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Although the prior literature has identified the relevance of dealer participation for multinational enterprises (MNEs), it is unclear whether such participation could also be an important means for local dealers to learn from MNEs. By adopting local firms’ viewpoint, our study draws on organizational learning theory to examine how local dealers benefit from their participation with foreign suppliers in Africa.

The empirical setting is a combinative dataset of secondary data and primary survey of 164 small- and medium-sized local dealers with nine subsidiaries of a Chinese motorcycle company in six countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.

This research shows that dealer participation is positively associated with dealer performance, and this positive effect is stronger when local dealers operate in regions with low government corruption and high government support. However, the positive relationship is weaker when local dealers use the local tongue extensively but becomes stronger when their foreign suppliers have a high dealer coverage.

By taking a local-participant perspective, our study extends the participation literature to show how firms from a resource-constrained region may benefit from their proactive participation with foreign counterparts. Additionally, we identify the boundary conditions of institutional factors and strategic choices of local dealers and foreign suppliers, providing a nuanced understanding of firm behaviors in complex and uncertain markets.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss characteristics of dealers training and development in Macau gambling industry by investigating and analyzing the current dealers training and development status of Macau gambling casinos. Training and development prepare and enhance dealer's knowledge and skills to enable them to adapt to the working environment and create a career opportunity in their organization.

In-depth interviews were conducted with Macau casino human recourse manger, and questionnaire survey was used to investigate the views of dealers in training and development provided by their organization.

This paper revealed that the development and training of Macao's dealers are mainly in individual professional skills, including executive ability, professional attitude and communication skills training. According to the current situation of dealer's training and development, a human resource investment policy is that the government requires undertaking a part of the work in the dealers' community.

This paper examined the current demand for talents in Macau gambling casinos focusing on dealers' survey of the casino's training concepts, including training perception, organization arrangement and training information, etc. It is the least published official information, and training and development program in Macau gambling industry wreaked the questionnaire design.

This survey first time revealed a characteristic of dealer's human resources training and development in the Macau gambling industry. The authors got comprehensive and profound understanding of dealers' job skills and career development needs through the professional position and job characteristics investigation and analysis.

The investigation reveals the inadequately training offered for dealers pre-employment. At least, it cannot meet the gambling industry's basic needs for dealer occupation in many ways. The school's training of dealers and the training provided by the casino has a huge gap, which the school's training is a short-term, compared to the gambling enterprises on the professional skills requirements of recruit dealers. But the school in long-term provide a wider range of knowledge for dealers career development.

This research conducted by the author in 2017 showed that dealer training and development views could be used to in the gambling industry in human resource practical management.

Suppliers use a variety of strategies to gain a preferred position within their dealers′ supply network. Dealers allocate purchases among several suppliers in order to maximize benefits from their suppliers′ competitive maneuvers and to avoid being dominated. Uses an extension of transaction cost analysis and contract law to provide empirical insight into supplier‐dealer relationships within dealers′ supply networks. Also suggests simple but powerful mechanisms for suppliers to enhance relationship strength.

A pooled income fund (PIF) is one of the methods created under the 1969 Tax Reform Act whereby a taxpayer may make a tax‐deductible remainder gift to a charitable organization. The fund, established by a charitable organization to receive irrevocable gifts from at least two donors, pays current income to the individual beneficiaries for life, but at the termination of each income interest, the allocable principal must revert permanently to the charitable organization. In recent years, a number of PIFs have been offered to the public by charitable organizations through broker‐dealers or related entities. There are numerous securities‐law issues implicated by the sales of these PIFs, including: (i) whether broker‐dealers may solicit donations to such funds and receive compensation for their solicitations; (ii) the effect of the broker‐dealers’ solicitation and receipt of compensation have on securities registration for the PIF or units offered therein under the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Investment Company Act of 1940; (iii) whether staff and persons affiliated with the sponsoring charity, including parties assisting them in the marketing of such pooled income funds, also should be permitted to solicit donations; (iv) whether such charities or persons, or parties assisting them in the marketing of such pooled income funds, then should be required to register as broker‐dealers; (v) what securities licenses may be required of the aforementioned parties; and (vi) whether there are ways to design the manner in which third parties other than broker dealers are compensated to resolve any potential issues arising from answers to the previous questions. This article first sets forth the applicable law involved in the analysis and then attempts to answer each of the issues presented above.

