Fabrication of highly efficient cationic flocculant based on rice straw plant waste using microwave initiation technique: synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to describe the conversion of rice straw (RS) as an agricultural plant waste to high-performance cationic flocculant for kaolin clay suspension in wastewater treatment as an alternative to synthetic ones.
Design/methodology/approach
This was done by grafting rice straw after pretreatment with acrylamide (Aam) using microwave irradiation technique without using an initiator in an open vessel container for wastewater treatment. Radiation time, monomer and rice straw pulp concentration as well as microwave power were scrutinized to examine their impact on maximizing the graft yield %. Application of the resultant copolymers as flocculants for kaolin clay suspension was willful by studying the foremost influences inducing the flocculation process, for instance, flocculent dose, pH, stirring speed and extent of grafting.
Findings
It is seen from the obtained results that both FTIR, SEM, X-Ray diffraction, Thermo gravimetric analysis and Zeta potential confirmed the formation of the cationic amide group onto the graft copolymer chain in comparison with the ungrafted one; the microwave initiation method proved to be a very efficient tool concerning maximizing the graft yield % with no harsh chemicals used for initiating grafting; the flocculation efficiency of the prepared copolymers augmented by increasing the flocculant dose, pH and stirring speed to a maximum value signified at 2.0 g, 6.0 and 75 r/min, respectively, then decreased thereafter while increased by increasing the extent of grafting within the range studied; the flocculant reserved high flocculation efficiency even after five cycles of flocculation/regeneration; preliminary bridging mechanism demonstrating the attraction between the kaolin anionic suspended particles and cationic poly (Aam)-rice straw graft copolymer has been predicted.
Originality/value
The novelty addressed here is undertaken by preparing a very efficient cationic flocculant using rice straw waste with different degrees of grafting for the treatment of wastewater using this kind of microwave irradiation approach as an eco-friendly tool. As far as the authors are aware, no thorough investigation has been done in the literature until now dealing with the above-mentioned preparation process.
Keywords
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the spirit of Prof M. Ramdan, National Research Center for FTIR, SEM, Zeta potential, XRD and TGA characterization.
Funding: The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support conflict of interest were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Data availability: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This investigation has not involved any human subjects or animal participants.
Author statement: All authors confirm that the material presented in this manuscript has neither been previously published, except in abstract form, nor is it simultaneously under consideration by any other journal.
Citation
Mostafa, K., Elnagar, K. and El-Sanabary, A. (2024), "Fabrication of highly efficient cationic flocculant based on rice straw plant waste using microwave initiation technique: synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-08-2024-0087
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
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