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This paper aims to consider whether developing countries can create viable and sustainable tourism sectors.

To provide a focus and context to answer the question, the introduction to the subject reviews some of the earlier publication relating to tourism in the developing countries beginning from 1950 and notes how many of these publications foresaw the benefits of using tourism as a supportive activity for general development but also indicated many of the challenges and disadvantages the countries faced in so doing.

Looking to 2050, the paper makes two assumptions. First, the demand for international tourism will continue. Second, any future disruption of demand caused by wars, terrorism, epidemics or economic difficulties will be short-term and not as universally disruptive to international travel demand as was caused by Covid-19. The paper concludes that developing countries can create viable tourism sectors but that sustainability is unlikely in the absence of careful and sensitive management of the tourism sector.

Tourism development options must be evaluated within the potential and capacities of the individual country. There is no single development model. An important initiative is to help identify and develop local talent for the tourism sector, particularly related to planning, policy and implementation requirements. Government and the private sector should be encouraged to cooperate in development initiatives.

This paper provides an “insider view” of the realities of pursuing sustainable tourism development options and the related challenges and opportunities and emphasises the role of government in this process.

本文的目的是考虑发展中国家是否能够创造可行和可持续的旅游业。

为了提供一个焦点和背景来回答这个问题, 本文的引言回顾了从1950年开始的一些关于发展中国家旅游业的早期文献, 并指出其中有多少文献预见到了旅游业作为支持总体发展活动的优势, 但也指出了各国在这样做时面临的许多挑战和劣势。

展望2050 年, 本文做出了两个假设。首先, 对国际旅游业的需求将继续, 其次, 战争、恐怖主义、流行病和经济困难对未来需求的任何破坏都将是短期的, 不会像新冠肺炎对国际旅游需求造成的普遍破坏。文章的结论是, 发展中国家可以创建可行的旅游部门, 但如果不对旅游部门进行谨慎和敏感的管理, 可持续性就不太可能实现。

本文对追求可持续旅游发展选择的现实以及相关的挑战和机遇提供了“内部视角”, 并强调了政府在这一过程中的作用。

旅游业发展方案必须在单个国家的潜力和能力范围内进行评估。没有单一的发展模式。一项重要举措是帮助确定和培养旅游业的当地人才, 特别是与规划、政策和实施要求相关的人才。应鼓励政府和私营部门在发展倡议方面进行合作。

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar si los países en desarrollo pueden crear sectores turísticos que sean viables y sostenibles.

Con el fin de aportar un enfoque y contextualización para responder la cuestión, en la introducción al tema se examinan publicaciones previas sobre el turismo en los países en desarrollo a partir de 1950 y se apunta cómo gran parte de estas publicaciones preveían los beneficios de utilizar el turismo como actividad de apoyo para el desarrollo general, pero también indicaban retos y desventajas a los que se enfrentaban los países.

De cara a 2050, el artículo parte de dos supuestos. En primer lugar, la demanda de turismo internacional continuará. En segundo lugar, cualquier futura interrupción de la demanda causada por guerras, terrorismo, epidemias o dificultades económicas será de corta duración y no afectará de forma tan generalizada a la demanda de viajes internacionales como lo hizo el Covid-19. El artículo concluye que los países en desarrollo pueden crear sectores turísticos viables, pero que la sostenibilidad es improbable si no se lleva a cabo una gestión cuidadosa y responsable del sector turístico.

Este artículo ofrece una «visión interna» de las distintas opciones de desarrollo del turismo sostenible, así como de los retos y oportunidades que conlleva, y hace hincapié en el papel gubernamental en este proceso.

Las opciones de desarrollo turístico deben evaluarse dentro del potencial y las capacidades de cada país. No existe un único modelo de desarrollo. Una iniciativa importante es contribuir a identificar y desarrollar el talento local para el sector turístico, especialmente en lo referente a los requisitos de planificación, política y ejecución. Se debería instar al gobierno y al sector privado a cooperar en las iniciativas de desarrollo.

This paper aims to illustrate the logics that have shifted in the Chinese hotel industry since 1949 and discuss its implications for advance a better understanding of how and why the Chinese hotel industry has evolved into its present situation. The logic evolution and future trends in this market were also discussed.

As this research is aimed at answering the “how” and “why” aspects in the evolution of Chinese hotel industry, qualitative approach is applied to answer the questions.

This paper divided the history of contemporary Chinese hotel industry into three stages: 1949-1977, 1978-2001 and 2002 to the present. Hotel business in each period was dominated by state logic, profession logic and market/corporation logic, respectively.

