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This study aims to study the interaction effects between a rectangular supersonic jet with a flat wall computationally using wall length as a parameter. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of change in wall length on supersonic core length (SCL) reduction, jet deflection and jet decay behavior.

The design Mach number and aspect ratio at the rectangular exit were 1.8 and 2, respectively. To study the wall length effects on jet-wall interactions, wall length (L_w) was varied as 0.5D_h, 1D_h, 2D_h, 4D_h and 8D_h, where D_h was the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle exit. The flat wall with the matching width of the rectangular exit section of a supersonic nozzle was placed at the nozzle exit such that the supersonic jet grazed past the wall. The studies were carried out at over-expansion [nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) = 4], near optimum expansion (NPR = 6) and under-expansion (NPR = 8) levels.

Results indicated that significant reduction in wall-bounded SCL was noticed in the range of 0.5D_h  ≤  L_w ≤ 1D_h for both over-expansion and under-expansion conditions. At L_w ≥ 4D_h, SCL got enhanced at NPR = 4 and 6 but had a negligible effect at NPR = 8.

Thrust vector control, noise reduction and easy take-off for high-speed aircraft.

The effect of change in flat wall length on interaction characteristics of a rectangular supersonic jet was not studied before in terms of SCL reduction and jet decay behavior.

This study aims to numerically study the three-dimensional (3D) flow field characteristics in a conical convergent divergent (CD) nozzle with an internal strut system to describe the effect of struts on producing a side force for thrust vectoring applications.

Struts are solid bodies. When inserted into the supersonic region of the axisymmetric CD nozzle, it induces a shock wave that causes an asymmetric pressure distribution predominantly over the internal surface of the diverging wall of the C-D nozzle, creating a net side force similar to the secondary injection thrust vectoring control method. Numerical simulations were performed by solving Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations with re-normalized group k–ϵ turbulence model. Cylindrical struts of various heights positioned at different locations in the divergent section of the nozzle were investigated at a nozzle pressure of 6.61.

Thrust vectoring angle of approximately 3.8 degrees was obtained using a single cylindrical strut with a dimensionless thrust (%) and total pressure loss of less than 2.36% and 2.67, respectively. It was shown that the thrust deflection direction could also be changed by changing the strut insertion location. A strut located at half of the diverging length produced a higher deflection per unit total pressure loss.

Using a lightweight and high-temperature resistant material, such as a strut, strut insertion-based thrust vectoring control might provide an alternative thrust vectoring method in applications where a longer period of control is needed with a reduced overall system weight.

This study describes the 3D flow field characteristics which result in side force generation by a supersonic nozzle with an internal strut.

This chapter presents the major components in framing a developmental model of wise organizing in the field of higher education that proceeds along an increasingly more just and responsible path. Our argument considers individual student development theories that lead one to greater competence for wise and socially responsible interactions and engagement in society, and aligns these individual processes with the organizational scholarship emphasizing how organizations enhance their capacities for wise and socially responsible conduct. After reviewing these arguments, we frame a set of research topics required for empirically identifying how universities can cultivate wisdom.

To conduct an exploratory mixed-methods study of attitudes toward extramarital relationships in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease.

We present descriptive analyses of quantitative data from the National Social, Health, and Aging Project and of qualitative comments posted online by readers of newspaper articles that focus on extramarital relationships in the context of caring for a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease.

Analyses of the quantitative data indicate the Alzheimer’s caregivers report more negative attitudes toward extramarital sex in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease. However, this difference is driven by non-spousal caregivers’ attitudes; spousal caregivers have substantially less negative attitudes. Analyses of public comments suggest that those who are most negative are focused on traditional religious and family values. Those who express less negative attitudes espouse a compassionate pragmatism that makes allowances for caregiver needs in the context of managing the difficulties of the spouse-caregiver role.

Quantitative data are limited by the small number of Alzheimer’s caregivers; qualitative analyses are based on a convenience sample of online comments.

Findings can inform future research, educational initiatives for professionals, the media, and people living with Alzheimer’s disease and their family members.

The number of individuals living with Alzheimer’s disease and spousal caregivers will increase as the Baby Boomer generation ages. Norms regarding extramarital relationships in the context of caring for a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease are evolving.

Little social scientific research examines attitudes toward extramarital relationships in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease.

The present study involved the development of a value-added comminution process for different recycled meat processing by-products such as bones for management of waste products. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

An indigenous cryo-grinding system was developed and pilot scale comminution tests were carried out on goat and hen bones under different temperature conditions ranging between −15°C and −40°C and sample pre-conditioning adopting liquid nitrogen as a grinding medium.

Cryo comminution produces finer, uniform particle sizes, increased specific surface area per unit mass with lesser specific energy consumption in comparison to room temperature comminution. Breakage behavior studies showed that hardness (609-685 MPa) and brittleness (24-29 m−1/2) and strain energy decreased (3.1-1.1 N-m) as the temperature was lowered. Weight mean diameter, specific energy consumption under ambient and cryogenic conditions, respectively, were 125 and 80 μm, 1,303 and 1,108 kJ/kg. The process developed attempts to eliminate environmental pollution by reducing food wastes generated and incorporates value to waste products.

A value-added comminution process for meat processing by-products such as bones was developed to reduce food wastes generated as well as environmental pollution. The process aims to improve public health stressing the importance of recycling through the management of food waste products. Public and private organizations can act as profit centers generating significant revenue and employment by adopting the process.

International business research is showing an increasing interest in the link between international business and human rights. Despite extensive coverage of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability, the analysis and discussion of why multinational corporations include human rights in corporate reporting is still in its early stages. This chapter develops an analytical framework on corporate human rights reporting, with special emphasis on international business. The conceptual part of the framework draws on legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and signalling theory. The analytical part distinguishes between factors inside the corporation and the external environment of business organisations operating internationally.