For many companies, dealer networks are the key to success. Networks provide the critical access to companies' markets. Yet, too often, companies have not expended the effort to incorporate this critical link into their own elaborate strategic plans.

Cooperative advertising is intended for the mutual benefit of channel partners. Shows that manufacturers and dealers/distributors in the boating industry view this marketing activity very differently. Manufacturers see no connection between cooperative advertising and other aspects of the relationships with their dealers. On the other hand, dealers relate their views of cooperative advertising to other facets of their relationships with manufacturers. Consequently, when there is conflict over cooperative advertising, it is liable to have a negative effect on other arrangements that dealers have with manufacturers. Manufacturers may not understand how negativity creeps into other relationships between dealers and themselves.

Efficient, or seemingly efficient, distribution of goods and services is something most of us take for granted most of the time in western advanced economic systems. Yet, as catastrophes and wars have repeatedly shown, a distribution system is a sophisticated and often fragile institutional phenomenon. In the face of such fragility and sophistication we tend to over‐compensate; we tend to generate excess capacity to meet almost any demand. Our understanding of channels of distribution and the complex relationships within them is accordingly adolescent rather than mature. During the coming decade, as the economies of the nine E.E.C. countries seek to adapt to their rapidly changing environments, there seems little room for doubt that greater maturity will be necessary and that it will emerge. Here we seek to discuss two conceptual constructs as the basis for understanding movement from adolescence to early maturity. Firstly, we explore the total systems approach; then we shall take a look at the use of comparative analytical method.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the significant responses of the staff of the SEC to 16 frequently asked questions (FAQs) which supplement prior guidance on Rule 15a‐6 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

The paper lists Rule 15a‐6 activities, refers to prior guidance on the rule, and summarizes the following issues, among others, covered in the FAQs: transactions between a foreign broker‐dealer and a person temporarily in the USA, distribution by a foreign broker‐dealer of research reports to major US institutional investors, activities of foreign broker‐dealers taken with unaffiliated registered broker‐dealers, boundaries to the definition of “solicitation” by a foreign broker‐dealer of a US investor, and minimum net capital requirements for a registered broker‐dealer in a chaperoning arrangement with a foreign broker‐dealer.

This guidance does not break new ground and may be supplemented in the future. An amendment of Rule 15a‐6 is still necessary to address its fundamental limitations.

The paper provides practical explanation by experienced financial services lawyers.

Libraries undertake many activities to stretch budget dollars and “get more for less,” enhancing their collections at the least cost. In some instances, these programs also are seen as having the potential to generate revenues for the library. Serials duplicates exchange programs are one example of this type of activity. Often, the duplicate exchange is viewed as a cost‐effective mechanism for acquiring wanted back issues of serial titles. Libraries offer their duplicates or discards to exchange partners and receive journal issues they may be lacking. Money does not change hands, and all participants appear to benefit. On the surface, this activity appears to be a cost‐free mechanism for swapping excess materials for needed ones. A concern about postage increases and the cost of shipping materials to exchange partners prompted the Pennsylvania State University Libraries to evaluate its serials duplicates exchange program. This cost study documented the actual cost to maintain a duplicates exchange program and provided an opportunity to examine these costs in relation to the benefits derived from the program. The following is a summary of the method used to analyze the costs and benefits of the serials duplicates exchange program at Penn State, as well as the results of the study.

The last decade of the prior millennium witnessed many revolutionary, not evolutionary, changes in the way business is done and information is exchanged globally. The Internet has changed and speeded up the ways we exchange and use information and the time necessary for doing so. This revolution has the potential to reshape the world we live in; to draw us closer together in a global community; and to allow businesses to sell products and services and to raise capital on a global basis simultaneously. Instantaneous satellite transmission of television news coverage informs us of critical events, including financial developments, in distant lands. E‐mail allows us to establish business and personal relationships and communicate ideas rapidly with foreign individuals. And we have also seen increased interest among businessmen and others in investing capital in foreign nations and in the securities of companies publicly traded in foreign or international markets. The Internet allows investors to create ‘chat rooms’ to exchange information and ideas about issuers.