The authors applied institutional logics perspective to explore how and why China hotel industry evolved in the past 70 years.

This study aims to investigate the development of Airbnb in China from the perspective of hospitality leaders by identifying the positive and negative effects of Airbnb development in the country.

A qualitative approach was adopted to explore the current development of sharing accommodation service in China. Focus group discussions were conducted with the managers and top executives of hotels in China.

Most of the participants affirmed that the experience of local culture and authenticity are the advantages of staying in this type of informal accommodation. From the viewpoint of hoteliers, traditional accommodation is necessary to rethink their strategies by providing authentic experiences. By contrast, Airbnb service may not seamlessly fit into Chinese culture. The result also indicated that there is a need for government to regulate the informal accommodation platforms.

This study provides views towards Airbnb from the traditional accommodation sector in Mainland China, which can contribute to the future regulation of informal accommodation services.

Chinese market is the leading sector in tourism industry. With the popularity of Airbnb development around the world, Airbnb is still in a developing stage in Mainland China. This study is based on 45 hoteliers and industry professionals in China, who share their views on Airbnb development and how it should move forward. The findings of this study shed light on the informal accommodation service and its future directions in China.

爱彼迎在中国的未来：酒店业领导者的行业观点

这项研究旨在从酒店业领导者的角度调查Airbnb在中国的发展, 以确定Airbnb在中国发展的正面和负面影响。

本文采用定性方法来探索中国共享住宿服务的当前发展。研究组与中国酒店的经理和高层管理人员进行了焦点小组讨论。

大多数参与者表示, 当地文化和真实性的体验是住在Airbnb这种非正式住宿中的优势。从酒店经营者的角度来看, 传统的住宿业需要重新考虑他们的经营策略, 为顾客提供真实的体验。相比之下, Airbnb的服务可能无法无缝融入中国文化。结果还表明, 政府需要规范非正式的住宿平台。

该研究提供了中国内地传统住宿业对Airbnb的看法, 这有助于未来对非正式住宿服务的监管。

中国市场是旅游业的主导市场。Airbnb在世界范围内不断普及, 而它在中国内地市场仍处于发展阶段。参与研究的45位中国酒店业者和行业专业人士, 分享了对Airbnb开发的看法以及其之后的发展方向。这项研究的结果阐明了非正式住宿服务在中国的未来发展方向。

El futuro de Airbnb en China: perspectiva de la industria desde el punto de vista de líderes hoteleros

Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el desarrollo de Airbnb en China desde la perspectiva de líderes hoteleros, mediante la identificación de los efectos positivos y negativos del desarrollo de Airbnb en el país.

Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo para explorar el desarrollo actual del servicio de alojamiento colaborativo en China. Se llevaron a cabo discusiones de grupos focales con los gerentes y altos ejecutivos de hoteles en China.

La mayoría de los participantes afirmaron que la experiencia de la cultura local y la autenticidad, son las ventajas de alojarse en este tipo de “alojamiento informal”. Desde el punto de vista de los hoteleros, es necesario que el alojamiento tradicional, repiense sus estrategias proporcionando experiencias auténticas. Por el contrario, el servicio de Airbnb puede no encajar perfectamente en la cultura China. El resultado, también indicó que es necesario que el gobierno regule las “plataformas informales” de alojamiento.

El estudio proporciona puntos de vista hacia Airbnb desde el sector de alojamiento tradicional en China continental, que puede contribuir a la futura regulación de los servicios de “alojamiento informal”.

El mercado chino es el sector líder en la industria del turismo. Con la popularidad del desarrollo de Airbnb en todo el mundo, Airbnb aún se encuentra en una etapa de desarrollo en China continental. Este estudio se basa en 45 hoteleros y profesionales de la industria en China al compartir sus puntos de vista sobre el desarrollo de Airbnb y cómo debería avanzar. Los resultados de este estudio arrojan luz sobre el servicio de “alojamiento informal” y sus futuras direcciones en China.

Due to product diversity, traditional quality signals in the hotel industry such as star ratings and brand affiliation do not work well in the accommodation booking process on the sharing economy platform. From a suppliers’ perspective, this study aims to apply the signaling theory to the booking of Airbnb listings and explore the influence of quality signals on the odds of an Airbnb listing being booked.

A binomial logistic model is used to describe the influences of different attributes on the market demand. Because of the large sample size, sequential Bayesian updating method is utilized in hospitality and tourism field for the first attempt.

