LLOYD K. BISHOP and CARL R. STEINHOFF
This paper presents the findings of a nation‐wide survey in the USA of the organizational environment, or climate, of UCEA affiliated preparation programs in educational…
Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a nation‐wide survey in the USA of the organizational environment, or climate, of UCEA affiliated preparation programs in educational administration. A factor structure extracted from the responses of 202 professors is described along with a data analysis of the forty‐two institutions they represent. Implications to program development are also made based on an analysis of variance among the participating institutions. This research was supported in part by the School of Education, New York University, and the Staff Affiliate Program of UCEA.
CARL R. STEINHOFF and ROBERT G. OWENS
Organization Development, as widely practiced in schools, is characterised by a diagnosis of organizational problems that is carried out collaboratively by facilitator and client…
Abstract
Organization Development, as widely practiced in schools, is characterised by a diagnosis of organizational problems that is carried out collaboratively by facilitator and client. The design of the Organization Development intervention is presumably based upon this diagnosis. Since Organization Development is a planned, sustained effort to change the organization's culture in significant ways one might expect the diagnostic procedures to utilise systematic techniques for assessing organization culture. Further, these diagnostic techniques should reflect a conceptually unambiguous understanding of the nature of organizational culture and its elements. An enquiry of 83 American Organization Development consultants with experience as facilitators in public schools indicated that only seven reported using one or more of the recognised assessment techniques for which there are published data concerning factor structure, reliability and validity. Others reported utilising various combinations of interviews and paper‐and‐pencil techniques developed for local use. The authors discuss the implications of their findings in terms of Organization Development technology through scientific efforts.
Robert G. Owens and Carl R. Steinhoff
Students of organisation generally hold that deciphering thesubtleties and nuances of behaviour, speech and artifacts in order todescribe and understand organisational culture can…
Abstract
Students of organisation generally hold that deciphering the subtleties and nuances of behaviour, speech and artifacts in order to describe and understand organisational culture can only be done through such observational field methods as ethnography. Owens and Steinhoff question this assumption and the methodological limitations inherent in it. They sought to develop a paper‐and‐pencil instrument that may be used to probe the unseen, unvoiced, virtually preconscious elements that underlie and give rise to the organisational culture of schools in order to assess systematically the organisational cultures in them. The authors explain the theory of organisational culture which guided the development of their research instrument, the Organisational Culture Assessment Inventory (OCAI).
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Carl R. Steinhoff and Robert G. Owens
The purpose of the research was to develop a measure of thephenomenon referred to as organisational culture. The study addressedthe following questions: (1) What are the essential…
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to develop a measure of the phenomenon referred to as organisational culture. The study addressed the following questions: (1) What are the essential facts which define the metaphor, Organisational Culture?, and (2) How can these facts be ascertained systematically in a given organisation? This article describes the procedures used in the development of an instrument, called the Organisational Culture Assessment Inventory (OCAI), designed to address these questions. A previous article specifies the theoretic assumptions on which the OCAI is constructed.
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Yunying Zhong, Valeriya Shapoval and James Busser
This study aims to apply parasocial relationship theory to understand the hospitality brand-consumer relationship on social media. Aiming to examine brand-initiated mechanisms…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to apply parasocial relationship theory to understand the hospitality brand-consumer relationship on social media. Aiming to examine brand-initiated mechanisms that drive relationship development, the study identified two sets of brand actions as antecedents, namely, content-related (utilitarian and hedonic benefits) and interaction-related factors (perceived interactivity and openness). This study also investigated the subsequent impacts of parasocial relationships on customer engagement behaviors and brand loyalty. As baby boomers are an important but understudied consumer cohort in social media marketing, this study empirically tested the proposed model for this specific group.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey was conducted electronically with baby boomer consumers from the USA. The partial least squares analysis was used to test the model validity for this consumer group.
Findings
The results of this study showed that content-related factors had significant effects on the parasocial relationship, which, in turn, significantly influenced customer engagement and brand loyalty.
Research limitations/implications
This study responds to the recent calls from scholars on developing and expanding a nomological network of parasocial relationships to understand consumer-brand relationships in social media. By focusing on baby boomers, this study adds unique insights on understanding online relationships and engagement, specifically for this cohort. Future studies should expand the study by examining other generations, platform differences or using longitudinal methods.
Practical implications
This study informs hospitality marketers in the development and implementation of a successful Facebook relationship building campaign targeting baby boomers.
Originality/value
According to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study known to have developed a coherent parasocial relationship model that combined content-related benefits, interaction-related factors, online engagement and brand loyalty. It also represents one of the few to examine how hospitality brands can build a parasocial relationship with baby boomers, an important but cohort, on social media and provide actionable insights to hospitality marketers for this generation.
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Thomas Kron, Andreas Braun and Eva-Maria Heinke
This chapter looks at a new form of a hybrid perpetrator within the field of individualized political violence. We reveal, that the new thing about (transnational) terrorism…
Abstract
Purpose
This chapter looks at a new form of a hybrid perpetrator within the field of individualized political violence. We reveal, that the new thing about (transnational) terrorism overcomes current oppositions and contradictions regarding terrorists and persons running amok, which (strategically) leads to an individualization of terrorism and thereby to a hybridization of a terroristic warfare.
Methodology/approach
By outlining organizational and structural changes in terroristic strategy within the framework of using both modern and antimodern elements, economic thinking, acting global as well as local, and by using network structures, the individualization of terror to the point of hybrid perpetrators is presented.
Findings
The new thing about (transnational) terrorism is the evolution of individualized perpetrators, radicalizing themselves without a clear connection to terroristic organizations. This leads to a hybridization of terroristic warfare, and within individualized single perpetrators it can be described as terrok. A terrorist running amok or a gunman on rampage with a radicalized mindset, equipped with his very individual ideology, who carries out his attacks logistically and operatively on his own while accepting his own death constitutes a new strategic way of irritating western society.
Originality/value
Currently, terrorists and persons running amok are separated into sharply distinguished categories. But regarding new tendencies in terroristic attacks committed by single perpetrators, this separation seems to be no longer able to capture the individualization of terrorism and thereby the linked hybridization of a terroristic warfare adequately. But in combining findings from both approaches, the new concept of terrok is able to do so.
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Present thought and action relating to satisfaction and motivation of teachers appear to he based on the assumption that job factors which satisfy teachers and job factors which…
Abstract
Present thought and action relating to satisfaction and motivation of teachers appear to he based on the assumption that job factors which satisfy teachers and job factors which dissatisfy teachers are arranged on a conceptual continuum. This paper tests an alternate assumption which was proposed by Frederick Herzbcrg and his associates. Herzberg suggests that job factors which satisfy workers and job factors which dissatisfy workers are not arranged on a conceptual continuum but are mutually exclusive. The findings of the study reported here revealed that some factors, reported by teachers as contributing to their job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction, were polar in a positive direction and other factors were polar in a negative direction. Achievement, recognition and responsibility were factors which contributed predominantly to teacher job satisfaction. Interpersonal relations (students), interpersonal relations (peers), “supervision technical”, school policy and administration, unfairness, status and personal life were factors which contributed predominantly to teacher dissatisfaction. Further, the satisfaction factors identified for teachers tend to focus on the work itself and the dissatisfaction factors tend to focus on the conditions of work. The results of this study tend to support the universality of Herzberg's findings.