aam)-rice straw graft copolymer has been predicted.

The novelty addressed here is undertaken by preparing a very efficient cationic flocculant using rice straw waste with different degrees of grafting for the treatment of wastewater using this kind of microwave irradiation approach as an eco-friendly tool. As far as the authors are aware, no thorough investigation has been done in the literature until now dealing with the above-mentioned preparation process.

This study aims to focus on the main materials used in consolidation processes of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather binding.

For each material, chemical structure, chemical composition, molecular formula, solubility, advantages, disadvantages and its role in treatment process are presented.

This study concluded that carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, nanocrystalline cellulose, funori, sturgeon glue, poly vinyl alcohol, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs), gelatin, aquazol, paraloid B72 and hydroxyapatite NPs were the most common and important materials used for the consolidation of illuminated paper manuscripts. For the leather bindings, hydroxy propyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, oligomeric melamine-formaldehyde resin, acrylic wax SC6000, pliantex, paraloid B67 and B72, silicone oil and collagen NPs are the most consolidants used.

Illuminated paper manuscripts with leather binding are considered one of the most important objects in libraries, museums and storehouses. The uncontrolled conditions and other deterioration factors inside the libraries and storehouses lead to degradation of these artifacts. The brittleness, fragility and weakness are considered the most common deterioration aspects of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather binding. Therefore, the consolidation process became vital and important to solve this problem. This study presents the main materials used for consolidation process of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather bindings.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the corrosion inhibition of mild steel alloy in 2 M H₃PO₄ solution by the pomegranate peel extract as a friendly inhibitor was studied at various temperatures, inhibitor concentrations and immersion times.

A weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. The experimental Taguchi design method was used for the distribution of experiments. The experimental design gave results which were impossible to show graphically. However, this problem was solved effectively with the aid of regression analysis.

Corrosion rate increased with temperature according to Arrhenius equation. It was found that the efficiency of inhibition was increased with an increase in the concentration of inhibitor and immersion time. However, this diminishes with increased temperature. According to Langmuir isotherm, the inhibitor was adsorbed physically on steel surface. The negative sign of estimated heat of adsorption suggests a stable spontaneous inhibition process. Combination of mathematical and statistical analysis was proposed to demonstrate the results of corrosion rate with high correlation coefficients. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer examinations confirmed that the organic inhibitor consists of phenolic components as main materials.

Using unconventional approach for evaluation of environmentally friendly inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in phosphoric acid solution.