Results show that, in addition to host-specific information such as “Superhost” and identity verification, attributes including price, extra charges, region competitiveness and house rules are all effective signals in Airbnb. The signaling impact is more effective for the listings without any review comments.

This study contributes to the literature by incorporating the signaling theory in the analysis of booking probability of Airbnb accommodation. The research findings are valuable to hosts in improving their booking rates and revenue. In addition, government and industrial management organizations can have more efficient strategy and policy planning.

This study aims to explore how the local tour guides (LTGs) operate through the sharing economy platform. This study explores how LTGs have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions using self-efficacy and other resources to improve resilience and performance. This study also delineates the working mechanisms of peer-to-peer (P2P) platform-enabled, dynamic capability building processes, in the tourism sharing economy.

This research adopted an interpretive approach to understand the focal phenomenon using two types of data. A total of 40 semi-structured interviews with LTGs and 26,478 online tourist reviews from tour guide service participants’ before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were used.

The findings of this study revealed that LTGs used sharing economy platforms to arrange flexible tour guide services. Resilience emerged through dynamic capability that addressed contextual factors in real time. LTGs coordinated different resources and customers during a time of uncertainty. Different sources of self-efficacy and types of dynamic capability were identified. The interplay between LTGs’ self-efficacy and dynamic capability was also delineated.

The findings provide guidance for LTGs on P2P platforms and other sharing economy sectors on how diverse resources enabled by the sharing economy can enhance resilience during times of uncertainty. LTGs that engage with contextual information and are dynamic can adopt itineraries and services that will benefit tourists and their business.

This study contributes to the sharing economy literature by theorizing the working flow that enables LTGs to exert self-efficacy and leverage dynamic capability on P2P platforms. This study also contributes by linking resilience to contextual factors in real time. The outcomes provide guidance for LTGs to remain competitive and establish resilience in uncertain environments.

This study aims to examine the mechanism of how hotel executive brand identity influences physical facility quality, customer-based brand equity (CBBE) and employee-based brand equity (EBBE).

The study introduces a multilevel model and collects 925 executive and 1,978 employee responses from 62 upscale hotels in China.

Executive brand identity positively affects employee brand internalization, which leads to positive EBBE. Meanwhile, executive brand identity positively influences the physical facility quality, which leads to positive CBBE.

This study considers the tangible (physical facilities) and intangible (employees) elements of hotel services to comprehensively investigate the brand equity formation. By applying multilevel structural equation modeling, the study examines the bidirectional relationship between organizations and employees in the brand value transformation process.

This research paper aims to explore whether and how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences employee-associated outcomes in ways that are controllable by managers. Drawing from the theories of self-determination and social identity, this study investigates the mediating effects of psychological needs fulfillment and organizational identification in exploring the mechanisms that link perceived CSR to employee job performances of Chinese state-owned tourism companies.

Survey was used to collect original data from ten Chinese state-owned tourism companies to examine the proposed model. Data was analyzed through structural equation modeling.

Employees’ perceptions of CSR are found to demonstrate significantly effective associations with their job performance. Moreover, results support that the influences of CSR on staff’s job performance are also conveyed through psychological needs fulfillment (competence) and organizational identification (i.e. cognitive identification and affective identification).

Findings not only provide strategic ideas and operational tactics for tourism managers to devise CSR strategies and allocate CSR resources but also offer inspirations to integrate CSR initiatives with human resource management strategies.

This study diverts the research of CSR from the organizational level to the individual level. This study also explores the mechanism of psychological needs fulfillment and organizational identification underlying processes in the employee perceptions of CSR–job performance linkages.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the growing importance of design for assembly (DFA) and design for test (DFT) for compact medical electronics products.

The paper discusses compact products based on leading‐edge electronic components such as digital signal processors, radio frequency (RF) and mixed‐signal chips, advanced ball‐grid array, quad flat pack, chip scale package devices.

Advanced technologies like these create higher component and joint counts and increasing PCB densities. A higher probability of defects and faults is created, which lead to lower yields for a specific product line unless proper effective DFA and DFT are implemented.

The paper details DFA, high‐speed PCB design, mixed‐signal design, and DFT.

With increasing complexity in compact medical products, it is prudent to emphasize DFA and DFT for ultimate reliability during product development and production cycles.

Consciousness of the need to backup hard disks has been rapidly rising, during the past year or two, among users of personal computers. That is probably the reason why there are now so many tape‐drive vendors competing for their attention.